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OBESITY Selected Titles in ABC-CLIO’S CONTEMPORARY WORLD ISSUES Series

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OBESITY Selected Titles in ABC-CLIO’S CONTEMPORARY WORLD ISSUES Series OBESITY Selected Titles in ABC-CLIO’s CONTEMPORARY WORLD ISSUES Series American Families in Crisis, Jeffrey S. Turner Campaign and Election Reform, Glenn H. Utter and Ruth Ann Strickland Chemical and Biological Warfare, Al Mauroni Childhood Sexual Abuse, Karen L. Kinnear Climate Change, David L. Downie, Kate Brash, and Catherine Vaughan Corporate Crime, Richard D. Hartley Domestic Violence, Margi Laird McCue Education in Crisis, Judith A. Gouwens Emergency Management, Jeffrey B. Bumgarner Energy Use Worldwide, Jaina L. Moan and Zachary A. Smith Environmental Justice, David E. Newton Food Safety, Nina E. Redman Gangs, Karen L. Kinnear Globalization, Justin Ervin and Zachary A. Smith Lobbying in America, Ronald J. Hrebenar and Bryson B. Morgan Mainline Christians and U.S. Public Policy, Glenn H. Utter Mental Health in America, Donna R. Kemp Modern Sports Ethics, Angela Lumpkin Nuclear Weapons and Nonproliferation, Sarah J. Diehl and James Clay Moltz Policing in America, Leonard A. Steverson Renewable and Alternative Energy Resources, Zachary A. Smith and Katrina D. Taylor Rich and Poor in America, Geoffrey Gilbert Sentencing, Dean John Champion U.S. National Security, Cynthia A. Watson U.S. Social Security, Steven G. Livingston Waste Management, Jacqueline Vaughn For a complete list of titles in this series, please visit www.abc-clio.com. Books in the Contemporary World Issues series address vital issues in today’s society, such as genetic engineering, pollution, and biodiversity. Written by professional writers, scholars, and nonacademic experts, these books are authoritative, clearly writ- ten, up-to-date, and objective. They provide a good starting point for research by high school and college students, scholars, and general readers as well as by legislators, businesspeople, activ- ists, and others. Each book, carefully organized and easy to use, contains an over- view of the subject, a detailed chronology, biographical sketches, facts and data and/or documents and other primary-source material, a directory of organizations and agencies, annotated lists of print and nonprint resources, and an index. Readers of books in the Contemporary World Issues series will find the information they need to have a better understanding of the social, political, environmental, and economic issues fac- ing the world today. This page intentionally left blank OBESITY A Reference Handbook Judith S. Stern and Alexandra Kazaks CONTEMPORARY WORLD ISSUES Santa Barbara, California Denver, Colorado Oxford, England Copyright 2009 by ABC-CLIO, LLC All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Stern, Judith S., 1943– Obesity : a reference handbook / Judith Stern and Alexandra Kazaks. p. ; cm. — (Contemporary world issues) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-59884-195-4 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Obesity—Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Kazaks, Alexandra. II. Title. III. Series: Contemporary world issues. [DNLM: 1. Obesity—United States—Handbooks. WD 200.1 S839o 2009] RA645.O23S74 2009 616.3’98—dc22 2009008131 131211109 12345 E-ISBN: 978-1-59884-196-1 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an eBook. Visit www.abc-clio.com for details. ABC-CLIO, LLC 130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911 This book is printed on acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America Contents List of Tables, xiii List of Figures, xv Preface, xvii 1 Background and History, 1 Defining and Measuring Overweight and Obesity, 4 Indirect Measuring Methods, 4 Limitations and Shortcomings, 10 Assessing Percentage of Body Fat, 11 Direct Measuring Methods, 12 Obesity Trends in the United States, 14 Obesity as a National Health Problem, 16 Why Are We Overweight?, 17 Factors That Contribute to Obesity, 19 Increased Energy Intake, 19 Distorted Portion Sizes, 20 Drinking More Calories, 23 Conveniently Available Food, 23 Physical Inactivity, 24 Physical Activity and Short-term Weight Loss, 25 Metabolic and Genetic Contributions, 26 Can We Blame Obesity on Our Genes?, 27 Ways Genes Contribute to Obesity, 28 Consequences of Overweight and Obesity, 29 Discrimination, 31 Economic Consequences, 32 We Live in an Obesogenic Environment, 33 References, 34 vii viii Contents 2 Problems, Controversies, and Solutions, 41 Is Obesity a Disease?, 41 Is Obesity an Epidemic?, 45 Treatment of Obesity: Fighting the Battle of the Bulge, 49 Diet Foods, 56 Adequate Nutrition Labeling, 57 Physical Activity, 59 Behavioral Strategies for Responding to an Obesogenic Environment, 60 Long-term Success, 62 Medications, 63 Red Flag Campaign, 67 Dietary Fiber, 68 Prescription Drugs, 69 Obesity (Bariatric) Surgery, 73 Other Invasive Treatments for Obesity, 77 How Does the Health Care System Deal with Obesity?, 78 Why Can’t We Just Prevent Obesity?, 80 Conclusions, 81 References, 82 3 Worldwide Perspective, 89 Multinational Scope of Overweight and Obesity, 89 The Weight Gap: Undernutrition Coexists with Obesity, 90 Obesity Becoming More Common among Children, 91 Childhood Weight Categories Not Clear, 92 Changing Lifestyle and Economic Policies, 93 Globalization of Food Production and Marketing, 93 Move to Cities Reduces Physical Activity, 94 Gender Effects on Obesity, 95 Obesogenic Environment’s Influence on Children, 96 Global Health Risks Associated with Childhood Obesity, 97 Managing Childhood Overweight and Obesity, 98 Medical Treatment, 99 Dietary Interventions, 100 How to Choose the Best Diet for Children, 100 Pharmacological Treatment, 102 Surgical Treatment, 102 Health Care Delivery Systems, 103 Prevention, 103 Coordinated Strategies for Childhood Obesity Prevention, 104 Contents ix Global Collaboration to Combat Childhood Obesity, 104 Goals for Government, Schools, Media and Marketing, Parents, and Researchers, 106 Conclusion, 119 References, 119 4 Chronology, 125 References, 144 5 Biographical Sketches, 147 S. Daniel Abraham, 147 David Allison, 148 Arne Astrup, 149 Robert C. Atkins, 149 Richard L. Atkinson, 150 George Blackburn, 151 Steven N. Blair, 151 Claude Bouchard, 152 George A. Bray, 153 Jane E. Brody, 154 Kelly Brownell, 154 Henry Buckwald, 155 Paul F. Campos, 156 William J. Clinton, 157 Jenny Craig, 157 William H. Dietz, 157 Adam Drewnowski, 158 Johanna Dwyer, 159 Katherine M. Flegal, 159 Jared Fogle, 160 Jeffrey M. Friedman, 161 M. R. C. Greenwood, 161 Barbara Hansen, 162 Marion M. Hetherington, 163 James O. Hill, 163 Hippocrates, 164 Jules Hirsch, 164 W. P. T. James, 165 Robin B. Kanarek, 166 Janet C. King, 166 Ahmed Kissebah, 167 C. Everett Koop, 168 x Contents John Kral, 169 Ray Kroc, 169 Shiriki Kumanyika, 170 Jack LaLanne, 171 Antoine Lavoisier, 172 Maimonides, 172 Jean Mayer, 173 Barbara J. Moore, 173 Jean Nidetch, 174 Dean Ornish, 175 Xavier Pi-Sunyer, 176 Nathan Pritikin, 176 Barbara J. Rolls, 177 Wim H. M. Saris, 177 Ethan Allen Sims, 178 Sachiko St. Jeor, 179 Judith S. Stern, 180 Albert J. Stunkard, 181 Oprah Winfrey, 181 Rena Wing, 182 References, 183 6 Data and Documents, 187 Data, 187 Documents, 198 Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults: The Evidence Report, 198 ‘‘The Surgeon General’s Call to Action to Prevent and Decrease Overweight and Obesity’’, 210 Strategic Plan for NIH Obesity Research, 222 References, 231 7 Directory of Agencies, Programs, and Organizations, 233 Government Agencies and National Programs and Initiatives, 233 International Agencies and Organizations, 243 Nonprofit, Professional, and Trade Organizations, 247 References, 267 8 Selected Print and Nonprint Resources, 269 Books, 270 Reference Works, 270 Contents xi Scientific Works, 271 Popular Books, 272 Reports, 277 Guidelines, 282 Journals and Magazines, 284 Newsletters, 286 Web Sites, 289 General Web Sites, 289 Interactive for General Population, 291 Interactive for Children and Adolescents, 292 Movies, 296 Databases, 297 Food and Nutrition Experts, 301 Calculators and Counters, 301 Glossary, 303 Index, 309 About the Authors, 323 This page intentionally left blank List of Tables 1.1 Weight Ranges, BMI Values, and Weight Status, 8 1.2 Children’s BMI-for-Age Weight Status, 11 1.3 Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity among U.S. Adults, Age 20 Years and Over (%), 15 1.4 Prevalence of Overweight among Children and Adolescents, 16 6.1 1942–1943 Metropolitan Life’s Height and Weight Tables, 190 6.2 Body Mass Index Table, 191 6.3 Determining Percentage of Body Fat Using Skinfold Calipers, 192 6.4 MyPyramid Calorie Levels, 193 6.5 MyPyramid Food Intake Patterns, 194 6.6 Example of a Daily Food Record, 195 6.7 Types of Diet Plans, with Claims and Advantages, 196 xiii This page intentionally left blank List of Figures 6.1 Obesity Trends Among U.S. Adults, 188 6.2 Algorithm for the Assessment and Treatment of Obesity, 197 6.3 Evidence Categories, 198 xv This page intentionally left blank Preface e are obesity researchers and nutritionists. When people find out what we do, we are bombarded with questions like, Why Ware Americans so fat? How much should I weigh? What do you think about this diet? Is obesity such a problem in other coun- tries? In order to answer these questions, we have written this reference book about obesity. We call it Obesity because factors like serving or being served very large portions, eating lots of fast food, and watching many hours of TVeach day are significant problems in the United States. This volume examines why people gain weight, why they either succeed or fail in losing it, and who they believe bears responsibility. You will learn about obesity treatments, important people in the obesity story, a wide range of resources, and inter- esting Web sites to keep you up-to-date. Included are discussions of controversial topics such as whether obesity is actually a dis- ease. Chapter 1 defines obesity and its measures and gives a his- torical perspective.
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