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Big Spring Watershed River Conservation Plan

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Big Spring Watershed River Conservation Plan Big Spring Watershed River Conservation Plan Prepared by: Dr. Todd M. Hurd, Shippensburg University, Department of Biology Dr. Mark E. Spicka, Shippensburg University, Department of History 1871 Old Main Dr. Shippensburg, PA 17257 Jean Coates, Big Spring Watershed Association PO Box 52 Newville, PA 17241 Pennsylvania Environmental Council 130 Locust Street, Suite 200 Harrisburg, PA 17101 Prepared for: Big Spring Watershed Association PO Box 52 Newville, PA 17241 June, 2007 Acknowledgments The completion of this plan is dedicated to Norm Shires (1928 – 2005), for his life-long commitment to preserving environmental quality and trout-fishing heritage on Big Spring and other ―limestone legends‖ of Pennsylvania. “Why does Big Spring warrant this dissertation? …….. to protect a priceless natural resource, the limestone streams of south-central Pennsylvania. If Big Spring is not one of these, none other is.” Norm Shires. 1997. Postscript in “Limestone Legends” Papers and Recollections of the Fly Fishers’ Club of Harrisburg 1947-1997. Compiled by Norm Shires and Jim Guilford. Stackpole Books. The late Kurt Schneider was also instrumental in early stages of the plan, as well as in securing matching funds from the Alexander Stewart Foundation of Shippensburg, PA for delineating contributing areas of Big Spring. This Project was financed in part by a grant from the Keystone Recreation, Park and Conservation Fund, Community Conservation Partnerships Program administered by the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Bureau of Recreation and Conservation. 1 Study Committee Members Erin Albright, Pennsylvania Environmental Council Leanne Beck, Pennsylvania Environmental Council Anna Breinich, Pennsylvania Environmental Council1 Michael Danko, Cumberland Valley Trout Unlimited1 John Epley, West Pennsboro Township1 Bonnie Myers, North Newton Township1 Vincent McCollum, Cumberland County Conservation Service1 Robert Over, Newville Historical Society1 Alan Williams, Cumberland County Planning Commission1 Keith Clinton, Big Spring Watershed Association1 Jean Coates, Big Spring Watershed Association1 Chris Coates, Big Spring Watershed Association Norm Shires, Big Spring Watershed Association Kurt Schneider, Big Spring Watershed Association William Ferris, Big Spring Watershed Association1 Mark Spicka, Big Spring Watershed Association1 Todd Hurd, Big Spring Watershed Association and Shippensburg University1 1 Present Committee members Other Partners/Contributors Reviews and improvements to the text were provided by Dave Miko of Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission, Stephanie Williams and Staff of Cumberland County Planning Commission, and David Twining and other supervisors of West Pennsboro Township. Big Spring Watershed Association thanks Casey Clapsaddle of Rivers Unlimited, Inc. for making available his comprehensive hydrogeomorphological assessment of Big Spring for use in this plan. Mr. John Chripczuk produced or consulted on maps for the project. Additional maps were provided by the Cumberland County Planning Commission. Other critical sources were Newville Historical Society, Newville Borough, PA Department of Environmental Protection, PA Fish and Boat Commission, Pennsylvania Natural Diversity Inventory Cumberland County Conservation Service, and Cumberland County Commissioners Land Partnerships open space preservation plan. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION AND STUDY PURPOSE ..................................... 14 CHAPTER 2 - PROJECT AREA CHARACTERISTICS .......................................... 15 Watershed .................................................................................................................... 15 Surface watershed location and size ...................................................................... 15 Hydrological Dye Trace Shows Contributing Areas Outside the Surface Watershed ................................................................................................................ 15 Stream Corridor.......................................................................................................... 16 Land Use .................................................................................................................. 16 Ownership, Zoning, and Comprehensive Plans of Municipalities ..................... 16 Social and Economic Profile ...................................................................................... 17 Population Centers.................................................................................................. 17 School System .......................................................................................................... 18 Economic Development .......................................................................................... 19 Transportation Systems.......................................................................................... 20 Major Sources of Employment .............................................................................. 20 History .......................................................................................................................... 21 American Indian Life ............................................................................................. 21 European Settlement .............................................................................................. 21 The Mills .................................................................................................................. 22 Other Historical Buildings and Sites ..................................................................... 24 Outstanding or Unique Features ............................................................................... 25 Wild Trout Populations .......................................................................................... 25 Exceptional Value Status ........................................................................................ 31 Rural Character ...................................................................................................... 31 Geological and Ecological Features at Source...................................................... 31 Caves and Springs ............................................................................................... 31 CHAPTER 3 - LAND RESOURCES ............................................................................ 33 Geology......................................................................................................................... 33 Soils............................................................................................................................... 34 Farmland Preservation within the Big Spring Watershed ..................................... 35 Agricultural Security Areas ....................................................................................... 35 Percent Public Land ................................................................................................... 35 Critical Areas .............................................................................................................. 35 CHAPTER 4 - WATER RESOURCES ........................................................................ 37 Springs ......................................................................................................................... 37 Tributaries ................................................................................................................... 37 Wetlands ...................................................................................................................... 38 Floodplain .................................................................................................................... 39 Lakes and Ponds ......................................................................................................... 39 Water Quality .............................................................................................................. 39 Point Sources, Waste Water Treatment ............................................................... 39 Past Point Sources, Trout Hatchery Impacts ....................................................... 40 Non-Point Sources ................................................................................................... 41 Water Quality Monitoring ..................................................................................... 42 3 Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection ................................ 42 Background Fluorescence of Springs and Adjacent Wells (BSWA/Otz Hydro) .................................................................................................................. 43 Shippensburg University– Continued Nutrient and Turbidity Measurement ............................................................................................................................... 43 Shippensburg University Dissolved Oxygen in Channel Water and Sediments ............................................................................................................................... 44 DEP, Macri, and Shippensburg University Benthic Assessments of Impairment Before and After Hatchery Closure ............................................. 46 Present USGS Turbidity, Temperature, and Discharge (real time) .............. 50 PAFBC-Electrofishing Data ..............................................................................
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