DOCSLIB.ORG

Co-Existence and Niche Separation of Two Subspecies of Photorhabdus Temperata Associated with Heterorhabditis Downesi in a Dune Grassland

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Co-Existence and Niche Separation of Two Subspecies of Photorhabdus Temperata Associated with Heterorhabditis Downesi in a Dune Grassland Co-existence and niche separation of two subspecies of Photorhabdus temperata associated with Heterorhabditis downesi in a dune grassland A thesis submitted to the National University of Ireland, Maynooth for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Abigail M. D. Maher, B.Sc Supervisor: Dr Christine T. Griffin Head of Department: Prof. Paul Moynagh October 2014 Declaration This thesis has not been submitted in whole or in part to this or any other university for any other degree and is, except where otherwise stated, the original work of the author. Signed: ____Abigail M.D. Maher___________ Date: ___29-10-2014___________ Contents Acknowledgement ...................................................................................................... i Abbreviations ............................................................................................................ ii Abstract .................................................................................................................... iv Chapter 1 General Introduction ............................................................................ 1 1.1 Symbiosis ........................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Entomopathogenic nematode symbiosis .......................................................... 4 1.2.1 Life cycle .................................................................................................. 4 1.2.2 Benefits of Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus for Heterorhabditis and Steinernema ....................................................................................................... 7 1.2.3 Benefits of Heterorhabditis and Steinernema for Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus .................................................................................................... 11 1.2.4 EPN Diversity ......................................................................................... 15 1.2.5 Association of Heterorhabditis with Photorhabdus ................................ 23 1.2.6 Specificity of the nematode-bacteria symbiosis ...................................... 26 1.2.7 Colonisation ............................................................................................ 27 1.3 Ecology and use of EPN in biocontrol ........................................................... 28 1.4 Distribution .................................................................................................... 33 1.5 North Bull Island ........................................................................................... 34 1.6 Aims of the project ........................................................................................ 39 Chapter 2 Recovery of Heterorhabditis downesi from North Bull Island and characterisation of their bacterial symbiont ............................................................. 41 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 41 2.2 Materials and Methods .................................................................................. 44 2.2.1 Detection of nematodes on North Bull Island ......................................... 44 2.2.2 Nematode identification .......................................................................... 52 2.2.3 Symbiotic bacteria characterisation ........................................................ 61 2.2.4 Phylogenetic analysis of symbiotic bacteria ............................................ 69 2.2.5 Statistical analysis ................................................................................... 74 2.3 Results ........................................................................................................... 75 2.3.1 Entomopathogenic nematodes on North Bull Island ............................... 75 2.3.2 Phylogenetic analysis of the nematode ITS1 region ................................ 86 2.3.3 Phenotypic characterisation of symbiotic bacteria .................................. 89 2.3.4 Phylogenetic analysis of symbiotic bacteria .......................................... 100 2.4 Discussion ................................................................................................... 104 Chapter 3 Cross compatibility of Heterorhabditis downesi – Photorhabdus temperata ......................................................................................................... 118 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 118 3.2 Materials and Methods ................................................................................ 122 3.2.1 Cross-compatibility of Heterorhabditis downesi – Photorhabdus temperata strains ........................................................................................... 122 3.2.2 Bacteria carried by emerging infective juveniles .................................. 128 3.2.3 Tests of hybrid nematode/bacteria strains against G. mellonella ........... 130 3.2.4 Survival of IJs in water ......................................................................... 132 3.2.5 Bacterial quantification from individual infective juveniles .................. 133 3.2.6 Statistical analysis ................................................................................. 133 3.3 Results ......................................................................................................... 134 3.3.1 Cross-compatibility of Heterorhabditis downesi – Photorhabdus temperata strains ............................................................................................................ 134 3.3.2 Bacteria carried by emerging infective juveniles .................................. 155 3.3.3 Tests of wild type and hybrid nematode/bacteria strains against G. mellonella ...................................................................................................... 162 3.3.4 Survival of IJs in water ......................................................................... 165 3.3.5 Bacterial quantification from individual infective juveniles .................. 167 3.4 Discussion ................................................................................................... 171 Chapter 4 Infectivity and development of Heterorhabditis downesi associated with two subspecies of Photorhabdus against a range of hosts .............................. 185 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 185 4.2 Materials and Methods ................................................................................ 188 4.2.1 Tests of wild type and hybrid combinations against G. mellonella (infectivity and infective juvenile yields) ....................................................... 188 4.2.2 Tests of wild type and hybrid combinations against Hylobius abietis (infectivity and infective juvenile yields) ....................................................... 188 4.2.3 Tests of PUR and YEL isolates against G. mellonella (infectivity and infective juvenile yields) ................................................................................ 190 4.2.4 Tests of PUR and YEL isolates against H. abietis (infectivity and infective juvenile yields) .............................................................................................. 191 4.2.5 Tests of PUR and YEL isolates against T. molitor (infectivity) ............ 192 4.2.6 Tests of PUR and YEL isolates against Kelp fly (Infectivity and infective juvenile yields) .............................................................................................. 192 4.2.7 Statistical analysis ................................................................................. 194 4.3 Results ......................................................................................................... 195 4.3.1 Tests of wild type and hybrid combinations against G. mellonella ....... 195 4.3.2 Virulence of wild type and hybrid combinations against H. abietis ...... 198 4.3.3 Test of PUR and YEL isolates against G. mellonella ............................ 202 4.3.4 Test of PUR and YEL isolates against H. abietis .................................. 207 4.3.5 Host infectivity – T. molitor .................................................................. 210 4.3.6 Host infectivity – Kelp fly .................................................................... 211 4.4 Discussion ................................................................................................... 216 Chapter 5 Effect of host desiccation on IJ survival and emergence .................. 220 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 220 5.2 Materials and Methods ................................................................................ 223 5.2.1 Desiccation in sand ............................................................................... 226 5.2.2 Desiccation at 0% relative humidity ..................................................... 229 5.2.3 Statistical analysis ................................................................................. 231 5.3 Results ......................................................................................................... 231 5.3.1 l Nematode survival in cadavers stored at a range of moisture levels (experiment 1) ............................................................................................... 231 5.3.2 Emergence of infective juveniles
Load more

Recommended publications
  • British Museum (Natural History)
    Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Darwin's Insects Charles Darwin 's Entomological Notes Kenneth G. V. Smith (Editor) Historical series Vol 14 No 1 24 September 1987 The Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), instituted in 1949, is issued in four scientific series, Botany, Entomology, Geology (incorporating Mineralogy) and Zoology, and an Historical series. Papers in the Bulletin are primarily the results of research carried out on the unique and ever-growing collections of the Museum, both by the scientific staff of the Museum and by specialists from elsewhere who make use of the Museum's resources. Many of the papers are works of reference that will remain indispensable for years to come. Parts are published at irregular intervals as they become ready, each is complete in itself, available separately, and individually priced. Volumes contain about 300 pages and several volumes may appear within a calendar year. Subscriptions may be placed for one or more of the series on either an Annual or Per Volume basis. Prices vary according to the contents of the individual parts. Orders and enquiries should be sent to: Publications Sales, British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, England. World List abbreviation: Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (hist. Ser.) © British Museum (Natural History), 1987 '""•-C-'- '.;.,, t •••v.'. ISSN 0068-2306 Historical series 0565 ISBN 09003 8 Vol 14 No. 1 pp 1-141 British Museum (Natural History) Cromwell Road London SW7 5BD Issued 24 September 1987 I Darwin's Insects Charles Darwin's Entomological Notes, with an introduction and comments by Kenneth G.
    [Show full text]
  • Notes on Trichoferus Arenbergeri with Description of Male (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae)
    Fragmenta entomologica, Roma, 40 (1): 105-114 (2008) NOTES ON TRICHOFERUS ARENBERGERI WITH DESCRIPTION OF MALE (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) ALESSANDRO B. BISCACCIANTI (*) and DANIELE SECHI (**) Trichoferus arenbergeri Holzschuh, 1995 was described from Sar- dinia based upon three females collected in the following localities: “2 km westl, Siniscola [NU], Monte Albo” (locus typicus), “Siniscola (Nuoro)” and “Ozieri” [SS] (Holzschuh 1995: 15). The male of this taxon is still unknown, as well as its biology, ecology and preimaginal stages. During several surveys carried out from 2002 to 2007 at differ- ent sites in southern Sardinia, several specimens (larvae, pupae and adults of both sexes) of this poorly known longhorn beetle were col- lected and observed. The aim of this paper is to describe the male morphology, the biology and the habitat of the species, with a discus- sion about its relationship to other congeneric species. Larval and pu- pal morphology will be treated in a further contribution (Biscaccianti & Di Giulio unpublished data). Specimens examined are listed from North to South and from East to West; they are preserved in the collections listed below. Measures of specimens are taken in the following way. Total length: from the forehead to the apex of elytra; elytral length: from humerus to elytral apex; elytral width: maximum width at humeri; tarsal joint length: from the base of joint (excluding articulation) to the apical margin, or to the midpoint of a line tangential to the apex of the lobes (for bilobed joints); tarsal joint width: maximum width. Nomenclature of associated beetle-fauna follows Liberti (2007), plant nomenclature follows Conti et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetics and Physiology of Motility by Photorhabdus Spp Brandye A
    University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Doctoral Dissertations Student Scholarship Spring 2006 Genetics and physiology of motility by Photorhabdus spp Brandye A. Michaels University of New Hampshire, Durham Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation Recommended Citation Michaels, Brandye A., "Genetics and physiology of motility by Photorhabdus spp" (2006). Doctoral Dissertations. 324. https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation/324 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. GENETICS AND PHYSIOLOGY OF MOTILITY BYPHOTORHABDUS SPP. BY BRANDYE A. MICHAELS BS, Armstrong Atlantic State University, 1999 DISSERTATION Submitted to the University of New Hampshire in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Microbiology May, 2006 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 3217433 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ® UMI UMI Microform 3217433 Copyright 2006 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company.
    [Show full text]
  • Millichope Park and Estate Invertebrate Survey 2020
    Millichope Park and Estate Invertebrate survey 2020 (Coleoptera, Diptera and Aculeate Hymenoptera) Nigel Jones & Dr. Caroline Uff Shropshire Entomology Services CONTENTS Summary 3 Introduction ……………………………………………………….. 3 Methodology …………………………………………………….. 4 Results ………………………………………………………………. 5 Coleoptera – Beeetles 5 Method ……………………………………………………………. 6 Results ……………………………………………………………. 6 Analysis of saproxylic Coleoptera ……………………. 7 Conclusion ………………………………………………………. 8 Diptera and aculeate Hymenoptera – true flies, bees, wasps ants 8 Diptera 8 Method …………………………………………………………… 9 Results ……………………………………………………………. 9 Aculeate Hymenoptera 9 Method …………………………………………………………… 9 Results …………………………………………………………….. 9 Analysis of Diptera and aculeate Hymenoptera … 10 Conclusion Diptera and aculeate Hymenoptera .. 11 Other species ……………………………………………………. 12 Wetland fauna ………………………………………………….. 12 Table 2 Key Coleoptera species ………………………… 13 Table 3 Key Diptera species ……………………………… 18 Table 4 Key aculeate Hymenoptera species ……… 21 Bibliography and references 22 Appendix 1 Conservation designations …………….. 24 Appendix 2 ………………………………………………………… 25 2 SUMMARY During 2020, 811 invertebrate species (mainly beetles, true-flies, bees, wasps and ants) were recorded from Millichope Park and a small area of adjoining arable estate. The park’s saproxylic beetle fauna, associated with dead wood and veteran trees, can be considered as nationally important. True flies associated with decaying wood add further significant species to the site’s saproxylic fauna. There is also a strong
    [Show full text]
  • Exposing the Structure of an Arctic Food Web Helena K
    Exposing the structure of an Arctic food web Helena K. Wirta1,†, Eero J. Vesterinen2,†, Peter A. Hamback€ 3, Elisabeth Weingartner3, Claus Rasmussen4, Jeroen Reneerkens5,6, Niels M. Schmidt6, Olivier Gilg7,8 & Tomas Roslin1 1Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 5, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland 2Department of Biology, University of Turku, Vesilinnantie 5, FI-20014 Turku, Finland 3Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden 4Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, DK–8000 Aarhus, Denmark 5Conservation Ecology Group, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 11103, 9700 CC Groningen, The Netherlands 6Arctic Research Centre, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark 7Laboratoire Biogeosciences, UMR CNRS 6282, Universite de Bourgogne, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France 8Groupe de Recherche en Ecologie Arctique, 16 rue de Vernot, 21440 Francheville, France Keywords Abstract Calidris, DNA barcoding, generalism, Greenland, Hymenoptera, molecular diet How food webs are structured has major implications for their stability and analysis, Pardosa, Plectrophenax, specialism, dynamics. While poorly studied to date, arctic food webs are commonly Xysticus. assumed to be simple in structure, with few links per species. If this is the case, then different parts of the web may be weakly connected to each other, with Correspondence populations and species united by only a low number of links. We provide the Helena K. Wirta, Department of Agricultural first highly resolved description of trophic link structure for a large part of a Sciences, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 5, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland. high-arctic food web.
    [Show full text]
  • The Invertebrate Fauna of Dune and Machair Sites In
    INSTITUTE OF TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY (NATURAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH COUNCIL) REPORT TO THE NATURE CONSERVANCY COUNCIL ON THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA OF DUNE AND MACHAIR SITES IN SCOTLAND Vol I Introduction, Methods and Analysis of Data (63 maps, 21 figures, 15 tables, 10 appendices) NCC/NE RC Contract No. F3/03/62 ITE Project No. 469 Monks Wood Experimental Station Abbots Ripton Huntingdon Cambs September 1979 This report is an official document prepared under contract between the Nature Conservancy Council and the Natural Environment Research Council. It should not be quoted without permission from both the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology and the Nature Conservancy Council. (i) Contents CAPTIONS FOR MAPS, TABLES, FIGURES AND ArPENDICES 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 OBJECTIVES 2 3 METHODOLOGY 2 3.1 Invertebrate groups studied 3 3.2 Description of traps, siting and operating efficiency 4 3.3 Trapping period and number of collections 6 4 THE STATE OF KNOWL:DGE OF THE SCOTTISH SAND DUNE FAUNA AT THE BEGINNING OF THE SURVEY 7 5 SYNOPSIS OF WEATHER CONDITIONS DURING THE SAMPLING PERIODS 9 5.1 Outer Hebrides (1976) 9 5.2 North Coast (1976) 9 5.3 Moray Firth (1977) 10 5.4 East Coast (1976) 10 6. THE FAUNA AND ITS RANGE OF VARIATION 11 6.1 Introduction and methods of analysis 11 6.2 Ordinations of species/abundance data 11 G. Lepidoptera 12 6.4 Coleoptera:Carabidae 13 6.5 Coleoptera:Hydrophilidae to Scolytidae 14 6.6 Araneae 15 7 THE INDICATOR SPECIES ANALYSIS 17 7.1 Introduction 17 7.2 Lepidoptera 18 7.3 Coleoptera:Carabidae 19 7.4 Coleoptera:Hydrophilidae to Scolytidae
    [Show full text]
  • Supplementary Material
    Parisi F, Lombardi F, Marziliano PA, Russo D, De Cristofaro A, Marchetti M, Tognetti R (2020). Diversity of saproxylic beetle communities in chestnut agroforestry systems iForest – Biogeosciences and Forestry – doi: 10.3832/ifor3478-013 Supplementary Material Fig. S1 - Differences of means for the occurring forms of MHs through the application of a Tukey test. In detail, if an interval does not contain the zero value, then the corresponding means are significantly different. s1 Parisi F, Lombardi F, Marziliano PA, Russo D, De Cristofaro A, Marchetti M, Tognetti R (2020). Diversity of saproxylic beetle communities in chestnut agroforestry systems iForest – Biogeosciences and Forestry – doi: 10.3832/ifor3478-013 Tab. S1 - List of species of Coleoptera and number of specimens collected from young coppice (YC), mature coppice (MC) and traditional fruit orchard (TO). IUCN = Red List Categories (Audisio et al. 2015). LC = Least Concern, NT = Near Threatened, VU = Vulnerable, EN = Endangered, DD = Data Deficient. CT = Trophic Categories. XY = xylophagous (also on healthy trees), SX = saproxylophagous (on dead wood and woody rotting material, including woodmould), PR = predator (as larvae and/or adults) of Sx/xy or of other saproxylic insects, MY = mycophagous (on hyphae of saproxylic fungi or yeasts, and myxomycetes, mostly under bark), MB = mycetobiontic on carpophora of large Polyporales and other fungi living on old trees and stumps, NI (CO) = inhabiting birds’ and small mammals’ nests in hollow trees, CO = commensal of Sx/xy or of other saproxylic insects, SF = sap-feeder on trees attacked by xy, SP = saprophytophagous (on dead vegetal rotting material associated with dead wood debris) (Audisio et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Table S5. the Information of the Bacteria Annotated in the Soil Community at Species Level
    Table S5. The information of the bacteria annotated in the soil community at species level No. Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species The number of contigs Abundance(%) 1 Firmicutes Bacilli Bacillales Bacillaceae Bacillus Bacillus cereus 1749 5.145782459 2 Bacteroidetes Cytophagia Cytophagales Hymenobacteraceae Hymenobacter Hymenobacter sedentarius 1538 4.52499338 3 Gemmatimonadetes Gemmatimonadetes Gemmatimonadales Gemmatimonadaceae Gemmatirosa Gemmatirosa kalamazoonesis 1020 3.000970902 4 Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas Sphingomonas indica 797 2.344876284 5 Firmicutes Bacilli Lactobacillales Streptococcaceae Lactococcus Lactococcus piscium 542 1.594633558 6 Actinobacteria Thermoleophilia Solirubrobacterales Conexibacteraceae Conexibacter Conexibacter woesei 471 1.385742446 7 Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas Sphingomonas taxi 430 1.265115184 8 Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas Sphingomonas wittichii 388 1.141545794 9 Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas Sphingomonas sp. FARSPH 298 0.876754244 10 Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas Sorangium cellulosum 260 0.764953367 11 Proteobacteria Deltaproteobacteria Myxococcales Polyangiaceae Sorangium Sphingomonas sp. Cra20 260 0.764953367 12 Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas Sphingomonas panacis 252 0.741416341
    [Show full text]
  • AKES Newsletter 2016
    Newsletter of the Alaska Entomological Society Volume 9, Issue 1, April 2016 In this issue: A history and update of the Kenelm W. Philip Col- lection, currently housed at the University of Alaska Museum ................... 23 Announcing the UAF Entomology Club ...... 1 The Blackberry Skeletonizer, Schreckensteinia fes- Bombus occidentalis in Alaska and the need for fu- taliella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Schreckensteini- ture study (Hymenoptera: Apidae) ........ 2 idae) in Alaska ................... 26 New findings of twisted-wing parasites (Strep- Northern spruce engraver monitoring in wind- siptera) in Alaska .................. 6 damaged forests in the Tanana River Valley of Asian gypsy moths and Alaska ........... 9 Interior Alaska ................... 28 Non-marine invertebrates of the St. Matthew Is- An overview of ongoing research: Arthropod lands, Bering Sea, Alaska ............. 11 abundance and diversity at Olive-sided Fly- Food review: Urocerus flavicornis (Fabricius) (Hy- catcher nest sites in interior Alaska ........ 29 menoptera: Siricidae) ............... 20 Glocianus punctiger (Sahlberg, 1835) (Coleoptera: The spruce aphid, a non-native species, is increas- Curculionidae) common in Soldotna ....... 32 ing in range and activity throughout coastal Review of the ninth annual meeting ........ 34 Alaska ........................ 21 Upcoming Events ................... 37 Announcing the UAF Entomology Club by Adam Haberski nights featuring classic “B-movie” horror films. Future plans include an entomophagy bake sale, summer collect- I am pleased to announce the formation of the Univer- ing trips, and sending representatives to the International sity of Alaska Fairbanks Entomology Club. The club was Congress of Entomology in Orlando Florida this Septem- conceived by students from the fall semester entomology ber. course to bring together undergraduate and graduate stu- The Entomology Club would like to collaborate with dents with an interest in entomology.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of the Status of Larger Brachycera Flies of Great Britain
    Natural England Commissioned Report NECR192 A review of the status of Larger Brachycera flies of Great Britain Acroceridae, Asilidae, Athericidae Bombyliidae, Rhagionidae, Scenopinidae, Stratiomyidae, Tabanidae, Therevidae, Xylomyidae. Species Status No.29 First published 30th August 2017 www.gov.uk/natural -england Foreword Natural England commission a range of reports from external contractors to provide evidence and advice to assist us in delivering our duties. The views in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of Natural England. Background Making good decisions to conserve species This report should be cited as: should primarily be based upon an objective process of determining the degree of threat to DRAKE, C.M. 2017. A review of the status of the survival of a species. The recognised Larger Brachycera flies of Great Britain - international approach to undertaking this is by Species Status No.29. Natural England assigning the species to one of the IUCN threat Commissioned Reports, Number192. categories. This report was commissioned to update the threat status of Larger Brachycera flies last undertaken in 1991, using a more modern IUCN methodology for assessing threat. Reviews for other invertebrate groups will follow. Natural England Project Manager - David Heaver, Senior Invertebrate Specialist [email protected] Contractor - C.M Drake Keywords - Larger Brachycera flies, invertebrates, red list, IUCN, status reviews, IUCN threat categories, GB rarity status Further information This report can be downloaded from the Natural England website: www.gov.uk/government/organisations/natural-england. For information on Natural England publications contact the Natural England Enquiry Service on 0300 060 3900 or e-mail [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Phenotypic and Genomics Approaches
    Comparative Phenotypic and Genomics Approaches Provide Insight into the Tripartite Symbiosis of Xenorhabdus bovienii with Steinernema Nematode and Lepidopteran Insect Hosts Item Type text; Electronic Thesis Authors McMullen, John George II Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 25/09/2021 05:58:01 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/596124 COMPARATIVE PHENOTYPIC AND GENOMICS APPROACHES PROVIDE INSIGHT INTO THE TRIPARTITE SYMBIOSIS OF XENORHABDUS BOVIENII WITH STEINERNEMA NEMATODE AND LEPIDOPTERAN INSECT HOSTS by John George McMullen II ____________________________ A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the SCHOOL OF ANIMAL AND COMPARATIVE BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2015 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that an accurate acknowledgement of the source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship.
    [Show full text]
  • 2011 Biodiversity Snapshot. Isle of Man Appendices
    UK Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies: 2011 Biodiversity snapshot. Isle of Man: Appendices. Author: Elizabeth Charter Principal Biodiversity Officer (Strategy and Advocacy). Department of Environment, Food and Agriculture, Isle of man. More information available at: www.gov.im/defa/ This section includes a series of appendices that provide additional information relating to that provided in the Isle of Man chapter of the publication: UK Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies: 2011 Biodiversity snapshot. All information relating to the Isle or Man is available at http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-5819 The entire publication is available for download at http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-5821 1 Table of Contents Appendix 1: Multilateral Environmental Agreements ..................................................................... 3 Appendix 2 National Wildife Legislation ......................................................................................... 5 Appendix 3: Protected Areas .......................................................................................................... 6 Appendix 4: Institutional Arrangements ........................................................................................ 10 Appendix 5: Research priorities .................................................................................................... 13 Appendix 6 Ecosystem/habitats ................................................................................................... 14 Appendix 7: Species ....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]