Blackrock Innovation and Growth Trust (BIGZ)* Initial Public Offering: February – March 2021
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An Assessment of Valuation Methods of Stock Initial Public Offerings on Tehran Stock Exchange
International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences 2017, Vol. 7, No. 4 ISSN: 2222-6990 An Assessment of Valuation Methods of Stock Initial Public offerings on Tehran Stock Exchange Mohammad Kheiry 1, Sima Golozar 2,*, Ali Amiri 3 1 Department of Economic, Accounting and Management, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran. Kheiry Email: [email protected] 2,* Postgraduate student of Financial Management, Qeshm Institute for Higher Education, Qeshm, Iran. Email: [email protected] 3 Department of Accounting, college of human science, Bandar Abbas, Islamic Azad University, Bandar Abbas, Iran. Email: [email protected] DOI: 10.6007/IJARBSS/v7-i4/2822 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v7-i4/2822 Abstract Every day hundreds of companies all over the world are entering capital market for the first time by issuing stocks. By doing so, they decide to invest capital necessary for continuing activity and expanding operations accordingly. For this reason, it is important to the companies that price specified for their stock demonstrate real value of assets and their growth and development opportunities in the future. The purpose of this research is to study valuation methods of stock initial public offerings at the Tehran Stock Exchange. Population and study sample consisted of firms publicly offered their stocks for the first time at Tehran Stock Exchange during 2009-2014, and experienced no trading halt, i.e. 45 companies of which seven companies were eliminated due to lack of trading on the stock exchange and 38 firms were chosen. The research method is correlational-descriptive and the research is an applied research by purpose. -
Initial Public Offerings
November 2017 Initial Public Offerings An Issuer’s Guide (US Edition) Contents INTRODUCTION 1 What Are the Potential Benefits of Conducting an IPO? 1 What Are the Potential Costs and Other Potential Downsides of Conducting an IPO? 1 Is Your Company Ready for an IPO? 2 GETTING READY 3 Are Changes Needed in the Company’s Capital Structure or Relationships with Its Key Stockholders or Other Related Parties? 3 What Is the Right Corporate Governance Structure for the Company Post-IPO? 5 Are the Company’s Existing Financial Statements Suitable? 6 Are the Company’s Pre-IPO Equity Awards Problematic? 6 How Should Investor Relations Be Handled? 7 Which Securities Exchange to List On? 8 OFFER STRUCTURE 9 Offer Size 9 Primary vs. Secondary Shares 9 Allocation—Institutional vs. Retail 9 KEY DOCUMENTS 11 Registration Statement 11 Form 8-A – Exchange Act Registration Statement 19 Underwriting Agreement 20 Lock-Up Agreements 21 Legal Opinions and Negative Assurance Letters 22 Comfort Letters 22 Engagement Letter with the Underwriters 23 KEY PARTIES 24 Issuer 24 Selling Stockholders 24 Management of the Issuer 24 Auditors 24 Underwriters 24 Legal Advisers 25 Other Parties 25 i Initial Public Offerings THE IPO PROCESS 26 Organizational or “Kick-Off” Meeting 26 The Due Diligence Review 26 Drafting Responsibility and Drafting Sessions 27 Filing with the SEC, FINRA, a Securities Exchange and the State Securities Commissions 27 SEC Review 29 Book-Building and Roadshow 30 Price Determination 30 Allocation and Settlement or Closing 31 Publicity Considerations -
Frequently Asked Questions About the 20% Rule and Non-Registered Securities Offerings
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT THE 20% RULE AND NON-REGISTERED SECURITIES OFFERINGS issuance, equals or exceeds 20% of the voting power understanding the 20% Rule outstanding before the issuance of such stock; or (2) the number of shares of common stock to be issued is, or will be upon issuance, equal to or in excess What is the 20% rule? of 20% of the number of shares of common stock The “20% rule,” as it is often referred to, is a corporate outstanding before the transaction. “Voting power governance requirement applicable to companies listed outstanding” refers to the aggregate number of on nasdaq, the nYSe or the nYSe American LLC votes that may be cast by holders of those securities (“nYSe American”) (collectively, the “exchanges”). outstanding that entitle the holders thereof to vote each exchange has specific requirements applicable generally on all matters submitted to the issuer’s to listed companies to receive shareholder approval securityholders for a vote. before they can issue 20% or more of their outstanding common stock or voting power in a “private offering.” However, under nYSe Rule 312.03(c), the situations The exchanges also require shareholder approval in in which shareholder approval will not be required connection with certain other transactions. Generally: include: (1) any public offering for cash, or (2) any issuance involving a “bona fide private financing,1” if • Nasdaq Rule 5635(d) requires shareholder approval such private financing involves a sale of: (a) common for transactions, other than “public offerings,” -
Investigating of Long-Term Performance the Stocksinitial Offeringin Tehran Stock Exchange
Special Issue INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES AND January 2016 CULTURAL STUDIES ISSN 2356-5926 Investigating of long-term performance the stocksinitial offeringin Tehran Stock Exchange Mohammad Ali Molazadeh Department of management Kerman branch islamic Azad University,Kerman,Iran Valiollah Shahbazkhani Department of economic Kerman branch Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran. Abstract The aim of this research was to investigate the long-term performance the stocksinitial offering in Tehran Stock Exchange. This research was a kind of study of library and analytical reason and it was based on the ordinary least squares method (analysis of data compilation).In this research the financial information of 24 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the period 2010 to 2015 that they had been initial offering were investigated (144 companies - year). To analyze the obtain results of research was used the 12 Stata software. The research results relate to confirming the first hypothesis have shown that the warm and cold type of market in the relationship between the volume of shares offered with the lower valuation of fact have the significant positive impact.Also according to the analysis made in relation to reject the second hypothesis of research reached to this result that there is not a significant relationship between the number of companies that are initial offering with the valuation less than in fact of the Stocks in the previous period. In the following the research results in relate to confirming third hypothesis indicate that there is a significant relationship between the number of companies have Initial offering, with the kind of warm and cold market.Also according to the analysis conducted in relation to confirmation the fourth hypotheses of research conclude that there is a significant relationship between the grouped companies in the same industry in the initial offering with the kind of warm and cold market. -
Understanding and Planning an Initial Public Offering (IPO)
Understanding and Planning an Initial Public Offering (IPO) Understanding the IPO How Olshan Can Help Process Olshan can provide assistance during each phase of the IPO An initial public offering (IPO) is the process achieved when a private process. company registers its shares of common stock with the SEC and sells them to public investors in an underwritten offering. The shares The IPO Planning Phase – The pre-IPO preparation phase sets the subsequently trade on a stock exchange, such as the NYSE or groundwork for a successful IPO. Olshan will: Nasdaq, and the company becomes subject to the public reporting • Identify gating issues upfront and recommend changes to requirements of the federal securities laws. enhance corporate governance and transparency as a public The process is often challenging – it is a time-consuming distraction company. for management, it often involves significant transaction costs and, • Develop a high-level timeline clearly identifying responsibilities. with a narrow “market window,” there is no guarantee the IPO will • Help assemble the right IPO team – underwriters, accountants generate the level of hoped-for proceeds, or be completed at all. and even CFOs. Understanding the IPO process and managing it effectively can help avoid these risks. • Provide support for dual-track strategies such as private equity and other M&A transactions. Early preparation and an experienced team of underwriters, lawyers and accountants are key to a smoothly run IPO process. Below is an The IPO Preparation and Filing Phase – This phase involves a outline of the basic steps that will occur over the 3 to 5 month period: substantial amount of detailed legal documentation. -
Initial Public Offering Allocations
Initial Public Offering Allocations by Sturla Lyngnes Fjesme A dissertation submitted to BI Norwegian Business School for the degree of PhD PhD specialization: Financial Economics Series of Dissertations 9/2011 BI Norwegian Business School Sturla Lyngnes Fjesme Initial Public Offering Allocations © Sturla Lyngnes Fjesme 2011 Series of Dissertations 9/2011 ISBN: 978-82-8247-029-2 ISSN: 1502-2099 BI Norwegian Business School N-0442 Oslo Phone: +47 4641 0000 www.bi.no Printing: Nordberg Trykk The dissertation may be downloaded or ordered from our website www.bi.no/en/Research/Research-Publications/ Abstract Stock exchanges have rules on the minimum equity level and the minimum number of shareholders that are required to list publicly. Most private companies that want to list publicly must issue equity to be able to meet these minimum requirements. Most companies that list on the Oslo stock exchange (OSE) are restricted to selling shares in an IPO to a large group of dispersed investors or in a negotiated private placement to a small group of specialized investors. Initial equity offerings have high expected returns and this makes them very popular investments. Ritter (2003) and Jenkinson and Jones (2004) argue that there are three views on how shares are allocated in the IPO setting. First, is the academic view based on Benveniste and Spindt (1989). In this view investment banks allocate IPO shares to informed investors in return for true valuation and demand information. Informed investors are allocated shares because they help to price the issue. Second, is the pitchbook view where investment banks allocate shares to institutional investors that are likely to hold shares in the long run. -
Frequently Asked Questions About Initial Public Offerings
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT INITIAL PUBLIC OFFERINGS Initial public offerings (“IPOs”) are complex, time-consuming and implicate many different areas of the law and market practices. The following FAQs address important issues but are not likely to answer all of your questions. • Public companies have greater visibility. The media understanding IPOS has greater economic incentive to cover a public company than a private company because of the number of investors seeking information about their What is an IPO? investment. An “IPO” is the initial public offering by a company • Going public allows a company’s employees to of its securities, most often its common stock. In the share in its growth and success through stock united States, these offerings are generally registered options and other equity-based compensation under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the structures that benefit from a more liquid stock with “Securities Act”), and the shares are often but not an independently determined fair market value. A always listed on a national securities exchange such public company may also use its equity to attract as the new York Stock exchange (the “nYSe”), the and retain management and key personnel. nYSe American LLC or one of the nasdaq markets (“nasdaq” and, collectively, the “exchanges”). The What are disadvantages of going public? process of “going public” is complex and expensive. • The IPO process is expensive. The legal, accounting upon the completion of an IPO, a company becomes and printing costs are significant and these costs a “public company,” subject to all of the regulations will have to be paid regardless of whether an IPO is applicable to public companies, including those of successful. -
Guide to Going Public Strategic Considerations Before, During and Post-IPO Contents
Guide to going public Strategic considerations before, during and post-IPO Contents 1 | Guide to going public Foreword For private companies seeking to raise capital and capital-held companies considering their strategic options for funding for provide exits for their shareholders, an initial public growth, including a public listing. We have professionals with extensive, offering (IPO) can be a superior route and strategic proven experience with domestic and international capital markets. Our professionals have deep knowledge of your industry, which allows us to option to funding growth and to access deep pools of create interdisciplinary teams that will steer you onward, through and liquidity. While challenging markets will come and go, beyond your IPO and support your plans for growth. it’s the companies that are fully prepared that will We are confident this Guide to going public will give you an initial overview best be able to create value and fully leverage the and checklists of the key phases in going public from a global perspective. IPO windows of opportunity whenever they are open. It is based on EY insights from many IPO transactions, to help you begin Companies that have completed a your IPO value journey, so that you are well prepared to transform your successful IPO know the process private company into a successful public company that continually delivers The companies that involves the complete transformation value to its shareholders. With more than 30 years’ experience helping of the people, processes and culture companies prepare, grow and adapt to life as a public entity, we are well- are fully prepared will be of the organization from a private suited to take you on your IPO journey providing tailored support and enterprise to a public one. -
UP-C Initial Public Offering Structures: Overview
Resource ID: w-009-1403 UP-C Initial Public Offering Structures: Overview JOSHUA FORD BONNIE AND WILLIAM R. GOLDEN, SIMPSON THACHER & BARTLETT LLP, WITH PRACTICAL LAW CORPORATE & SECURITIES Search the Resource ID numbers in blue on Westlaw for more. This Practice Note provides an overview of the Public investors hold their interest in the tax partnership indirectly through an entity (the Pubco) organized as a corporation or other Umbrella Partnership – C-corporation (UP-C) legal form taxable as a C-corporation. initial public offering (IPO) structure and The pre-IPO owners continue to hold their interests directly in the selected related legal and tax considerations. pass-through OP and, accordingly, their share of the income of the business is not subject to an entity-level tax. By implementing an UP-C structure instead of The UP-C structure is implemented through a reorganization at the more traditional IPO structures and entering time of the IPO: into tax receivable agreements, pre-IPO owners Most often, by modifying the capital structure of an existing tax of businesses taxed as partnerships can receive partnership to reclassify the interests held by the pre-IPO owners into a single new class of common units. These common equity substantial post-IPO tax benefits. interests in the OP are typically referred to as OP Units. Where the existing business has historically been held through multiple entities, by undertaking a roll-up transaction where the For businesses taxed as partnerships that are considering an initial pre-IPO owners contribute their interests in the business to a newly public offering (IPO), the Umbrella Partnership – C-corporation (UP-C) formed OP in exchange for newly issued OP Units. -
Investigating the Effect of Conservatism at the Time of Initial Public Offering on Long-Term Stock Returns of Companies Listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange
Special Issue INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES AND January 2016 CULTURAL STUDIES ISSN 2356-5926 Investigating the Effect of Conservatism at the Time of Initial Public Offering on Long-Term Stock Returns of Companies Listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange Dariush Javid * Assistant professor of Islamic Azad University of Boroujerd Nosrat Ahmadi MA Student of Accounting, Islamic Azad University E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Initial public offering is an important event in the life cycle of a company and also one of the financial phenomena that various studies and different opinions about that have been done all over the world. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of conditional and unconditional conservatism at the time of initial public offering on long-term stock returns of companies listed on the Stock Exchange of Tehran. The research time territory is from 2002 to 2014, respectively. It was used of Eviews econometric software for data analysis and for hypothesis testing was used of multivariate regression model (logistic regression). The results showed no significant relationship between both conditional and unconditional conservatism in the initial public offering on long term returns of shares in companies listed on the Stock Exchange of Tehran. Keywords: returns of shares- initial public offering – conservatism. http://www.ijhcs.com/index.php/ijhcs/index Page 1923 Special Issue INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES AND January 2016 CULTURAL STUDIES ISSN 2356-5926 Introduction Initial public offering is an important event in the life cycle of a company and also one of the financial phenomena that various studies and different opinions about that have been done all over the world. -
NYSE IPO Guide Third Edition
NYSE IPO Guide NYSE IPO Guide Third Edition www.nyse.com/ipo Publisher Timothy Dempsey Project Manager Chloe Tuck NYSE Editorial William Kantrowitz and Zachary Harvey Printing and Binding AGS NYSE IPO Guide, Third Edition, is published by Caxton Business & Legal, Inc. 27 North Wacker Drive, Suite 601 Chicago, IL 60606 Phone: +1 312 361 0821 Email: [email protected] Web: www.caxtoninc.com ISBN: 978-0-9964982-5-8 Copyright in individual sections rests with the co- publishers. No photocopying: copyright licenses do not apply. DISCLAIMER The NYSE IPO Guide, Third Edition (the “Guide”), contains summary information about legal and regulatory aspects of the IPO process and is current as of the date of its initial publication (April 2021). The Guide should not be relied upon as a substitute for specific legal or financial advice from a professional. Although efforts have been made to ensure that the information herein is correct, the Guide may contain errors or omissions, and the NYSE, the publishers, and the contributing authors disclaim any responsibility for, or duty to update or correct, any such errors or omissions. The views expressed in the Guide are those of the authors alone. Published by NYSE IPO Guide Third Edition www.nyse.com/ipo Preface 5 2.8 Anti-takeover protections 18 6.6 Market perception feedback 62 Simpson Thacher & Bartlett IHS Markit Stacey Cunningham President, NYSE Group 2.9 Incentive compensation 6.7 Investment community arrangements 19 database and CRM 62 Simpson Thacher & Bartlett IHS Markit Introduction: Advantages of listing on the NYSE 7 2.10 Managing third-party risk 22 6.8 ESG and the newly public IHS Markit company 64 IHS Markit NYSE 3. -
Roadmap for an IPO a Guide to Going Public
www.pwc.com/us/iposervices Roadmap for an IPO A guide to going public November 2017 A publication from PwC Deals Table of contents Introduction ............................................................................1 Income taxes ........................................................................ 39 The decision to go public ........................................................3 Building a going public team ..............................................41 What is a public offering?.......................................................... 3 Identifying your going public team ......................................... 41 Why “go public?” .................................................................... 3 The SEC ................................................................................41 Is going public right for your organization? ............................ 4 Company personnel ..............................................................41 Major factors to consider when exploring whether to go public .. 7 Securities counsel ................................................................ 42 Determining filer status.......................................................11 Investment banker or underwriter ........................................ 42 Do I qualify as a foreign private issuer? .................................. 11 Capital markets advisor ........................................................ 43 Do I qualify as an emerging growth company? ...................... 11 Underwriters’ counsel .........................................................