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Computer Basic Computer Basic What is Computer ? Computer is an electronic device which takes in data and information process it and gives the result according to our requirement, faster the human being. What is computer System ? Computer system is combination of Hardware, Software and User. Hardware Physical part of computer which we can touch and see is called Hardware such as- Monitor, motherboard, keyboard. Software Software is a way to control computer hardware. Software is collection of programs which performs any task. User The person who works on computer or create the programs called user. How many basic parts of Computer ? Computer basically has following three parts- i) Input Unit ii) Output Unit and iii)CPU a. Input Unit The unit by the help of it we insert data and information in computer is called Input Unit such as Keyboard, mouse, scanner etc. b. Output Unit The unit which display the result is called Out put unit. Such as Monitor, Printer, Speaker. c. Central Processing Unit(CPU) CPU is brain of computer. It is main part of computer. All processing work, storage and controlling is done by this unit. It can be divided in three parts. 1 1. Control Unit (CU) C.U. is very important part of computer which controls all hardware devices, software and other activities. 2. Memory Unit The unit which stores data, information, instruction and result is called Memory unit. 3. ALU(Arithmetic and Logic Unit) This unit is responsible for arithmetic and logical operations. Block-Diagram of Computer Data Data is raw facts and figures which is given to the computer. Information Information is processed date which we get after processing. Or A meaningful data is called information. Processing Conversion of raw data into meaningful data is called processing. 2 Resister Register is an electronic components which stores instruction during processing. It is a fast memory. Strength of Computer Computer has following characteristics (Strength) Speed High Storage Capacity Accuracy Reliability Versatility Weakness of Computer Lack of Decision Making Power Zero IQ Memory in Computer system Computer receives the instruction, data and result which is store in a device during processing which is called Memory. This memory is two types- i) Primary Memory ii) Secondary Memory Main Memory(Primary memory) The computer main memory or internal memory is used to store program and data during processing. It is two types. i) Rom(Read Only Memory) ii) Ram(Random Access Memory) Rom(Read Only Memory) In this memory, information is permanently stored and cannot be changed. Means only can read. Rom contains the setup instruction which remain stored even if power is turned off. 3 Ram(Random Access Memory) The internal memory of computer in which we can read or write is called Ram. It is very important to do work on computer. Ram is responsible for the processing speed of computer. When open any program or play game first it copy in the RAM then start work. Ram has limited storage capacity and volatile in nature means if power is off contain also removed. Units of Memory Computers store and process data/information in the form of binary numbers. A binary number has two digits 1 and 0 and is known as Bit. 1 means “On or High voltage” and 0 means “Off of Low voltage”. Each character is represented by a group of 8 bits. Cache Memory Cache Memory is a special very high-speed memory. It is used to speed up and synchronizing with high-speed CPU. Cache memory is costlier than main memory or disk memory but economical than CPU registers. Cache memory is an extremely fast memory type that acts as a buffer between RAM and the CPU. 4 Secondary Memory (Storage Device) Primary memory cannot stores data and information permanently therefore secondary storage device is used to store data permanently. They are various types such as- Floppy, Hard disk, CD and DVD Some storage device with their storage capacity(Max.) Floppy 1.44 MB CD 700 MB DVD 4.7 GB HD 1 TB PEN DRIVE 2 GB to 128 GB Difference between Primary memory and Secondary Memory Primary Memory Secondary Memory Directly connected to CPU Not directly connected to CPU Memory is volatile Non volatile Direct access by CPU Indirect access by CPU Faster data access Slower data access Used for processing data Used for storing data Small in size Large in size Types of Software A software is a way to control computer hardware Or Software is collection of programs which performs specific task. By help of these different program we take the work by computer hardware. Software can be divided in two parts- 1. System Software 2. Application Software 5 System Software :- System software refers to the programs that control internal computer operations and make best use of hardware. It classified in three parts- a) Operating System b) Language Processor(System Development Software) c) Utility Software Operating System :-An Operating system is a program which acts as an interface between a user and the computer hardware. Operating System is the main program which control the all activity of hardware and also base of system software. Without system software we cannot operate application software. Language Processor A language processor is a program which converts high level language in to machine language. Computer can understand only machine language 6 so to give instruction in low level language (machine language) we required language processor. They are three types- i) Assembler ii) Interpreter iii) Compiler i) Assembler ;- The language processor converts the program written in assembly language into machine language. ii) Interpreter: It is language processor, converts a HLL program into LLL and executes it line by line. If there is any error then report it and stop the execution of program. Such as -Basic iii) Compiler : It is also language processor. It coverts entire HLL programs into LLL and if no error then execute. If error then report it with line number. Such as – C++, , Cobol etc. Utility Software Utility software is software designed to help to analyze, configure and maintain a computer hardware ware and other software. Such as- Antivirus software, File management software. Application Software Application software is the set of program which performs specific type work. Such as reservation software, result software, office work software, drawing software. Application software again categories in three parts- 7 General Purpose Software Specific Purpose Software Customised software General Purpose Software These software are created for general purpose and can be run on any computer, any place, and any country. Their working is similar. Such as Ms-Office, Photoshop, Game software, Data base software, Presentation software, Multimedia software Specific Purpose Software These software are designed for special purpose. Such as a school fees software is designed for particular school. It cannot be run in other school because every school has different fess structure. Some more example of Specific Purpose software is given below- Accounting Management Software Reservation Software Human Resource Software Inventory Control Software Billing Software Customised software(Bespoke Software) This type of software is prepared according to use’s requirement. In this type software we first find out requirement of use’s then create it. This type software is known as tailor made or bespoke software. Advantages The user will get exact software which he need. Save the time and money Speedup the working of company Disadvantage It takes lot of time to develop. 8 More cost then general software. To run this type software training is required Basics of Operating Systems An Operating System is a program, which acts as an interface between a use and computer hardware. OS is an important component of computer system which controls all components of computer system. Role of Operating System The Operating system provides certain services which given below- a) Program Execution b) Handling Input/ Output Operations c) Manipulation of File System d) Error Detection and Handling e) Resource Allocation f) Accounting g) Information and Resource Protection h) Providing User Interface Need of Operating System Computer hardware is a designed machine only. It only does the work according to instruction which is given in form of 1 and 0. Operating system is main program who know how any work is done by help of hardware. We give any instruction then OS takes all decision and perform the work by help of hardware and other software. So OS play a very important role in computer system. We cannot work on system without 9 OS. Operating system is base of any computer. It is system software and in absence of OS we cannot run application software. What is Shell In operating system there are two main components Shell and Kernel. Shell part is responsible for interacting with the user. It get the command from the user. Then translate the commands into machine language and then pass it to the Kernel for further processing. What is Kernel A kernel is the core part of an operating system.. It functions at a basic level communicating with the actual hardware and managing resources such as CPU and memory. So It works as an interface between the user application and the hardware. Functions of Operating System Function of Operating system is given below Process management Memory Management File Management Device Management User Interface What is Device Driver A device driver is a group of files that enable one or more hardware devices to communicate with the computer’s operating system. Types of OS There are different types of operating system. Some are given below Single user OS This type of OS is used only those system which has only one terminal. They are two types- Single Task OS- such as:- Ms-Dos 10 Single User, multitasking- such as:-windows, Vista, Linux, Mac OS Multiprogramming OS This type of OS supports multiprogramming so more than one use can work.
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