DOCSLIB.ORG

On the Notion of Quasilocal Mass in General Relativity

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
On the Notion of Quasilocal Mass in General Relativity On the notion of quasilocal mass in general relativity Mu-Tao Wang Columbia University Quantum Field Theory and Gravity Regensburg, September 2010 Study quasilocal mass of a closed spacelike 2-surface Σ in spacetime by Hamilton-Jacobi method. A new mass for Σ is defined using isometric embeddings into the Minkowski space and a canonical gauge. The new definition has the desired \positivity" and \rigidity" properties, in addition to other natural ones. Discuss the case for gravitational energy (mass). 2 A new mass for Σ is defined using isometric embeddings into the Minkowski space and a canonical gauge. The new definition has the desired \positivity" and \rigidity" properties, in addition to other natural ones. Discuss the case for gravitational energy (mass). Study quasilocal mass of a closed spacelike 2-surface Σ in spacetime by Hamilton-Jacobi method. 3 The new definition has the desired \positivity" and \rigidity" properties, in addition to other natural ones. Discuss the case for gravitational energy (mass). Study quasilocal mass of a closed spacelike 2-surface Σ in spacetime by Hamilton-Jacobi method. A new mass for Σ is defined using isometric embeddings into the Minkowski space and a canonical gauge. 4 Discuss the case for gravitational energy (mass). Study quasilocal mass of a closed spacelike 2-surface Σ in spacetime by Hamilton-Jacobi method. A new mass for Σ is defined using isometric embeddings into the Minkowski space and a canonical gauge. The new definition has the desired \positivity" and \rigidity" properties, in addition to other natural ones. 5 gµν: Lorentzian metric, gravitational field. Φ: matter fields. Einstein's equation is obtained by taking the variation of 1 Z Z R + L(g; Φ) 16π where R is the scalar curvature of gµν and L is the Lagrangian of matter coupled to gravity. In general relativity, the spacetime is a Lorentzian manifold with 6 Einstein's equation is obtained by taking the variation of 1 Z Z R + L(g; Φ) 16π where R is the scalar curvature of gµν and L is the Lagrangian of matter coupled to gravity. In general relativity, the spacetime is a Lorentzian manifold with gµν: Lorentzian metric, gravitational field. Φ: matter fields. 7 In general relativity, the spacetime is a Lorentzian manifold with gµν: Lorentzian metric, gravitational field. Φ: matter fields. Einstein's equation is obtained by taking the variation of 1 Z Z R + L(g; Φ) 16π where R is the scalar curvature of gµν and L is the Lagrangian of matter coupled to gravity. 8 Ω bounded spacelike region in spacetime. Question: How do we measure the total energy contained in Ω, counting contributions from both matter fields and gravitational field? Einstein's equation 1 R − Rg = 8πT : µν 2 µν µν where Tµν is the energy momentum tensor of matter density. Relation between matter fields and gravitational field. 9 Einstein's equation 1 R − Rg = 8πT : µν 2 µν µν where Tµν is the energy momentum tensor of matter density. Relation between matter fields and gravitational field. Ω bounded spacelike region in spacetime. Question: How do we measure the total energy contained in Ω, counting contributions from both matter fields and gravitational field? 10 Given any tν constant (Killing) timelike unit vector, Z µ ν Tµνu t Ω represents energy intercepted by Ω (observed by tν). ν ν t Killing implies Tµνt is divergence free. Energy depends only on @Ω! Conservation law. 3;1 µ Special relativity in R , Ω a spacelike hypersurface and u its timelike unit normal. 11 ν ν t Killing implies Tµνt is divergence free. Energy depends only on @Ω! Conservation law. 3;1 µ Special relativity in R , Ω a spacelike hypersurface and u its timelike unit normal. Given any tν constant (Killing) timelike unit vector, Z µ ν Tµνu t Ω represents energy intercepted by Ω (observed by tν). 12 Energy depends only on @Ω! Conservation law. 3;1 µ Special relativity in R , Ω a spacelike hypersurface and u its timelike unit normal. Given any tν constant (Killing) timelike unit vector, Z µ ν Tµνu t Ω represents energy intercepted by Ω (observed by tν). ν ν t Killing implies Tµνt is divergence free. 13 3;1 µ Special relativity in R , Ω a spacelike hypersurface and u its timelike unit normal. Given any tν constant (Killing) timelike unit vector, Z µ ν Tµνu t Ω represents energy intercepted by Ω (observed by tν). ν ν t Killing implies Tµνt is divergence free. Energy depends only on @Ω! Conservation law. 14 (1) No Killing vector field in general spacetime (Komar mass in the presence of Killing field by Noether's theorem). (2) It only accounts for energy contribution from matters. But gravitation energy must have contribution. Schwarzschild is a vacuum solution and binding energy depending on distance apart. The above construction does not work in general relativity because 15 (2) It only accounts for energy contribution from matters. But gravitation energy must have contribution. Schwarzschild is a vacuum solution and binding energy depending on distance apart. The above construction does not work in general relativity because (1) No Killing vector field in general spacetime (Komar mass in the presence of Killing field by Noether's theorem). 16 But gravitation energy must have contribution. Schwarzschild is a vacuum solution and binding energy depending on distance apart. The above construction does not work in general relativity because (1) No Killing vector field in general spacetime (Komar mass in the presence of Killing field by Noether's theorem). (2) It only accounts for energy contribution from matters. 17 Schwarzschild is a vacuum solution and binding energy depending on distance apart. The above construction does not work in general relativity because (1) No Killing vector field in general spacetime (Komar mass in the presence of Killing field by Noether's theorem). (2) It only accounts for energy contribution from matters. But gravitation energy must have contribution. 18 The above construction does not work in general relativity because (1) No Killing vector field in general spacetime (Komar mass in the presence of Killing field by Noether's theorem). (2) It only accounts for energy contribution from matters. But gravitation energy must have contribution. Schwarzschild is a vacuum solution and binding energy depending on distance apart. 19 Equivalence principle: Gravitation has no density, can at best be measured quasilocally. Gravitational energy depends on underlying geometry, which has been distorted by the field itself. More nonlinear than matter fields. In general, no \background" unless gravitation is weak (or asymptotic symmetry). Possible in the asymptotically flat case (ADM and Bondi-Sachs total energy). Definition depends on asymptotic coordinates. Difficulties in measuring gravitational energy: 20 Gravitational energy depends on underlying geometry, which has been distorted by the field itself. More nonlinear than matter fields. In general, no \background" unless gravitation is weak (or asymptotic symmetry). Possible in the asymptotically flat case (ADM and Bondi-Sachs total energy). Definition depends on asymptotic coordinates. Difficulties in measuring gravitational energy: Equivalence principle: Gravitation has no density, can at best be measured quasilocally. 21 In general, no \background" unless gravitation is weak (or asymptotic symmetry). Possible in the asymptotically flat case (ADM and Bondi-Sachs total energy). Definition depends on asymptotic coordinates. Difficulties in measuring gravitational energy: Equivalence principle: Gravitation has no density, can at best be measured quasilocally. Gravitational energy depends on underlying geometry, which has been distorted by the field itself. More nonlinear than matter fields. 22 Possible in the asymptotically flat case (ADM and Bondi-Sachs total energy). Definition depends on asymptotic coordinates. Difficulties in measuring gravitational energy: Equivalence principle: Gravitation has no density, can at best be measured quasilocally. Gravitational energy depends on underlying geometry, which has been distorted by the field itself. More nonlinear than matter fields. In general, no \background" unless gravitation is weak (or asymptotic symmetry). 23 Difficulties in measuring gravitational energy: Equivalence principle: Gravitation has no density, can at best be measured quasilocally. Gravitational energy depends on underlying geometry, which has been distorted by the field itself. More nonlinear than matter fields. In general, no \background" unless gravitation is weak (or asymptotic symmetry). Possible in the asymptotically flat case (ADM and Bondi-Sachs total energy). Definition depends on asymptotic coordinates. 24 1 1 On each end, gij − δij = O( r ), pij = O( r 2 ), etc. Z 1 i E = lim (gij;j − gjj;i )ν dSr r!1 16π Sr Z 1 j Pi = lim (pij − δij pkk )ν dSr : r!1 8π Sr (E; P1; P2; P3) ADM energy momentum. Future timelike 4-vector (positive mass) under dominant energy condition by PMT (Schoen-Yau, Witten). (Ω; gij ; pij ) asymptotically flat spacelike hypersurface in spacetime. Ωncptset diffeomorphic to union of ends (complements of balls in 3 R ). 25 Z 1 i E = lim (gij;j − gjj;i )ν dSr r!1 16π Sr Z 1 j Pi = lim (pij − δij pkk )ν dSr : r!1 8π Sr (E; P1; P2; P3) ADM energy momentum. Future timelike 4-vector (positive mass) under dominant energy condition by PMT (Schoen-Yau, Witten). (Ω; gij ; pij ) asymptotically flat spacelike hypersurface in spacetime. Ωncptset diffeomorphic to union of ends (complements of balls in 3 R ). 1 1 On each end, gij − δij = O( r ), pij = O( r 2 ), etc. 26 (E; P1; P2; P3) ADM energy momentum. Future timelike 4-vector (positive mass) under dominant energy condition by PMT (Schoen-Yau, Witten). (Ω; gij ; pij ) asymptotically flat spacelike hypersurface in spacetime. Ωncptset diffeomorphic to union of ends (complements of balls in 3 R ). 1 1 On each end, gij − δij = O( r ), pij = O( r 2 ), etc. Z 1 i E = lim (gij;j − gjj;i )ν dSr r!1 16π Sr Z 1 j Pi = lim (pij − δij pkk )ν dSr : r!1 8π Sr 27 (Ω; gij ; pij ) asymptotically flat spacelike hypersurface in spacetime.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Aspects of Black Hole Physics
    Aspects of Black Hole Physics Andreas Vigand Pedersen The Niels Bohr Institute Academic Advisor: Niels Obers e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: This project examines some of the exact solutions to Einstein’s theory, the theory of linearized gravity, the Komar definition of mass and angular momentum in general relativity and some aspects of (four dimen- sional) black hole physics. The project assumes familiarity with the basics of general relativity and differential geometry, but is otherwise intended to be self contained. The project was written as a ”self-study project” under the supervision of Niels Obers in the summer of 2008. Contents Contents ..................................... 1 Contents ..................................... 1 Preface and acknowledgement ......................... 2 Units, conventions and notation ........................ 3 1 Stationary solutions to Einstein’s equation ............ 4 1.1 Introduction .............................. 4 1.2 The Schwarzschild solution ...................... 6 1.3 The Reissner-Nordstr¨om solution .................. 18 1.4 The Kerr solution ........................... 24 1.5 The Kerr-Newman solution ..................... 28 2 Mass, charge and angular momentum (stationary spacetimes) 30 2.1 Introduction .............................. 30 2.2 Linearized Gravity .......................... 30 2.3 The weak field approximation .................... 35 2.3.1 The effect of a mass distribution on spacetime ....... 37 2.3.2 The effect of a charged mass distribution on spacetime .. 39 2.3.3 The effect of a rotating mass distribution on spacetime .. 40 2.4 Conserved currents in general relativity ............... 43 2.4.1 Komar integrals ........................ 49 2.5 Energy conditions ........................... 53 3 Black holes ................................ 57 3.1 Introduction .............................. 57 3.2 Event horizons ............................ 57 3.2.1 The no-hair theorem and Hawking’s area theorem ....
    [Show full text]
  • Gravitational Multi-NUT Solitons, Komar Masses and Charges
    Gen Relativ Gravit (2009) 41:1367–1379 DOI 10.1007/s10714-008-0720-7 RESEARCH ARTICLE Gravitational multi-NUT solitons, Komar masses and charges Guillaume Bossard · Hermann Nicolai · K. S. Stelle Received: 30 September 2008 / Accepted: 19 October 2008 / Published online: 12 December 2008 © The Author(s) 2008. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract Generalising expressions given by Komar, we give precise definitions of gravitational mass and solitonic NUT charge and we apply these to the description of a class of Minkowski-signature multi-Taub–NUT solutions without rod singularities. A Wick rotation then yields the corresponding class of Euclidean-signature gravitational multi-instantons. Keywords Komar charges · Dualities · Exact solutions 1 Introduction In many respects, the Taub–NUT solution [1] appears to be dual to the Schwarzschild solution in a fashion similar to the way a magnetic monopole is the dual of an electric charge in Maxwell theory. The Taub–NUT space–time admits closed time-like geo- desics [2] and, moreover, its analytic extension beyond the horizon turns out to be non G. Bossard (B) · H. Nicolai · K. S. Stelle AEI, Max-Planck-Institut für Gravitationsphysik, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany e-mail: [email protected] H. Nicolai e-mail: [email protected] K. S. Stelle Theoretical Physics Group, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK e-mail: [email protected] K. S. Stelle Theory Division, Physics Department, CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland 123 1368 G. Bossard et al. Hausdorff [3]. The horizon covers an orbifold singularity which is homeomorphic to a two-sphere, although the Riemann tensor is bounded in its vicinity.
    [Show full text]
  • Part 3 Black Holes
    Part 3 Black Holes Harvey Reall Part 3 Black Holes March 13, 2015 ii H.S. Reall Contents Preface vii 1 Spherical stars 1 1.1 Cold stars . .1 1.2 Spherical symmetry . .2 1.3 Time-independence . .3 1.4 Static, spherically symmetric, spacetimes . .4 1.5 Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff equations . .5 1.6 Outside the star: the Schwarzschild solution . .6 1.7 The interior solution . .7 1.8 Maximum mass of a cold star . .8 2 The Schwarzschild black hole 11 2.1 Birkhoff's theorem . 11 2.2 Gravitational redshift . 12 2.3 Geodesics of the Schwarzschild solution . 13 2.4 Eddington-Finkelstein coordinates . 14 2.5 Finkelstein diagram . 17 2.6 Gravitational collapse . 18 2.7 Black hole region . 19 2.8 Detecting black holes . 21 2.9 Orbits around a black hole . 22 2.10 White holes . 24 2.11 The Kruskal extension . 25 2.12 Einstein-Rosen bridge . 28 2.13 Extendibility . 29 2.14 Singularities . 29 3 The initial value problem 33 3.1 Predictability . 33 3.2 The initial value problem in GR . 35 iii CONTENTS 3.3 Asymptotically flat initial data . 38 3.4 Strong cosmic censorship . 38 4 The singularity theorem 41 4.1 Null hypersurfaces . 41 4.2 Geodesic deviation . 43 4.3 Geodesic congruences . 44 4.4 Null geodesic congruences . 45 4.5 Expansion, rotation and shear . 46 4.6 Expansion and shear of a null hypersurface . 47 4.7 Trapped surfaces . 48 4.8 Raychaudhuri's equation . 50 4.9 Energy conditions . 51 4.10 Conjugate points .
    [Show full text]
  • Quasilocal Mass in General Relativity
    Quasi-local Mass in General Relativity Shing-Tung Yau Harvard University For the 60th birthday of Gary Horowtiz U. C. Santa Barbara, May. 1, 2015 This talk is based on joint work with Po-Ning Chen and Mu-Tao Wang. As is well known, it is not possible to find mass density of gravity in general relativity. The mass density would have to be first derivative of the metric tensor which is zero in suitable chosen coordinate at a point. 1 But we still desire to measure the total mass in a space like region bounded by a closed surface. The mass due to gravity should be computable from the intrinsic and the extrinsic geometry of the surface. It has been important question to find the right definition. Penrose gave a talk on this question in my seminar in the Institute for Advances Study in 1979, the year before Gary and Andy came to be postdocts. The quantity is called quasilocal mass. 2 Penrose listed it as the first major problem in his list of open problems. Many people, including Penrose, Hawking-Horowitz, Brown-York and others worked on this problem and various definitions were given. I thought about this problem and attempted to look at it from point of view of mathematician. 3 I list properties that the definition should satisfy : 1. It should be nonnegative and zero for any closed surfaces in flat Minkowski spacetime 2. It should converge to the familiar ADM mass for asymptotically flat spacetime if we have a sequence of coordinate spheres that approaches the spatial infinity of an asymptotic flat slice.
    [Show full text]
  • Quasi-Local Conserved Quantities in General Relativity
    Quasi-Local Conserved Quantities in General Relativity Dissertation by Henk Bart Quasi-Local Conserved Quantities in General Relativity Dissertation an der Fakult¨atf¨urPhysik der Ludwig{Maximilians{Universit¨at M¨unchen vorgelegt von Henk Bart aus Rotterdam, Niederlande M¨unchen,den 17. September 2019 Dissertation Submitted to the faculty of physics of the Ludwig{Maximilians{Universit¨atM¨unchen by Henk Bart Supervised by Prof. Dr. Dieter L¨ust Max-Planck-Institut f¨urPhysik, M¨unchen 1st Referee: prof. dr. Dieter L¨ust 2nd Referee: prof. dr. Johanna Erdmenger Date of submission: September 17th 2019 Date of oral examination: October 28th 2019 Zusammenfassung Aufgrund des Aquivalenzprinzips¨ existiert in der Allgemeinen Relativit¨atstheorie keine lokale Definition eines Energiebegriffs. Wenngleich Aussicht auf eine m¨ogliche quasi-lokale Definition der Energie bestand, existiert jedoch kein allgemeines Rah- menkonzept innerhalb dessen eine solche Definition einer quasi-lokalen Energie aus- reichend verstanden ist. In dieser Arbeit wird versucht ein solches Rahmenkonzept zu schaffen. Im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit schlagen wir ein allgemeines Rezept zur Definition quasi- lokaler Erhaltungsgr¨oenin der Allgemeinen Relativit¨atstheorievor. Unser Startpunkt ist die Konstruktion von Erhaltungsgr¨oßenauf einer Hyperfl¨ache unendlicher lichtar- tiger Entfernung (\null infinity") durch Wald und Zoupas. Wir zeigen warum ihre Kon- struktion im Inneren der Raumzeit nicht einsetzbar ist und deshalb nicht zur Definition quasi-lokaler Erhaltungsgren verwendet werden kann. Dann f¨uhrenwir eine Modifika- tion ihrer Konstruktion ein, sodass die Erhaltungsgr¨oenallgemeiner und insbesondere im Inneren der Raumzeit definiert sind. Wir fahren fort unsere Konstruktion auf BMS- Symmetrien anzuwenden. Dies sind asymptotische Symmetrien asymptotisch flacher Raumzeiten, welche bei \null infinity" BMS-Ladungen definieren, welche wiederum die Bondi-Masse beinhalten.
    [Show full text]
  • Thin Disks As Sources of Stationary Axisymmetric Electrovacuum
    Thin disks as sources of stationary axisymmetric electrovacuum spacetimes TOMAS LEDVINKA Department of Theoretical Physics Faculty of Mathematics and Physics Charles University V Holesovickach Praha Czech Republic A disertation submitted to the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics Charles University in accordance with the regulations for admission to the degree of Do ctor of Physics Branch of the do ctoral study F Theoretical physics astronomy and astrophysics Praha Octob er Acknowledgements I would like to thank professor Jir Bicak for his help He prop osed an inter esting problem encouraged me in my work and he has always had the time to discuss my work with me and has made valuable comments on the content of the thesis Contents Intro duction Relativistic disks as sources of the Kerr metric Thin layers as sources of the stationary axisymmetric spacetimes Total mass angular momentum and charge Energy conditions and the interpretation of the surface stressenergy tensor of the disk Disks formed of counterrotating surface streams of charged particles KerrNewman disks Schwarzschild disks Extreme Reissner Nordstrom disks Kerr disks Charged KerrNewman disks TomimatsuSato spacetimes Concluding remarks App endix A Radial prop erties of Kerr disks App endix B Radial prop erties of KerrNewman disks App endix C Radial prop erties of TomimatsuSato disks Intro duction Unlike in Newtonian gravity there is a lack of complete
    [Show full text]
  • The Hawking Mass for Ellipsoidal 2-Surfaces in Minkowski and Schwarzschild Spacetimes Daniel Hansevi
    Examensarbete The Hawking mass for ellipsoidal 2-surfaces in Minkowski and Schwarzschild spacetimes Daniel Hansevi LiTH - MAT - EX - - 08/14 - - SE The Hawking mass for ellipsoidal 2-surfaces in Minkowski and Schwarzschild spacetimes Applied Mathematics, Link¨opings Universitet Daniel Hansevi LiTH - MAT - EX - - 08/14 - - SE Examensarbete: 30 hp Level: D Supervisor: G¨oranBergqvist, Applied Mathematics, Link¨opings Universitet Examiner: G¨oranBergqvist, Applied Mathematics, Link¨opings Universitet Link¨oping: June 2008 Datum Avdelning, Institution Date Division, Department Matematiska Institutionen June 2008 581 83 LINKOPING¨ SWEDEN Spr˚ak Rapporttyp ISBN Language Report category ISRN Svenska/Swedish Licentiatavhandling LiTH - MAT - EX - - 08/14 - - SE x Engelska/English x Examensarbete C-uppsats Serietitel och serienummer ISSN D-uppsats Title of series, numbering 0348-2960 Ovrig¨ rapport URL f¨orelektronisk version Titel The Hawking mass for ellipsoidal 2-surfaces in Minkowski and Schwarzschild space- Title times F¨orfattare Daniel Hansevi Author Sammanfattning Abstract In general relativity, the nature of mass is non-local. However, an appropriate def- inition of mass at a quasi-local level could give a more detailed characterization of the gravitational field around massive bodies. Several attempts have been made to find such a definition. One of the candidates is the Hawking mass. This thesis presents a method for calculating the spin coefficients used in the expression for the Hawking mass, and gives a closed-form expression for the Hawking mass of ellipsoidal 2-surfaces in Minkowski spacetime. Furthermore, the Hawking mass is shown to have the correct limits, both in Minkowski and Schwarzschild, along particular foliations of leaves approaching a metric 2-sphere.
    [Show full text]
  • Energy in General Relativity: a Comparison Between Quasilocal Definitions
    Energy in general relativity: A comparison between quasilocal definitions Diogo Pinto Leite de Bragan¸ca A thesis submitted to obtain the Master of Science degree in Engineering Physics Supervisor: Professor Doutor Jos´ePizarro de Sande e Lemos Examination committee Chairperson: Prof. Ana Maria Vergueiro Monteiro Cidade Mour~ao Supervisor: Prof. Jos´ePizarro de Sande e Lemos Member of the Committee: Dr. Andrea Nerozzi September 2016 The most incomprehensible thing about the world is that it is comprehensible. Albert Einstein Acknowledgements I thank Professor Jos´eSande Lemos for having had the courage to accept me as his student, for interesting and insightful discussions on the nature of gravitational energy in general relativity, for helping me finding a problem to solve for my thesis, among many other things. I also thank my fellow student colleagues and friends for all the work we did together that constantly increased my skills, in many different dimensions. I would like to specially thank all the participants of the C´ırculo de Reflex˜aodo IST, of the Miss~aoPa´ıs project, of the Peregrina¸c~aodo IST project, and of the Portal da Sabedoria learning project. Of course, I would also like to thank all my family for continuous support during all my life and for fruitful physics discussions too. Finally, I want to thank Mary for all the help and orientation. iii Abstract Using a 3+1 spacetime decomposition, we derive Brown-York's and Lynden-Bell-Katz's quasilocal energy definitions. Then, we analyse the properties of the two definitions in specific spacetimes and derive what laws of black hole mechanics come from each definition.
    [Show full text]
  • General Relativity - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Page 1 of 37
    General relativity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 1 of 37 General relativity From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric General relativity [1] theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the Introduction current description of gravitation in modern physics. General relativity Mathematical formulation generalises special relativity and Newton's law of universal gravitation, Resources providing a unified description of gravity as a geometric property of Fundamental concepts Special relativity Equivalence principle World line · Riemannian geometry Phenomena Kepler problem · Lenses · Waves Frame-dragging · Geodetic effect Event horizon · Singularity Black hole Equations Linearized Gravity Post-Newtonian formalism Einstein field equations Friedmann equations ADM formalism BSSN formalism Advanced theories Kaluza–Klein Quantum gravity Solutions Schwarzschild Reissner-Nordström · Gödel Kerr · Kerr-Newman Kasner · Taub-NUT · Milne · Robertson-Walker pp-wave Scientists Einstein · Minkowski · Eddington Lemaître · Schwarzschild http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_relativity 5/23/2011 General relativity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 2 of 37 Robertson · Kerr · Friedman Chandrasekhar · Hawking · others space and time, or spacetime. In particular, the curvature of spacetime is directly related to the four- momentum (mass-energy and linear momentum) of whatever matter and radiation are present. The relation is specified by the Einstein field equations, a system of partial differential equations. Many predictions of general relativity differ significantly from those of classical physics, especially concerning the passage of time, the geometry of space, the motion of bodies in free fall, and the propagation of light. Examples of such differences include gravitational time dilation, the gravitational redshift of light, and the gravitational time delay.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Mass of Black Holes with Scalar Field Hair in Anti-De Sitter Spacetime
    On the mass of black holes with scalar field hair in anti-de Sitter spacetime Wahiba Toubal PhD January 2015 Supervisor: Prof. Elizabeth Winstanley The University of Sheffield School of Mathematics and Statistics Abstract Since it has been proven that the no-hair conjecture has exceptions, systems of gravity coupled with matter have been of great interest. This thesis studies one of these exceptions: the case of a scalar field with nonconvex self interaction potential minimally coupled with gravity in anti-de Sitter spacetime. By considering a convex potential we prove a no-hair theorem for the four possible scalar field cases. For nonconvex potential however, stable soliton and black hole solutions are found. We focus on the stable black hole solutions. We find the explicit expressions for the mass of these spacetimes in four, five and six dimensions. To obtain a finite mass it is necessary to consider the gravitational and the scalar contribution. The scalar contribution is different for different masses of the scalar field above the Breitenlohner-Freedman bound [31]. The last part of the thesis is concerned with providing a numerical method to calculate the mass for the different spacetimes with two different nonconvex potentials. The mass depends on three parameter a, b and frr. Each parameter is found by solving a differential equation using mathematica. We present a selection of plots to illustrate our results for the masses. ii Contents ii 1 Black holes: hair and mass 1 1.1 No hair conjecture and black hole hair . 1 1.2 Bekenstein's no-hair proof .
    [Show full text]
  • Black Holes I VU
    Black Holes I VU Lecture notes written by Stefan Prohazka, Max Riegler and Sebastian Singer Supervised by Daniel Grumiller WS 2009/10 Version 0.0 prepared by Daniel Grumiller and Stefan Prohazka September 20, 2021 Preliminary version – September 20, 2021 Contents 1. Historical Overview5 2. Gravitational Collapse – Chandrasekhar Limit7 2.1. Chandrasekhar Limit . .7 3. Phenomenology of and Experiments with Black Holes9 3.1. “Fishy” Gedankenexperiment . .9 3.2. Brief Review of Special Relativity . 10 3.3. Mathematical Aspects of Special Relativity . 12 4. Metric and Geodesic Equation 13 4.1. Euclidean Coordinate Transformation . 13 4.2. The Geodesic Equation . 14 4.2.1. Geodesics in Euclidean Space . 14 4.2.2. Timelike Geodesics . 15 4.2.3. Geodesics in a Special Metric: The Newton Limit . 16 4.2.4. General Geodesics . 17 5. Geodesics for Schwarzschild Black Holes 18 5.1. Schwarzschild Solution: Asymptotic Behavior, Light in Radial Motion . 18 5.2. Gravitational Redshift (equivalence principle) . 19 5.3. Geodesic Equation of the Schwarzschild Solution . 20 5.3.1. Timelike Geodesic . 21 5.3.2. Lightlike Geodesic . 22 5.4. Orbits of the Schwarzschild Black Hole . 22 5.5. Perihelion shift . 23 5.6. Gravitational Light Bending . 24 6. Curvature and Basics of Differential Geometry 28 6.1. Manifolds and Tangent Spaces . 28 6.2. Tensors . 30 6.3. Another View at the Metric . 31 6.4. Covariant Derivatives . 32 6.4.1. Properties of the Covariant Derivative . 33 6.5. Covariant Derivative acting on Dual Vectors . 34 6.6. Parallel Transport . 35 6.7. Fixing Γe Uniquely . 36 6.8.
    [Show full text]
  • Study of the Thermodynamics of Charged Rotating Black Holes in Five-Dimensional Anti-De Sitter Spacetimes
    American University in Cairo AUC Knowledge Fountain Theses and Dissertations Fall 7-26-2020 Study of the thermodynamics of charged rotating black holes in five-dimensional anti-de sitter spacetimes Hassan El-Sayed The American University in Cairo Follow this and additional works at: https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds Recommended Citation APA Citation El-Sayed, H. (2020).Study of the thermodynamics of charged rotating black holes in five-dimensional anti- de sitter spacetimes [Master’s thesis, the American University in Cairo]. AUC Knowledge Fountain. https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds/1475 MLA Citation El-Sayed, Hassan. Study of the thermodynamics of charged rotating black holes in five-dimensional anti- de sitter spacetimes. 2020. American University in Cairo, Master's thesis. AUC Knowledge Fountain. https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds/1475 This Master's Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by AUC Knowledge Fountain. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of AUC Knowledge Fountain. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The American University in Cairo School of Sciences and Engineering Study of the Thermodynamics of Charged Rotating Black Holes in Five-Dimensional Anti-de Sitter Spacetimes A Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Physics Author: Advisor: Hassan El-Sayed Dr. Adel Awad June 2020 This thesis was presented to the following thesis committee members: Dr. Adel Awad Professor Physics Department, School of Sciences and Engineering The American University in Cairo Thesis Advisor Dr. Mohammad AlFiky Assistant Professor Physics Department, School of Sciences and Engineering The American University in Cairo Internal Examiner Dr.
    [Show full text]