AUSTRALIAN NATURAL HISTORY

Published Quarterly by the Australian Museum, College Street, Sydney

Editor : F. H . TALilOT, Ph.D., F.L.S. Annual sub cription, $2.20 po ted A ssi stant Editor: P. F. COLLIS Single copy, 50c (55c posted)

VOL. 16, 0 . 8 D ECEMBER 15, 1969

This issue marks the bicentenary of Captain James Cook' s landing in Australia in 1770. lt contains 16 extra pages.

CONTENTS PAGE

CAP I AI . JAMI:o COOK, A POIHRAIT 24 1 CAPTA I CooK's Ro LE IN ATU RAL HISTORY- Pew· J. Whi1ehead 242 THE "E DI:AVOUR's'" ATURALISTS IN A USTRALIA Gi/ber/ P. 11'/til/ey 247

TH~o FIR T BOTAN ICAL STUDII,S 1 1 A USTRALIA- D. J. M cGillirray 251 CAI'TAI COOK AND THE A USTRALIA ABORIGINE- ). V. S. M eglllr 255 CAPTAI CooK·s A uSTRALI A L ANDMARKS- R . 0. C!talmers 261

EA HR A usTRA LI A 1 BI RDS RI:.COR DI::D o THI:: "ENDEAVOUR's" VovAGJ::- H. J. de S. Disney 26 7 A uSTRALI A M AMMALS St CL 1770 J. 11. Calaby 271

A '' P ARAD I S~o LoT"- TH J:: K uR . t:LL P1: 1 suLA S1 c 1:. 1770 . Caner 276

THE RI:COVERY o ~ THE ' ' ENDI:.AVOUifs'" CA NO s- James C. Tyler 28 1 BooK REVIEWS 260, 266

M EET OuR Co 1 RIB TORS 288

e FRO T 0 BACK CO\'ER : Tl\o hundred years of dc\clopment of the Botany Bay area ~ h o l\ in this compari on bcl\\ een Ca ptain Cook's sketch map. \\hich he prepared from his O\\n charts, and a modern aeria l photo. Of the la ndscape that Cook beheld little remains; ma n's activities have changed all except the coastline and the contours of the bay itself. The aeria l photo is by courtesy of Adastra Aerial Surveys. CA PTAIN l AMES COOK, R.N., F. R.S. ( 1728- 1779) This portrait of the great IIOI'igator and disco1•erer of eastern A ustra/ia 11·as painted by N atha11iel Da11ce in 1776, and is in the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, E11gland. As the ponrait suggests, Caproin Cook 11·as of impressive appearance. bei11g o1•er 6 feel rail a11d of strong physique.

Australian atural 1/istory Page 24 1 The Earl of Pembroke, the Whitby collier which was refi tted and commissioned as the Endeal·our for Cooks' voyage to Australia, leaving Whitby harbo ur. [Painting by T homas Luny in the collection of the National Library of Australia, Canberra ; reproduced by permission o f the ational Librarian.)

CAPTAIN COOK'S ROLE IN NATURAL HISTORY By PETER J . W H ITEH EAD Ichthyologist, British 1useum (t atural H istory), London

I hare gil•en the best accou111 of things in my power. I hare neither had an education, nor hare I acquired abilities for writing. I ha1·e been a/lmost constantly at sea from my youth and ha1•e draged myself . . . through all the Stations, from a Prentice Boy to a Commander.- Captain Cook.

O say that James Cook, R . ., F.R .S., succeed in a ny age. H e was described by T was a product of his age is no t to o ne of his contempora ries as " the most belittle his tremendous achievements. A able a nd enlightened a"V igator that England Yorkshire farm-labourer's son who could ever produced", a nd, with Drake and soar fro m such humble o rigins to become el o n, he tands as o ne of the three mo t not o nl y a nati o nal hero but a figure of fa mo us seamen in British histo ry. The internatio nal standing- and this in an age mid-eighteenth century o ffered a n enormou when the comma nd of a naval vessel o breadth of o ppo rtunity to those with ability, frequently depended on birth a nd ocial a cope that was to be drasticall y reduced po itio n- a man of this calibre would surely by the middle of the next century a a

Page 242 December. 1969 result of specializatio n in almost every Jsland soon to be known as Otaheite field. In the mid-eighteenth century, (Tahiti). Measurements of the previous however, it was still possible to sail w h~re transit in 176 1, from which a mo re accurate none had sailed before, to chart quite calculation of the distance of the earth unknown coasts, even to search for an from the sun could be made, had proved unknown continent, and at the same time disappointing, a nd the Royal Society was to almost in evita bly contribute to other anxious that this expedition would be fie lds of human endeavour. Thus, Ja mes successful. The King placed £4,000 at the Cook was not merely the discoverer of new disposal of the Society, a nd Charles Green lands· he was also the man who fi rst defeated was a ppointed o fficial astro nomer. scurvy on British ships, he laid the However, Cook a lso had secret orders. fo undations for scientific hydrography and After the o bservati ons on Tahiti he was to oceanography, he was a bri ll i a ~t and proceed southwards to latitude 40° S. and courageous navigator, and he left hiS ma rk to investi gate the possible existence of a as a great humanita rian. He is a lso southern continent, the Terra australis remembered for the part he played in incognito tha t geographers such as Buache, bringing back to England the most and especially Da lrymple, believed must comprehensive and best documented exist to ba lance the land masses of the assortment of plants and a nimals yet collected o rthern Hemisphere. Politically, the from the vast Pacific area. This was a discovery a nd colonizatio n of such a tremendous achievement, owing its success continent would be an impo rtant triumph as much to Cook's mastery of seama nshi p fo r England in her s trug~ les wi th Fra nce­ as to the energy and enthusiasm of that hence the secrecy of the o rders. dominant fi gure in the early history of Austra lia, Sir Joseph Banks (1743- 1820). Finally, there was a third aspect to the voyage, the investi gati o n of the natural The expedition that set sail from Plymo uth history of the Pacific region. The R oyal a t 2 o'clock in the afternoon of 26th August, Society had presented to the Lords of the J 768 had a number of unusual features. Admira lty a memora ndum urging them to ln the first place, the ship was a converted include in the expeditio n " Joseph Banks, Whitby colli er, the Earl of Pembroke, Esq., Fellow of this Society, a gentleman rena med Endeavour Bark, broad in the beam of la rge fortune, who is well versed in a nd of sha ll ow draught. Placed in command atura l Histo ry . . . together with his of this ship, a nd o nl y shortly before raised suite ... ". A fortnight before Endeavour to commissioned rank, was Li eutenant James sailed, Ba nks a nd his retinue were granted Cook, a lmost unknown except to a few permissio n to join Cook o n the voyage. astute men at the Admiralty who had been Ba nks entirely fin anced this si de of the impressed by the thoroughness of his surveys voyage, reputedly to the extent of £I 0,000. of the St Lawrence and the coasts of What is mo re important, however, is that Newfo undla nd. Alexander D alrymple, Banks set a precedent for the official geographer and scholar, who had full y recognitio n of natura lists on Briti sh voyages expected to be given the command, had of discovery a nd many young men benefited been passed over in favour of the fo rmer from this enlightened policy, including the Whitby seaman, to Dalrymple's lasting most fa mo us of a ll , Charles Darwin. chagrin. lt was Cook who chose Endeavo~r in preference to one of the East Jndi a Banks' team Compa ny's ships, a frigate or o ne of the la rge three-decked West lndiamen- a choice Banks, whose educati o n included Harrow, that was to be fully vindicated by subsequent Eto n, and Oxford, and whose personal events. income amo unted to some £6,000 a year, was principall y a botanist, but had a wide range of interests. Finding tha t Humphrey Aims of the voyage Sibthorp, who held the chair of botany at The object of the voyage was ostensibl y Oxford, had ma naged o nly a single lecture to o bserve a nd to record the tra nsi t of the duri ng his career, Banks imported his own pl a net Venus across the disc of the sun tutor from Cambridge. At 23 Banks from the newly discovered George Il l voyaged to Newfoundla nd in H MS Niger

A ustralian Natural History Page 243 to study natural history, and in the same year he was elected a Fell ow of the Royal Society. Learning of the Endeavour expeditio n, he lost no time in persuading the Society to a ll ow him to pa rticipate. Banks chose his companio ns carefully. The naturalist was Daniel Cart So lander ( 1733-82), favourite pupil of Linnaeus and o ne o f the several Swedes wi th who m Banks was associated. Solander had been working at the Briti sh Museum, to which he returned after the voyage, combining his duties there with those of librarian a nd assi tant to Ba nks. The notebooks written during the voyage and the many manuscripts de cri bing the animals a nd plants brought back, are now in the Bri ti sh M use urn ( a tural His to ry). They testify to a methodica l a nd accura te observer, a worthy di ciple of the Linnaean method. The natura l hi sto ry assista nt was a nother Swede, Herman Didrich Sporing. who was a lso a fair draughtsman and a useful hand at Sydne) Parkinson, the young natural history repairing instruments. One of the most artist on the 'oyage. About 1.300 of hi drawings are in the British M u cum ( atural importa nt members of the team was the H istory). [From an engraving in A Journal of natural histo ry a rtist, a young Quaker. a Voyage to the South Seas in His Majesty's Ship Sydney Parkinson (c. 1745-71), who had the Endea1•our. transcribed from the papers of a lready come to Ba nks' attentio n through Sydney Parkin on, edited by his brother. Stanfield Parkinson, and published in 1773.] his fine bo ta nical drawings. Some I ,300 of Parkinson's drawings are now in the Brit is h M use urn ( atura l Histo ry) ; the the fairly primitive state of botany and majority o f them are of bota nica l subjects, zoology a t this ti me. Studies such as the but 300 depict anima ls seen o n the voyage. rela ti onship of species to their environment , Pa rkin o n worked under such pressure that heredity, evolution, and biogeography were most of the drawings are unfinished, deta il s yet to expand into full branches of biology. of colour often being merely noted o n the Wha t was still of overriding importance back. In T ahiti, it is said , the Aies were was a catalogue of nature's storehou e and so numero us that they a te the colo ur off a ystem into which the newly di covered the paper as fast as the a rtist could lay it material could be slotted. o n! The man commissioned to portray landscape a nd people was Alexander The man who provided such a catalogue Buchan, a young man who was a ffli cted by and y tern and who, at the same time, gave epilep y a nd who died o n T ahiti , adding a n to botany and zoology their modern even greater burden to the already over­ appearance. was the Swede Cart Linnaeu wcrked Pa rkinson. The party was ( 1707- 78). lt is indeed remarkable that completed by Banks' two serva nts, and also o nly a hundred years separa te the lOth two negroes (both of whom succumbed to ed ition of Linnaeus' Systema Naturae­ the cold during a nig ht stranded o n a the starting point of modern zoological mo untain in Tierra del Fuego). This was nomenclature-from the 1658 edition of Ba nk ' team, and there is every evidence Topsell 's History of Four:footed Beasts, in that they worked ha rd and well together. which the unicorn. satyrs, and seven-headed hydra are solemnly described. Across the C hannel. Buffon was toiling at volume Primitive state of botany and zoology after volume of his monumental 1-/istoire To fu ll y appreciate the natural hi tory 'aturel/e. wrapped in its gracious, nowery aspects o f the voyage one must rememb~ r prose: but it was the simple no menclature

Page 244 December. 1969 and concise, even terse, descriptions of the crew through scurvy, was yet to come. Sys1e111a Narurae that provided the real In Batavia, where they carried out extensive key to the realm of nature. Armed with repa irs to the ship, twenty-three men. died this one book, the expl orer-naturali st could from diseases (malari a and dysentery, ch1efty), sally forth wi th confidence. including Sydney Parkinson, Herma n Spa ring, and G reen, the astronomer ; Banks The voyage a nd Solander narrowly survived . Only this The voyage to Tahiti was largely tempered the sense of triumph as Endeavour uneventful. The ship called briefly at Rio finall y reached Engla nd almost 3 years de Janeiro, where they were refused a fter she set out. permi ssion to land, and then safe ly rounded Cape Horn to a rri ve at Tahiti in good time Publication plans lapsed to set up a n observatory for the important For 3 years Ba nks and his companions observati on of the transit of Venus on had coll ected. As the material came in, 3rd June, 1769. The observati ons were it was described in the notebooks, listed, successfu l, and Cook set sail southwards to drawn, a nd preserved. Many hundreds of latitude 40 S. a nd then westwards to ew new plants, 500 fi sh, 500 birds, a nd hundreds Zealand. The stay on Tahiti had been of in ects, shells, a nd other invertebrates pleasant, even idyllic, but Banks and hi s were collected. The delight with which tea m worked ha rd collecting, describing, each new ha ul was made shines through drawing, and preserving. As Sydney the pages of Ba nks' journal. The Systema Parkinson' brother Stanfi eld la ter wrote, arurae provided the framework, but it the crew indulged themselves in "sensual was a framework stretched to capacity gratifications", but Sydney gratified " no wi th the qua nt ities of new species crammed other passion than that of a lauda ble into every spare corner of the ship. curiosi ty protected by hi s own innocence". ew Zeala nd, which Cook showed to be With the return of Endeavour, the scientific two main islands a nd not a promontory world eagerly awaited publication of the of the supposed southern continent, was results. one was so impatient as Linnaeus, less hospitable but provi ded plenty of whose letters a re fi lled with an agony of interest for the natura li sts. a pprehension lest a ny disaster befall either the speci mens or those destined to describe From New Zeala nd they headed west them. Banks a nd Solander were, of course, again, a nd on 20th April, 1770, Lieutenant fully competent to describe the wea lth of Hicks sighted the southeastern corner of new fo rm . At fi rst the attempt was made, Austra lia . Sailing northwards, they la nded but as the years went by the enterprise at Stingray Ba y, rena med a lmost immediately quietly lost momentum and eventua lly Bota ny Bay, where Cook raised the fl ag. ground to a halt. The botanical results, They proceeded northwa rds again a nd brought a lmost to completion by 1784, entered the la byrinth of the Great Barrier were in the end never published. R eef. On a night of bright moonlight, Fortunately, the plant specimens were kept disaster struck. The keel rasped on coral intact and passed to the British Museum and in a moment the shi p stopped in its through the great botanist Robert Brown tracks, locked on the reef. For a time it ( Banks' th ird librari an) in 1827. was touch and go, but eventually the ship, Banks, howeve r, was chiefly interested stripped down to her lower masts a nd with in botany, and with the early death of all ballast thrown overboard, fl oated free, Solander in 1782 the zoological results and Cook courageously chose to ma ke were left a a body of ha lf-completed notes. land agai nst the risi ng water in the holds. Worse, the a nimal specimens were slowl) Beached at the mouth of the E ndeavour give n away, not only to the Bri ti sh Museum River, the ship was repaired, a nd, not but to many pri va te collecti ons, so that without at least one further nea r disaster, with the passing of the years their connection they lowly continued up the coast and wi th the Cook voyages was forgotten. through Torres Strait. The Leverian Museum received such material, The bitterest blow, however, to the man later to be di spersed a ll over Europe when who had not lo t a ingle member of the the mu eum wa sold in 1806. Willia m

Australian atural History Page 245 Bullock's Museum, housed at the famous during the air-ra ids of 1941. Among Egyptian Ha ll in Picadilly, also contained collectors of the day, it was the shells that specimens from the Cook voyages, but had the greatest appeal, choice specimens these, too, were scattered when the museum changi ng hands at hi gh prices. The public was sold by auction in 18 19. Another to greatly admired the colourful birds, fo r receive material was John Hunter, the great many were on display at the Leverian surgeon-anatomi st, and hi s collecti on passed and Bullock Museums. By the beginning to the Royal Coll ege of Surgeons. There of the nineteenth century, men such as were many others who benefited from George Shaw a nd, later, Edward Donovan, Banks' great generosity. To find animal were producing serialized natural history specimens from the Cook voyages nowadays, tracts in which some of the species discovered one must not onl y search in Lo ndon, on the Cook voyages were illustrated a nd Liverpool, and Glasgow, but also in Leyden, described. It is of interest to note that Vienna, and Paris. No ma mmals, reptiles even in the 1820's the association of a or amphibians survive; perhaps a hundred specimen or species with Captain Cook was fish , twice that number of insects, some still considered worthy of note. corals, a single crab, and a single tunicate. The significance- and, in a sense, the A shell collection from the Cook voyages, justification - of the Endeavour and bearing labels by Solander, was found only subsequent voyages to natural hi story lie comparatively recently in the British Museum in the quantity of material coll ected and (Natural History), where it had lain mis­ the contribution that it made to knowledge labelled for half a century. Linnaeus' worst of the di versity of a nimal and pla nt life. fears had been realized- Sola nder was dead Although Solander's manuscripts were never a nd the bulk of the animal specimens had published, nor even completed, his notes become scattered and lost. The plants were used by later workers, in conjunction survived, but Banks' grandiose scheme to with the m aterial and the drawings, to publish about them had come to naught. describe ma ny new species. Often the novelty of the specimens brought back by " Captain Cook's Kangaroo" Cook a nd Ba nks was somewhat blunted Wha t impact did the zoology a nd botany by the better preserved and more extensive of this and the two succeeding voyages collections of later travell ers. T he present have on contemporary society? To Banks' bicentenary has in itself stimulated further credit, the breadfruit and other useful research into such problems as the locati on plants were exploited, but many of the of the animal specimens from the Cook a nimals were sufficientl y close to known voyages, some of it materi al on which new species as to arouse little popular interest. species were based and of the utmost Dr Johnson had read that Britain supported importance to zoology. Two fitt ing tributes 20,000 d ifferent insects; Ba nks and his to the role of the naturalists on the Australian friends would have done better to have voyage have been produced by the British stayed a t home! There were other a nimals, Museum (Natura l History). The fi rst is however, that caught the public imagi na tion, the publication of forty of Parkinson's fish a nd no ne more so tha n what came to be drawings, reproduced with astounding known as Captain Cook's Ka ngaroo. realism by coll otype, and the second is a Although marsupi als had been seen as book containing a hundred engravings of early as 1629 by Frans Pelsart, Endeavour Pa rkinson's botanical drawin gs taken from brought back the first specimens of the the ori ginal copper plates that were to larger kangaroos to be seen in Euro pe. At illustrate Ba nks' account of the bota ny the Society of Artists' show in 1773, George of the voyage. Parkinson's craftma nship Stubbs exhibited hi s famous pai nting of a cannot be praised too highly, but the kangaroo, based on o ne of the specimens drawings resulted from the work of a team from the Endeavour voyage. Unfortuna tel y, led by Ba nks-and the team could not none of these earl y ka ngaroo specimens have made the contribution that it did to now exist, the last relic, a skull in the R oyal natural hi story without the genius of that College of Surgeons, having been destroyed great seaman, Ja mes Cook.

Page 246 December, 1969 The ''Endeavour's'' Naturalists in Australia

By GILBERT P. WHITLEY Honorary Associate, Australia n Museum

The curioliTies broughT home by Mr. Bankes and Dr. Solander have already been seen by mosT of The NobiliTy, and we are assured several of The mosT exTraordinary Phaenomena are To be Taken in a few days To Th e Queen's Palace for The inspecTion of Their Majesties ... " Middlesex Jo urnal", 3 1st August, 177 1, quoted by J. C. Beaglehole in " The Journals of Captain Ja mes Cook on his Voyages of Discovery".

the eighteenth century young Englishmen I of birth and wealth emba rked upon the Grand Tour of Europe to broaden their minds by travel, enj oy scenery, visit cathedrals a nd art galleries, a nd engage in fashi onable social rounds. But Joseph Banks ( 1743- 1820), more interested in botany than in the fruits of a classical education, chose the Grandest Tour of a ll- a trip a round the world from 1768 to 1771 with Lieutenant Ja mes Cook in H.M. Bark Endeavour. Joseph Ba nks' right-hand man was Daniel Car! Solander (1733- 1782), a Swedish naturalist who had been a pupil of Linnaeus. Altho ugh their assistants were required to ta ke regul ar turns at watch, Ba nks a nd Solandet were assigned no shipboard duties. On a typi cal day, they studied in Cook's great cabin fro m 8 a.m. to 2 p.m. "From 4 to 5 p.m., after the cabin had lost the odour of food, until da rk, we sat a t the great table with the draughtsmen directly across from us . . . whi le the pla nts were still fresh, we made rapid descriptions The Swedish naturalist Daniel Carl Solander, and showed the draughtsmen how the Banks' right-hand man. drawings should be made." The a rtists were very important members drawings and ketches (at least I ,300 in of an eighteenth century ex pedition- long number) which he made for Ba nks on this before photography. They painted scenes, voyage. But Batavia's unhealthy climate nati ves, their boats, weapons, a nd utensils, was to prove fatal to Pa rkinson a nd others a nd they drew, from fresh specimens, pla nts and he died on the ho mewa rd voyage. a nd anima ls, many of which were used or Herma n Didrich Sporing ( 1735- 177 1), a eaten a nd not preserved. Hundreds of their paintings and sketches have fortunately versatile and "grave-thinking" ma n, was survived. a nother to succumb after Batavia. He made beautiful drawings of sha rks, rays, fi sh, Sydney Parkinson ( 1745- 177 1) was a a nd crabs. An account of Sporing has Qua ker, born in Edinburgh. The face and been given in this magazine by Z . Yrbicky ha nds of hi s portrait have about them a a nd J . Kabat, J une, 1964 (Vol. 14, No. 10), sensiti vity which is mirrored in the beautiful p. 322.

AusTralian arural HisTory Page 247 Though he was not an artist or a naturalist, mentio n sho uld be made of EXTRACTS FROM JO URNALS John Gore (circa 1730- 1790), a po rtrait of whom appeared in Beaglehole's The Many of the extracts from Cook's and Banks' Journals of Captain James Cook, 3 (I), jouma/s in this issue are from J. C. Beaglehole's editions of the joumals- ''Tite Joumals of 1967, pi. 6 8 . Gore was born in Virginia, Captain James Cook on his Voyages of and was a war veteran who sailed fou r Discovery ( Vol. I , The Voyage of the times round the worle, the fou rth bei ng Endeavour, 1768-1771 )", published for the o n Cook's last voyage. He shot the famous Hakluyt Society at the Cambridge University Press, and "The Endeavour Joumal of Joseph Kangaroo at Endeavour River and also Banks 1768- 1771 ", published by the Trustees collected a wallaroo, stingrays, a nd other of the Public Library of New Sowh Wales in animals. association with Angus and Robertson.

First zoological notes The first zoological notes from eastern We observed the dung of a quadruped, probably of the same pecies with those we afterwards Australia's coastline were made by Cook killed at Endeavour Ri ver. Our greyhound likewise in his journal on 29th April, 1770, at what pursued a small animal, but staked himself in is now Botany Bay. L quote from the the chace without overtaking it. Crows and original "Corner" copy of the manuscript cockatoos we observed in great numbers; together with a very beautiful bi rd of the lo ry kind, wh ich in the Mitchell Library, Sydney: we called loryquet. I landed in 2 places one of which the People Snapper and tortoises (i.e., turtles) were had but just left as there were small fi res and fresh Muscles boiling upon them, here likewise noted from what is now Queensland. lay Vast heaps of the largest Oyster Shells 1 ever A lthough the unknown autho r of thi s saw. Journal (a copy o f which r have consulted Further paragraphs in the manuscript in the Mitchell Libra ry) may have laid a re of the nature of a palimpsest, there are himself open to grave charges of unauthorized so many erasures and alterations. " l n the p ublication, one wishes that his early account evening," we read , "the Yawl return'd of our animals had been rather more detailed. from fi shing having caught 2 Sting rays Pilgrimage weighing near 600 lb." Then Stingray Bay is a ltered to Bottny, later Bo ttony Bay, T he next glimpse of o ur fauna was to be Bo tto nist H arbour, and Botany Bay, its revealed in John H awkesworth's Account accepted name. of the Voyages (vol. 3, 1773, book 3, chapter 1), but this has been superseded by T he fi rst published account of Cook's En­ Beaglehole's masterly edition of Cook's deavour voyage was the anonymous book " A journals, published 1955- 1967. D etails, Jo urnal of a Voyage round the World, In his therefore, need not be quoted here, though M ajesty's Shi p END EA YOUR ... Lo ndon, I should like to refer to some minor animals Printed for T. Becket and P. A . De Hondt, mentioned from Thirsty Sound, Queensland, in the Strand. MDCCLXXL". Jt was not where Cook and his men paid a sho rt visit. the a uthor's "purpose to describe minutely When Beaglehole was preparing his classic those things which are more particularl y redaction, it was still not known what the o bjects of Natural H istory, as Mr. Banks species of insects, etc., were referred to by a nd Dr. Solander wi ll hereafter Cook's men from this still remote region. abundantly gratify the curiosity of those Accordingly, my late friend, the entomologist who d elight in the study of nature". New Antho ny Musgrave, and T made a pilgrimage South Wales is not na med in this book in May, 1957, to Thirsty Sound and its ( neither is Botany Bay), but we may quote, environs at the same time o f the year as as the fi rst printed account of their anima ls, Cook's visit 187 years previously. the following: Banks' original journal in the Mitchell The natives applrently subsist chiefly on fish, Library mentions, at Thirsty Sound, on of which there is great plenty, especially of the sting ray-fi sh, weighing between two and three 29th M ay, 1770: hundred pounds; and as they commonly swim .... on the branches of [gum] trees & other in shallow water, they are easily taken: of these trees were large ants nests made of Clay as big and other kinds we caught great quantities .... as a bushel .... : the ants also were small and

Page 248 December, 1969 ha\e observed such a minute feature as thi when on a shore which, for a ll he knew, migh t have been infe ted with wild beasts or cannibals. Specimens of the a nts and their home were brought to Sydney. The tree was identified as Cupaniopsis anacardioides. The ant belonged to three pecies of the genera Colobopsis and Te1raponera. Musgrave and I a l o examined a number of the "nests made of C lay as big as a bushel", the product of arboreal termites (Microcerotermes IUrneri ). At the Endeavour River Banks was to see the pyrami dal ne ts of other, terrestria l, termites which, he said. "very much resembled stones which I have seen in English Druidical monument Dr. Sola nder compa rd them to the R une Stone on the Pla ins of Upsal in Sweden".

Kangaroo closely studied Cook's enforced tay at Endeavour River offered excellent opportunities for collecting, and the kangaroo in particula r was closely Ants from the hollow stems of a tree of the same kind as Banks' "ant-tree... T hirsty Sound, tudied. So-called "Cockles" of enormous Queensland. Four ants can be een on a leaf in ize must have been gia nt cla ms. P aper the top left corner a nd two on the central group being in short supply, a copy of Milton's of leaves. [Photo : A. Musgrave.] Paradise Los/ was used to press plants. Banks was most acti ve, cl imbing the mast­ had whiti sh abdomens : in a nother species of head to get a good view, or going out in tree Xamhoxiloides mite a mall sort of black a nts had bord all the twigs and li vd in quantitie in a ma ll boat, fis hing or shooting or using the hollow part where the pith hould be, the tree hi s dipping net. He had with him a tine ne,ertheless flourishing, & bearing leaves & Rowers natural history library and ma ny cases of upo n those very branches as freely & well as upon bottles of everal ize , with ground sto ppers, others that were sound. to preserve a nimal in pirits. On our arrival a t T hi rsty Sound on 25th May, 1957, Musgrave and I immedia tely John Ell is, the lri hma n who classified ought Ba nks' ant-tree and, j ust above the corals a nd zoophyte , wrote in a letter to highest tidema rk, there was a little bushy Linnaeus in 1768 (quoted by Ja mes Wilson tree wi th fa irly smooth grey bark, ta ngled a nd Tony Ra ndle in their book The branches, and fl at green lea ves with curled Endeai'Our. published in Melbourne in 1968) : edge and brown d ried tips. On breaking o people ever went to ea better fitted o ut for the tipmost twigs, we found they were hollow. th-.: s-.: n ice of natural history; they have all sorts of machines for catching and preserving insects; Some of the dead-looking twigs supported all kinds of nets, trawls, drags a nd hooks for coral green lea ves; others bowed fresh , li ght fi shing. They ha'e even a curious contrivance of greeni h-yell ow wood when broken- and a telescope, by which, put in to the water, you can yes! there was the hollow brown core in ee the bottom at great depth, when it is clear ..... which a nts were present. They were Bu t what happened to all the specimens, sluggish, just crawling a round their home, the journals, a nd drawings from the fi rst and had to be prised loo e ; they were a nd later Cook voyages? Most of them rather elongate, brownish-black, with ba rrel­ piled up in Si r Jo eph Banks' house in like abdomens and short legs, and their London. Although many manuscripts and reddi h-brown head looked downwards. ill ustrations went to the British M useum, We were amazed that Banks should calmly where they could be examined by scholars,

Australian atural History Page 249 " Under the lee of this point Lieutenant James Cook R.N. landed o n 24th May 1770" rea ds the inscription o n this memo rial at Seventeen Seventy (the appropriate name of the district), Bustard Bay, Queensla nd, where Cook made his first la nding after leaving Botany Bay. [Photo: Author.)

a great deal of material remains unpublished including the "Corner" copy of Cook's to this day. Banks a nd Solander refused Jo urnal. In 1932, Miss Sylvia Corner, of to join Cook's second voyage, because of Whitby, England, specially visited the unsuitable accommodation, and both went Australian Museum to see this priceless o n to other interests. The worried Linnaeus ma nuscript, of which her grandfather had was already doomed to di sappointment when been the owner. he wrote a letter in October, 1771 , to John The centenary of Cook's discovery of E llis: ew South Wales was hardly celebrated All sublunary things are uncertain, no r aught in this State; not until several years later anything to be trusted to treacherous futurity. was the statue of him erected in Hyde Park I therefore o nce more beg, nay I earnestly beseech you, to urge the publication of these new near the Australian Museum. The discoveries. 1 confess it to be my most ardent bicentenary, howeve r, is to be royall y wish to see this done before 1 die. T o whom can honoured. A most fitti ng memorial to I urge my anxious wishes but to you, who are so Cook's naturali sts would be to disin ter their d·!voted to me and to science? works f rom thei r present obscurity and Remember me to the immortal Banks a nd proclaim them to the world. Solander. Specimens from Cook's na turalists went F URTHER READING to the Linnean Society, the British Museum, Beaglehole, J. C., 1955- I 967: The Journals of the R oyal College of Surgeons, a nd vari ous Caprain James Cook on his Voyages of Discovery. (Cambridge: University Press and Hakluyt private museums in Britain. When the Society), 3 vols in 4 and portfo li o. latter were disbanded and their contents Beaglehole, J. C., 1962: The Endeavour Journal were sold, Continental museums acquired of Joseph Banks 1768- 1771. (Sydney: Public specimens, and some still exist in Russia, Library and Angus and Robertson), 2 vols. the U nited States, and other la nds. A fine lredale. T., 1924: ·' Museums of the Past ... seri es of Cook relics, drawings, and specimens Australian Museum Magazine, vol. 2, p. 88. were obtained for the Australian Museum, Reed, A. W. (editor), 1969: Captain Cook in of which the Encyclopaedia of New South Australia. (Well ington: A. H. and A . W. Wales(l907) rema rked, " The most interesting Reed.) exhibits now in the institution are the relics Rienits, Rex and T hea, 1968: The Voyages of of Captain Cook, a nd where they are Captain Cook. (London: Hamlyn.) grouped is the ' elson's Corner' of the Whitehead P . J . P., 1968: Forty drawings of fishes made by the artists who accompanied Captain Jam ~s Museum". Most of this collecti on wa Cook .... [London : British Museum (Natural tra nsferred in 1955 to the Mitchell Library, History)].

Page 250 December, J 969 THE FIRST BOTANICAL STUDIES IN AUSTRALIA By D. J . McGI LLIVRA Y Botanist, National Herbarium of New South Wales, Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney

The great quantity of plants Mr. Banks and Dr. Solander found in this place occasioned my giving it the name of Botany Bay.- Cook's Journal.

OSEPH BAN KS, an influential J adventurous young man, had joined the Endeavour voyage to the South Seas on the recommendation of the Royal Society, of which he was a Fellow. His retinue comprised D aniel Solander, who had eagerl y volunteered to come as a companion and scientific adviser, two draughtsmen, Sydney Parkinson and Alexander Buchan, a secretary, Herman Sporin g, and fo ur serva nts. In hi s yo uth Banks had developed a keen interest in natural hi story, particul arly bota ny, and he had commenced a natural history coll ecti on, together with a li brary, fo r which he was to be renowned. Banks was elected to the Royal Society in 1766 while on a voyage to North America, and on his return he attended the Society's meetings, extending his acquaintanceshi ps, rather than his knowledge, in the sphere of natural philosophy. D aniel Solander had come to England in 1760 on the recommendation of Linnaeus. J oseph Banks, from the painting by Sir Joshua He was industrious and of pleasant Reynolds. [Photo by courtesy of the Director, disposition, attributes which soon earned Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England.) him the respect and affectionate regard of his friends and scientific fellows. As a result of the Endeavour voyage hi s name 20 months the vessel had visited Madeira, became closely linked with that of Banks, Rio de Janeiro, Tierra del Fuego, and whose social eminence overshadowed Tahiti, and circumnavigated New Zealand. Solander's great scientific ability. Already many hundreds of species had been collected, described, and illustrated. Sydney Parkinson was a young Scot The gathering of specimens was usually who, though apprenticed to a trade, had done jointly by Banks and Solander, with foll owed his natural interest and a bi lities Banks supervising their drying and storage, in the painting of plants and animals. while Solander maintained the catalogues and prepared hi s manuscript descriptions. How Banks and Solander worked In the following passage Banks describes T he Endeavour sailed from Plymouth in the daily routine. His participation in the August, 1768, and came withi n sight of the descriptive work was probably less than Australia n coast on 19th April, 1770. In thi s account indicates.

Australian Natural History Page 251 .... seldom was there a storm strong enough portions of the various fl oral and vegetative to break up our usual study time, which daily parts were coloured. He was to have lasted from a bout 8 a.m. until 2 p.m. From 4 or 5 p.m. after the cabin had lost the odor of completed these, but died from dysentery food until dark, we at at the great table with on the return voyage, oon after leaving the 'draughtsmen directly across from us. In Batavia. The plates were later finished this posi tion while the plants were still fresh, we by artists using Pa rkinson's sketches in made rapid descriptions of all the circumstances surrounding the natural history of the specimens conjuncti on wi th the herba rium specimens. under consideration and showed the draughtsmen Further importa nt coll ections were made how the drawings should be made. When we were at Bustard Bay (southeast of Gladstone), far from land and the stores room was empty, we finished each description and added to the Thirsty Sound (a part of Broad Sound), synonyms in the books which we had. These the Palm I lands (east of lngham), and completed descriptions were immediately entered Cape Graft on (east of Cairns). Solander in books in the form of florulas of each of 1hc added another 160 pages to hi s ma nuscript lands we visited. with description of plants gathered in the On 29th April, 1770, the Endeavour short visi t to these localities. anchored in Botany Bay a nd for three and a half days the two naturalists collected a Many specimens lost great quantity and variety of plants .. In On the moonlit night of 11th June the his journal for 2nd May, ~a nk s tells bnefly voyage almost ended in di saster when the how the botany of Australia began : Endeal'our struck a submerged reef. With The morn was rainy and we who had got already the good fortune of gentle weather for so many plants were well contented .to fi nd an several days, Cook was able to sail the excuse for staying on board to examme them a vessel to a careening place near the mouth little at least. of the Endeavour River on 17th J une. During the remaining days of their stay they made several excursions into the surrounding forest and heath. Although the a utumn season is not favourable for observi ng many of the fl owering plants in the area, they collected well over 100 species. The majority belonged to genera as . ~et undescribed and some were of the famll tes Goodeniaceae a nd Baueraceae, which were then scientifically unknown. Origina l descriptions of the genus Banksia a nd ~ve ral of its species were to be based on spec1mens they gathered at Botany Bay. Con·ea alba was grown from ee d~ . they bro~g ~ t back to Engla nd, and it ongmal de cnpt1on was ba ed on cultivated specimen

Solander and Parkinson bu y Solander prepared I 07 page of manu cript descriptions of the plants collected, a n.d Parkinson worked for 14 days on the1r illustration. On I 2th M ay, Banks reported : This evening we fini shed drawing the plants got in the last harbour, w~ich had been kept fresh till this time by means of un che ts and wet cloths. In 14 days just, one draughtsman has made. 94 sketch drawings, so quick a hand has he acqu1 red A page. in Latin, from Daniel Solander's by u e. manuscript prepared while at the Endeavour Ri,er. One of the descriptions on the page I n order to draw as many species a relate to the plant now l..nown as Alyrmecodia possible before the specimen faded a.nd beccarii, which is illustrated in this article. withered Parkinson resorted to makmg (Photo by courtesy of the British Museum outline ketche in which o nl y representa ti ve ( atural Hi tOry).]

December, 1969 Page 252 In the careening a large number of plant them all once a day, exposes the Quires in which they are to the greatest heat of the sun and at specimens, which Banks had carefully sto red night covers t hem most carefully u p from any in a bread compartment in the after end of damps, always carefull no t to bring them out too the ship, became submerged in sea-water soon in a morning o r leave them o ut too late (still held in the bilge) as the bow was in the evening. lifted o n to the sho re. Many of the Solander worked diligently on his specimens were spo iled a nd had to be descriptio ns o f the ma ny new plants collected discarded. Some reparati on for this loss in the Endeavo ur River area, a nd added came from the comprehensive coll ectio ns 313 pages to his manuscript fl o rula. One made during the 6 weeks' stay enforced of these pages, reproduced in thi s article, by their misad venture. Mo re than 200 carries a description of the pla nt now known species were o btained, of which about 190 as Myrmecodia beccarii, with a reference were illustrated. Here in the tropics the to an earlier page in the manuscript, together season was more favourable for find ing with a descriptio n of Banksia dentata, plants in flower tha n it had been a t Bota ny later to be described by the younger Bay. Linnaeus. Solander's comment that this species was rare at Bo tany (Sting-Rays) Bay relates to another species, B. rebur, which does not occur as far n0 rth. The o riginal descriptions of fi fty species a re based o n specimens collected by Banks a nd Solander at Endeavour River. After temporary repairs were completed they sai led ea rly in August. Further collections were made during brief visits to Lookout Po int, Lizard Isla nd, Possession Isla nd, a nd Booby Jsla nd. Later botanical work on the voyage was of little consequence. There were many deaths fro m the dysentery and malaria contracted in Ba tavia, and those who survived were anxio us to return to England. From Banks' o riginal party o nly four returned- Banks himself, Sola nder, and two servants. T wo of the servants had perished in the freezing conditio ns at T ierra d el Fuego, Buchan had died in a fit of epilepsy at Tahiti, and Parkinson and · Sporing had succumbed to the fever.

Later voyage Within 12 mo nths of their return Ba nks Myrmecodia beccarii. F rom a drawing by a nd Solander were preparing for a nother Sydney Parkinson, completed by J . F. Miller. voyage, again with James Cook, this time [Photo by courtesy of the British Museum on H .M.S. Resolution . Linnaeus was grieved (Natural H istory).) to hear of these pla ns, as he ·was a nxio us to see the publi catio n of Solander' s work, The laborious procedure by which the in which so ma ny new species were to be la rge quantity of plant material was d ried described.' Differences of o piniori between is explai ned in this extract fro m Ba nks' Banks a nd ,the Admira lty resulted in Cook j o urnal : · being accompani ed by the natural ists J. - R . F orster a nd his son G eorge, and Banks Our plants dry beller in Paper Books than in Sand, with this precaution, that one person is and Solander voyaging to Iceland. On their intirely employd in allending them who hifts return, work continued o n the Endeavour

Australian Natural History Page 253 manuscripts and ill ustrations, but other FURTH ER READ I G tasks associated with Banks' library and Beaglehole, J. C. (ed.): The Endeavour Journal of Joseph Banks, 1768- 177 1. The Trustees of the herbarium in Soho Square and wi th the Public Library of New South Wales. 2 vols. R oyal Gardens at K ew took much of their 1962. attention. Solander died in May, 1782, Cameron, H . C.: Sir Joseph Banks. Angus and and Banks coul d not ma intai n the zeal Robertson, 1952. that was necessary for the work to be Rauschenberg, R. A.: Daniel Car/ Solander, Naturalist on the Endeavour. Transactions of completed. Altho ugh the conscienti o us the American Philosophical Society, new series, efforts of Solander and Parkinson a nd volume 58, pan 8. ovember, 1968. the youthful enterprise of Banks did not R ienits, R. a nd T.: The Voyages of Captain Cook. culminate in the magnificent publications Paul Hamlyn, 1968. Stearn, W. T .: .. The botanical results of the envisaged, they provided a fi rm basis for Endeavour voyage''. Endeavour, volume 27, the fu rther study of Australian botany. number .100, pages 3- 10, January, 1968.

The ''Endeavour'' Ashore for Repair

The Endea vour undergoing repair at the mouth of the Endeavour Ri ver after running aground on the Great Barrier Reef. [From an engraving in Jo hn Hawkesworth's account of Captain Cook's voyage to Australia, which was prepared from Cook's journal and Banks' papers and published in London in 1773.]

Page 254 December, 1969 CAPTAIN COOK AND THE AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINE By J. V. S. MEGA W Senior Lecturer in Archaeology, University of Sydney

... 11·e set our from the ship intending to land . . . as soon as we aproachd the rocks fii'O of the men came doll'n upon them, each armd 1rith a lance of about lO feet long . .. They ea/Id to us very loud in a harsh sounding Language . . . shaking their lances and menacing, in all appearance resolvd to dispute our landing to the utmost . . . From the description of the landing at Bota ny Bay in Banks' journa l.

September, 1771, James Cook wrote a letter from London to his fellow . vrkshireman, Captain John Walker, of Whitby, under whom, from the age of 19, he had served in the coaling trade. Cook's o pinion of the Austra li an Aborigines was that " . .. they appear to some to be most wretched upon Earth ; but in reality they a re far more happier tha n . . . we Europeans being wholly unaquainted not only with the superfluous but (also) of the necessary Conveniences so much sought a ft er in Europe they a re happy in not knowing the use of them". This, in contrast to the low opin ion of the northern Abo ri gine held by seventeenth-century white discoverers, such Plate I : The landing at Botany Bay. From the as the Dutchma n J an Carstenz a nd the drawing by T homas Stothard in the Mitchell English buccaneer Will iam Da mpier, was Library. Sydney. the verdict of a man whom Dr Samuel Johnson's friend the diarist Fanny Burney back to nature. Such unwilling settlers described as " the most modera te, humane, at Port Jackson as Captain Ja mes Campbell , and gentle circumnavigator that ever went Captain of Marines on Governor Arthur out upon discoveries". Phillip's shi p the Sirius, were completely Captain Cook's " humanity" and hi s disenchanted with the realities of native keen observati on, which led him to comment life as they aw it, bereft of any artistic in detail on the manners a nd customs of or litera ry enno bling of seemingly over- alm ost every new people he met on hi avage features. Echoing Dampier, Captain voyages, were without doubt contributing Campbell wrote to a friend in England factors in making the Southern Hemi sphere that " the more we see of (the natives), the a signifi cant influence on the developing more we are convinced of thei r being the taste and traditions of the roma ntic era. most abject of the human race yet met lt was, however, the islands of the Pacific with- they, however, do not seem so very rather than Austra lia itself whi ch matched devoid of curiosity, as Captain Cook ha up to the newfa ngled philosophy of Jean­ represented them to be ..." Small wonder Jacques R ousseau directing, too late, the that the fronti piece for A nd rew Kippis' pampered pre- Revolu tion rich of Fra nce account of Cook' voyages (Kippis, author

Australian 1 arural History Page 255 of the first biography o f Cook, which Bay, on 22nd April. 1770. when a group of appeared in 1788, the year o f the Fir t Aborigines were seen o n the ho re near Fleet' a rri, al in Botany Bay) hould be Bru h ~ I land. no rth of Ba teman· Bay. ba ed o n a drawing by Tho mas Sto thard On 28th April, when still 2 mile fro m ( 1755- 1834) in which a completely imagina ry ho re, Cook, Sir Joseph Banks, the Swedi h impre io n of Cook's landing at Kurnell bo ta ni st Solander, and Tupa ia the Ta hitian s hows the defending natives looking fo r put out in a yawl and o bserved three or a ll the world like Maori chieftains (pi. 1). four canoes pulled up a t what would have been the o uth entrance to Bo tany Bay­ Cook' fi rst ighting of Aborigines first na med by Cook ' 'Sting-Rays Harbour". If prejudice and preconditioning should Then, o n the afternoon of Sunday, 29th have resulted in so distorted an .image o f April, Coo k recorded in hi s journal how he the Australian Aborigine. what of Cook's " aw as we came in on both points of the own mo re detailed remarks on the natives bay eve ral of the natives and a few hutts, of the east coast and what, if any, material Men, women, a nd children on the o uth evidence is there for the actual brief hore abreast of the ship" . The Endeai'Our encounter between British and native during ancho red, and a boat put out fo r the hore. Cook's 5-month voyage in east Australian Two natives only remai ned to oppo e the water ? Cook's first sighting of natives la nding with pears and shield - the only was a week before the landing in Bota ny place Cook was to ob erve a native hield. j

,' _~ --

t. -·--~.,.

~ --

Plate 2: Aboriginal artefacts. from a boo!.. of d r a\~ing by Sydne} Parkinso n. [Pho to b} courtesy of the Tru tee; of the British Mu cum.]

Page 256 December, I 969 Once landed, the party went up to "a few and bo und with vegetable fibre. The bo ne small hutt made of the ba rk o f trees in po ints o f the e " fi sh gigs" o r fi s h in ~ spear , o ne o f which were fo ur o r fi ve small children either poi nted a t o ne or both ends, have with who m we left some strings of beeds been recently noticed to be a commo n & ea. A quantity of d arts lay about the feature of Aboriginal coastal ites in south­ hutt these we took away wi th us. Three east Australia, while both multi-pronged canoes lay upo n the bea(c)h the worst I and simple fire-hardened wood-tipped spears think I ever saw, they were about 12 or 14 - also represented in the Ca mbridge feet lo ng made of o ne piece of the ba rk collectio ns- are illustrated in watercolours o f a tree drawn or ti ed up at each end and and de cribed in the early accounts compiled the middle kept o pen by means of pieces after the establishment of the fir t permanent o f sticks by way of thwarts". white settlement at Po rt J ackson. The " hutts" , pear , boats fro m which Other Abo ri gi nal objects which can be the nati ve were frequently o bserved to associa ted with Cook a re at present few fish, a nd shields in the form of "a T a rget in number ; the Australian Museum has a made fro m the bark of the g um tree", to knobbed club a nd a boomerang-shaped quote fro m Cook's further detailed o bject, both recorded as "Cook coll ection" observatio ns on Aborigi nal materia l culture, wi tho ut fu rther details. The " boomerang" are a ll represented in what seems to be the is something like the wooden swords of o nl y extant sketch of Abo riginal a rtefacts the rainforest people of no rthern Queensland, made o n Cook's first voyage (pi. 2). The but it is mo re likely to be a throwing stick picture is preserved in a book o f drawings such as was no ted by Cook while at Botany in the Briti h Museum ascribed to Alexander Bay (pi. 5). Cook a l o ob erved in hi Buchan, which, tho ugh unsigned, must in diary for I st May the actual cutting down fact be by Sydney Pa rkinson who, after o f trees a nd stripping o f ba rk fo r shi elds; the death o n Tahiti of Buchan, the in the British Museum there is a ba rk expedition's epileptic to pographica l a rtist, hield with ha nd-gri p precisely as il lu trated had to take over subjects other than the in the " Buchan" ketch (pi. 2). T he Briti h bota nical a nd zoological studies for which Museum shield again lacks full documenta­ he had been origina ll y employed by Ba nks. ti o n, but it is marked "Capta in Cook Ace." Also to be seen in the sketch is a spear­ a nd ha been in the Museum's collection fo r thrower as described by Cook, here a t lea t a century. apparently tipped at the reverse end with a These, then. are a ll the mu eum objects stone adze-flake. which can at the mo ment b:! associated more o r less directly with Cook's visit to Collecting of spears Australi a. During the enforced stay at the Banks himself mentions the collecting of Endeavour R iver fo llowing the grounding pear o n the first day a t Botany Bay. o n the Barrier R eef o n 11th June, 1770, His diary notes no less tha n forty or fifty Cook encountered the natives o n several "of vari o us leng(t)hs, fro m 15 to 6 feet occasions. They reta liated by casting spear in leng(t)h : a ll we fou nd except o ne had or attempting to drive the expedition o ff 4 pro ngs headed with very sha rp fi sh bones the shore by firing the scrub, but they which were besmeared with a greenish became peaceable eno ugh fo r o ne of colo ured gum" which Banks at first believed was poisoned. Of these forty o r fifty spear four, gi ven by Ba nks to his frie nd, Plate 3: Beloll': T he head of one o f the Jo hn M o ntague, fourth Earl of Sandwich, A boriginal wooden fishing spears which are now in the collecti o ns of the University Banks brought back to England from Museum o f Archaeology a nd Ethnology at Botany Bay. The prongs are about 50 Cambridge (pi. 3). Only one in fact has centimetres (about 20 inches) long. Right: Detail of one of the bone barbs. [Photos fo ur pro ng , the tips being pointed slivers by courtesy of the U niversity Museum of of fis h or ma mmal bo ne mo unted in gum Archaeology and Ethnology. Cambridge.]

Australian atura! History Page 257 Plate 4: The Captain Coo k Landing Place Reserve. Kurnell. Botany Bay. showing the 1968 archaeological exca\ations. The approximate positi o n of the £nde01·ours anchorage was on the extreme left. [Photo: Author.] them to exchange hi s headband of human hair hi diary for 5th May, 1770: "Upon diggi ng for a strip torn from one of Cook' di carded we fo und vast quantities of oyster-shell hi rt . There is, however, no record of which seems to have been underground a any further collecti ons of ethnographic great while". In January. 1968, al th ough speci mens from Queensland, nor is there the present plea ant lawns, neatly pl anted any rea on to associate any of the object trees, and noble monuments of the Ca ptain just de cribed with that area. Cook Landing Place Reserve at Kurnell The Aborigines whom Cook met at can have little resembla nce to the andy Botany Bay ~e re by no means the first fore hore backed by we ll -stacked woods in the district: indeed, recent excavation de cribed in the va ri o us early journals, has pu hed back prehistoric sett lement in the Sydney ni\er ity Archaeological the south Sydney area to some 7,500 years Society, with the financi al assistance of the ago. Shortly after arriva l, Cook caused Austra li an Institute of Aboriginal Studies, pits to be dug in the sand in search of a started the fir t of a eries of excavations good water suppl y, and Richard Pickersgill, in an attempt to locate what, if any, signs master's mate on the Endeavour, notes in of Aboriginal occupation till survived (pi. 4).

Plate 5: A boomerang­ haped artefact. probably a throwing stick. and a club. fro m the Australian Museum's Cook Collec­ tion. The club is 80 centimetres (about 32 inches) long. [Pho to: C. V. T urner.]

Page 258 December. 1969 The a rea selected was close to the now dammed-up "watering place" shown near Cape Sutherland o n "A Sketch of Bo tany Bay in 'ew South Wale ", o ne of Cook's map now in the Briti sh Mu eum. A small reproducti o n of thi map is on the fro nt cover, but the word " fre hwater" o n it is so small as to be ba rely legible. Extensive probin g alo ng the fo re ho re area between the "watering place'' a nd the Captain Cook La nding Pl ace Trust's la nding stage revealed upward of 2 metre of tightl y packed shel l midden pre erved under the modern turf. Two a rea were opened up in the vicinity of the Postmaster-Genera l's Depa rtment's inspectio n va ults, during the construction of which two adult keletons had been recovered from the midden. The excavatio n of the midden produced find s typical of the specia lized type of fo reshore site of the east coast, revea li ng exploitati o n of strictly local resources- fi sh, eal, ma rine birds. and shellfish- together with the specialized tool kit needed for their catching and gathering. As the 1770 accounts noted, the Mud Oys ter ~ Osrrea sinuara) was pre ent in considerabl e numbers, a ltho ugh it is by now extinct in Botany Bay; the Commo n Mussel (Myri/us planularus) was the o ther main species in the midden. Here was evidence of " the small fi res a nd fresh mussels broilin g upo n them" a nd " the vast heaps of the largest oyster shell s" Cook had ever seen. Plate 6: An iron nail (left), two bone spear points (top right), and a bone button mould · 'Working tools" (left centre) from the 1968 excavations at the Captain Cook Landing Place Reserve. At Of the actual artefacts recovered fro m the right centre is a blue glass bead found in a rock excavati o ns, the "working tools of stone, shelter at Curracurrang Cove, Royal National Park, about 15 kilometres ( 10 miles) south of bo ne and shell" o bserved by Cook were Kurnell. and at bottom is a bone button mould all present. They ranged from bone points found beneath the noorboards of a house at (pi. 6) (i ncluding o ne wi th traces of gum Cirencester, Gloucestershire. England. [Photos: still adhering) which were j ust like those U niver ity of Sydney.] used for tipping the spears in the Cambridge coll ecti o ns (pi. 3), to the fl a t pear-shaped na ti ves a re daily seen, here we left several sto ne "fish-hook fi les" used in the production articles such as cloth looking glasses combs, of the crescentic shell fi sh-hoo ks found beed ails & ea.". o less interesting elsewhere at Kurnell a nd described a nd than the Aborigi nal finds fro m the Kurnell ill ustrated from the time of the Fi rst Fleeters excavatio ns has been the discovery in the o n. midden of a square-section hand-made nail (pi. 6), a fragment of a cylindrical wine rnt eresting finds o r rum bottle of a type commo n in the Cook, wri ting o n 1st May after the burial late eig hteenth o r early nineteenth centuries, of the seaman Forby Sutherl and near the a nd a bone butto n mo uld. This last cape which was subsequently given his pro bably fo rmed the base of a cloth or name, mentio ns a vi sit to " hutts not far embroidered silk-covered butto n as worn from the watering place where some of the on men's coats a nd waistcoats towards the

Australian Natural Hisrory Page 259 end of the eighteenth century- just like eries of excavati o ns takes place at Kurnell the dress butto ns o n Cook's naval unifo rm in 1970, there may well be further evidence in D a nce' famo us portrait in the atio nal of the material impact o n Australia of the Maritime Museum, G reenwich. Such bone man who, in hi s own wo rds, could " ha rdly butto ns were produced as a loca l co ttage admit of an excuse fo r . . . leaving a Coast indu try in the we t of Engla nd, and several unexplo red he ha o nce discover'd". very similar bone mo ulds, pro bably the contents of a work-box, were fo und benea th F RTHER READI 'G the fl oorboards of a ho use at Cirencester T he best source o n the subject of Cook a n d the in Glo ucestershire together wi th a gro up Abo r igine is. of course, Cook himself, w ho is o f late ei ghteenth-century meta l butto ns quoted here from The Journals of Caproin James a nd a number of coin all dated to before Cook on his Voyages of Disco•·ery. I, The Voyage of rile Endeamur. 1768- 1771 (ed . J. C. Beagleho le). I 8 15 (pi. 6). p u b lished for the Ha klu yt Society a t the Cambridge Altho ugh no " beeds" have yet been fo und U n iver ity Press. 1955. The impact o f Austra lia a nd the Pacific o n European tho u g ht a nd idea s, especia ll y in the Kurnell midden, one, a sma ll in a n , is thoro ugh ly exam ined by Be rna rd Smith bico nica lly perfo rated blue glass bead, has in European Vision and rile Sourh Pacific 1768 been fo und in the upper level of a la rge 1850 (Oxford. 1960), wh ile the combin a tion of rock shelter at Curracurrang Cove, some I 0 h istor ical, a rc haeological, a nd a rtistic evidence for reconstructi ng t he last sta ges o f Aboriginal miles south of Kurnell (pi. 6) and within e u lement in the Sydney area has been surve>ed the a me a ncient triba l area. by J . V. S. Megaw in .. An, Archaeology a n d A borigines,·· Journal of rile Royal Ausrralian One ca nno t be certain tha t th is Euro pea n Hisrorical Sociery, 53 ( 1967), 277 94. Amongst ma terial is neces arily to be associated wi th the many ill u trated introductio n to Cook's life the event of April and M ay, 1770, tho ugh a n d voyages, the most recent a n d o ne of the best the memory of Cook was allegedly till ill ustrated is Rex and Thea Rien it · The Voyages a live in the time of the last Abo ri gi nal o( Caproin Cook (London, 1968); a lso "ell illustra ted is Oliver Warner's Caproin Cook and chief of the Kurnell area, who died a ro und rile Sourh Pacific ( London, 1964). A new survey 1850. Member of the Fir t Fleet, such of the whole ran ge of Aboriginal a rchaeolog}. as Ma rine Captain Wa tkin Tench, a l o one of whose mo t valuable contributions is its record the givin g of gifts, including na il , treatment of the impact of the o utside wor ld on the Australian Aborigine. is D. J. M uhaney's to the nati ,es in Janua ry, 1788. There is, Prehisrory of Ausrralia (London . 1969), e specially however, a fa ir chance that when the second chapters I a nd 3.

BOOK REVIEU1S OCEA ' IC ART, MASK Al"D S C LPTURES colour prin ting is superb for such a small book. F ROM t EW G lt EA, by Jean Guiart. Collins J. Perer Whire. in associatio n with N ESCO. Price, 90c. D espite its title. th is liule book is exelu ively A PORTFOLIO OF A STRALIA ' BIRD , a bo u t the an of the Sepik Ri,er a rea. 1t consists by 'William T . Cooper. Text by Keith Hind"ood. of a 20-page introduction by Professor G u ian, of A. H . a nd A. W. Reed , ydney, Wellington, the U n ivers ity o f Paris, who has worked with Auckla nd, t 968. 60 J>a ges. Price. 9.95. O ceanic an for many years. and 32 colour p late . ot for many years, in fact n ot since e' ille W . G uian is concerned primarily 10 explore how Caylcy, has Australia had a n artist ca pable lillle we know o f the con text, mean in g, a nd often of pain ting the coun try's fl ora a nd fauna accurately. p roven ance of the thou a nds of Sepik car vings T h is book shows that "eat last ha'e such a per on. n ow cauered through the wor ld' mu e u ms, a nd T he a rtist is a naturali 1, and it is clear that he has a lso to discuss the reasons why the Sep ik becamt: observed a ll the b irds alive. In some cases there o ne o f the wor ld 's greate t primitive an centre . is too m uch blue, as in the case of the male Red­ The re a re a l o brief accounts of the 'ar iou .. t}le tailed Black Cockatoo, but this is the fault of the a reas" withi n the province of Sepik an. T his p rin ter a nd not of the artist. in troduc tion is o ne of the most perceptive b rief Mr H indwood ha . a usual. produced a most accounts a'ailable, although readers unacquainted interesting text. The information on the history, w ith the field will fi n d it hea' y going in place . habit>, behaviour, a nd world position of the group T he plates bear liu le direct relation to the text is not to be found readily cl ewhere. a nd are not referred to in it. In their own right. The book i~ recommended, for both the picture however, they pro' ide a good conspectus of Sepik a n d text, to all interested in Australia.- H . J. de S. style , and the quality of the photography a nd Disney.

Page 260 December, J 969 Some of the eleven steep-sided mountains kno wn as the Glass Ho uses, about 45 miles north of Brisbane. Cook saw three of these remarkable mountains, a nd named them the Glass Houses because they reminded him of the glass furnaces of Yo rkshire. [Photo by courtesy of the Courier- Mail, Brisbane.]

Captain Cook's Australian Landmarks

By R. 0. C HALMERS Cura tor of Minera ls and Rocks, Australian M u eum

In the Course of this Joumal I have at different times made mention oj the appearence or Aspect of the face of the Country, the nature of the Soil, its produce &ca.- Cook's journa l.

A PT. Cook's histo rical first voyage of on 20th April by Lt Zacha ry Hicks. Cook C 1770 a lo ng the east coast of Austra li a named the granite pro montory P o int Hicks. still occupies the attentio n of scientists a nd lt is now known as Cape Evera rd, a nd is in historians alike. Victo ria. A little further o n he named a 1t must be a great experience to be the first headland the R amhead because it reminded to name pro minent landma rks when cha rting him of a round hillock of the same name a hitherto unknown coastline. Physiographic at the entrance to Plymouth So und. features inherit their special characteristics in part fro m their geological structure, so Igneous intrusives that geologists are specially interested in A day o r so later, when sailing a lo ng ma ny o f the names given by the great the far o uth coast o f ew So uth Wa les, explorer to striking coasta l cliff: , Cook recorded "a pretty high mountain pro montories, and impres ive high peak . laying near the sho re which o n account The coastline was fir t ighted a t daybrea k of it figure I have named Mount

Australian Natural History Page 261 Dro medary" . Thi lies near Tilba Tilba who le sedimentary sequence 1s desig na ted a nd consists of a complex of coarse-grained the Shoalhaven Group, a nd was fo rmerly igneous rocks. mononitic in type. T hese known as the Upper Marine Seri es. have intruded meta mo rphosed ediments. The o lde t mem ber i the Conjola and ubsquent uplift a nd differential Fo rma ti on. comprising mainly conglo merate erosion have eau ed the more resistant a nd sandstones. Cook wrote in his diary: monzonite to stand o ut as a prominent " On April 22nd we were abreast of a point mo unta in. A number o f Cook's landmarks of la nd which o n account of its perpendicular a re igneo us intrusives. lt sho uld be under­ clifts I called Point Upright". These are stood that these a re squeezed up into zones cliffs o f o ne of the resista nt members of the a t varyi ng dista nce fro m the earth's surface. Conjo la Fo rmation. Point Upright is the In mo t cases the sedimentary rocks into no rthern headland of the entrance to Durras which these igneo us masses are intruded La kes. a re more easily weathered , and the fo rces o f erosio n, thro ugho ut the va t expanse Pigeon House o f geological time tha t elap e after their Further no rth, Cook na med a " rema rkable forma ti on and olidification, wear away peak'd hill lyin g inland, the to p of which the less resistant ed imentary rocks, leaving looked like a Pigeon Ho u e". Cook may the igneous masse ta nding o ut a pro m inent have had some nostalgic fla shback to hi mo untai ns. teenage period when he wo rked o n the Further north. on much of the coastal Yorkshire fa rm of which his father was a nd inland area between Batema n's Bay bailiff. He mu t have seen many pigeon and owra, there i an exten i'e development lo ft s. of gently tilted edimentary beds laid down Pigeon Ho u e. which is in the Budawang under marine condition in Upper Permian Range to the west of Ull adulla, owes its time, about 250 millio n years ago. This remarkable shape to the fact that a mall

Pigeon House, a mou111ain in the Budawang Range 10 the west of Ulladulla. ew South Wales. Cook ga~e it this name because he thought that its top looked lil..e a pigeon house or loft. [Photo: Keith Hindwood.)

Page 262 December. 1969 residual of a massive cliff-fo rming coarse formations o n the South Coast see G . quartz sandstone, known as the Nowra Rose's article "Triassic Rocks of the Sydney Sandstone (formerly known as the owra District" in Australian Natural 1/istory, Grit). is perched on the Wandrawandian vol. 15, no. I, 1965. Siltstone, a clayey sandsto ne which is less Cook's next entry in his diary emphasizes resistant to weathering and forms smooth, a mi sfortune tha t frequently befell sailing steep, thickly vegeta ted slo pes. These two ships, namely, that o f being blown back formations overlie the Conjola Fo rmatio n a long their tracks. He writes, "during 27th a nd a re a lso part o f the Shoalhaven Group. and 28th April we lost gro und owing a good Between owra and Woll ongong the deal to the variableness of the wind". The predominant geological feature in the Endeavour was blown back to the latitude Permian is the widespread development of Bulli. Here Cook, Banks, and Solander of basaltic-type rocks known as la tite tried to get asho re in the yawl, but were because they. are rich in oxides of sodium prevented fro m la nding by the heavy surf. and po tassiUm. These o riginated as They had sighted Abo rigines on the beach, submarine flows that penetrated the Permian so they took Tupaia with them. Tupaia sed iments while they were unconsoli dated. had willingly accompanied Cook from Tahiti Th;;! largest a nd most extensive of to act as a n interpreter. He was of great these is the Da pto-Saddleback Flow that assistance in conversatio n with the Maoris, o utcrops extensively at Red Po int, Port his Polynesia n kinsmen, during the circum­ Kembla, and constitutes four of the Five navigation o f ew Zealand in the 6 months Islands which lie offshore. Cook named prior to Cook's arrival at the eastern coast it Red Poi nt "because o me pa rt of the of Au tra li a. Understandably, since land around it a ppeared o f that colour". Austra li an Abo rigi ne are quite a unique lt is a fact that the soil in the area is red, people entirely unrela ted to Po lynesians, due to the iron oxide fo rmed during the when the expedition had a face-to-face weathering o f the latite. - encounter wi th them in Botany Bay a nd, later, on the Endeavour Ri ver, Tupaia could not under ta nd their language. " White clift " The next geological ob ervation made by Botany Bay observations Cook was along the coastline immediately to the north of Garie Beach. Cook wro te, Then the historic entry into Bota ny Bay "There arc o me white clifts which ri se was made. lt seems clear that thi name perpendicular from the sea to a moderate wa no t given until Banks realized. some height". Thi is the mo t outherly point considerable ti me after the expedition left where the resistant, massive Hawkesbury the bay, what a wealth of botanical specimens Sandstone of middle Triassic Age forms he had collected. T he original name wa the coastli ne. All the sedimentary Sting Rays Harbour, no doubt because, formation of the Sydney Basin, ranging with grateful thanksgivin g, this little band in age from Permian to Trias ic, dip gently of men supplemented their salt pork diet toward the no rth. A o ne travels north with catches of stingrays weighing in all the formations on the coastl ine become about half a ton. uccessively younger. Whereas the Of the many ob erva ti o ns made by Cook Hawkesbury Sandsto ne o utcrops at the during his stay in Botany Bay from 29th top of the coastal scarp a t Bulli, CoalclifT, April to 5th May, o ne is of particular and Stanwell Park. due to the prevailing intere t to geologists. On 3rd May Cook, gentle northerly dip it is o n the coastline Solander, and Mo nkho use had a day out all the way from Garie Beach to Dee Why in the yawl. They landed at a spot where and forms the vertical rugged cliffs that Cook in his diary recorded a rocky outcrop make the Sydney coastline o ne of the most "which was almost to the head of the inlet''. impressive in the world. Cook's "white He stated that "the stone is sandy and very clifts'' arc accurately pinpointed as being proper for building etc... The remark is immediately to the north of Garie. because quite prophetic because this rock was. of he gives the exact latitude. For an account cour e, the Hawkesbury Sandsto ne which of the succession of Permian and Triassic o utcrop extensively in the Sydney district

Aus1ralian Natural 1-/i ~tory Page 263 Mount Warning, ew South Wales, so named by Cook because. soon after he sighted it. the Endearonr encountered dangerous shoals. [Photo: P. J . Solomon.] a nd came to be quarried extensively to and the So uth Brother ( I ,600 feet). Cook build nearly all of Sydney's early buildings, described them as " three remarkable high including the Australian Museum, the Uni­ hills lying contiguous to each o ther, not versi ty of Sydney, Government and civic far from the shore. A these hill bo re buildings, cathedrals, a nd many churches. some resemblance to each o ther we called The actual la nding place at " the head them the Three Brothers". These together of the inlet" could have been one of four­ make up a sin gle huge ho ri zontal sheet-like R ocky Point (San Souci), Ta ren Point, mass of ig neous rock of a type known as T o m Ugly's Point, or Sylvania. C. H. trachyte. The great mass was intruded Bertie ("Capta in Cook and Bo tany Bay", fro m depth in the earth's crust in a ho t, Journal of the Proceedings of the Royal vi cous conditi on. In the vicinity of the Australian Historical Society, X, 5, 1924, vents that acted as feeders, the molten 233- 278), tho ught the most likely place trachyte do med up into three humps that was Rocky Point, but admits this conclusion now stand o ut as the three rounded to be based largely on conjecture. mo untains. Cook makes a nother important mention One of the most spectacular geological of what we now call George's River. He features in the whole of Australia wa wro te, " In the morning I had sent Mr. no ted by Cook. The " remarkable harp G o re with a boat to the head of the bay to peak'd mo untain" tha t Cook na med Mo unt drudge for oyster ". It is an intrig uing Wa rning is 3,700 feet high a nd marks the tho ught to envisage Cook, Banks, and site of the central vent fro m whi ch vast Solander, as a prelude to their dinner, quantities of lava of different types were wa hi ng down the now famou succulent erupted in early Miocene time. A number Sydney oyster with a draught of good white. of plutonic igneous rock types more or less arranged in zones and consisting of T he Three Brothers gabbro, diorite, syenite. and granophyre Between Taree and Port Macquarie the make up the central bulk of Mo unt Warning. little town of La urieton (Camden Haven) A great unken erosion caldera 14 mile lie at the foot of a I ,600-foot-high mo untain, in diameter and only 400 feet above sea-level the 1orth Bro ther. Close by to the south su rro unds the mountai n. The caldera is a re the Middle or West Bro ther (1,800 fee t) truncated by the coastline, but elsewhere

Page 264 December. I 969 "·~· '""' "' •"' " ...... ,.,

:"'l ...... ~...... ,.ww•~ Cook's sketches of some of eastern Australia's coastal la nd­ marks.

A vu:.w ef PT.'WTI.C'OIT \ ,S L ,., WI.-•io.~ .S ...... , ... , ...... •I WHrT .S VN•AY3 'PA.!JAG'&

'-a\i • • •• I L ...-""' ..

is surro unded by a high rim of steep, almost The Gla s Houses vertical, cliffs made up of flows of acid Cook had another reminder of his home crystalline a nd glassy rocks such as rhyolite, country about 45 miles north of the si te obsidia n, a nd perlite. The simple but where Bri sbane no w stands. H ere there effecti ve sketch that Cook drew in his diary are eleven steep-sided mountains nsmg shows a ll these features in addition to the abruptly to heights of up to I ,800 feet. mo untain itself. The fl ows of acid rocks Cook particularly no ted three of them and are intercalated in the oldest and most wide­ wrote in his diary, " these hills lay but a spread member of this whole vast volcanic little way inland a nd not far from each sequence, a thick series of basalt fl ows other. They are ve ry rema rkable o n account known as the Li smore Basalt. These basalt of their Singula r form of Elivation which flows a re very extensive and form the very much resembles Glass Houses, which periphery of the Tweed Shield Volcano, occasioned my giving them that name". the name applied to the whole area of He was obviously reminded of the glass volcanic rocks coverin g I ,500 square mi le fu rnaces of his nati ve Yorkshire. in ew South Wales and Queensland. The Glass H o uses consist of trachyte They outcrop at many places o n the coast, and have the same origin as a number of including another of Cook's la ndmarks, si milar fea tures in eastern Australia, such as Point Danger, on the ew South Wa les­ the Three Brothers, the Canobolas, and the Queensland border. Warrumbungle and andewar Ranges in Mount Warning and Point Danger were ew South Wales. Trachytes in the molten so named by Cook because, shortly after state are stiff and viscous. Si nce they are sighting them, the Endea1•our encountered not very mobile, they form steep-sided dangero us hoals off Mo rton (Mo reton) masses when intruded into overlying Bay, another of his place names. Cook sediments. When revealed on the surface named this great bay after the Earl of by erosion they form spire-like peaks, Morton, so the accepted present-day spelling plugs, and necks and give ri e to rather is incorrect. spectacular scenery.

Australian Natural History Page 265 Space wi ll o nl y permit brief mentio n Our readers who sha red with the rest of a few of the ma ny na mes given by Cook o f the world the tension and concern over as he sailed north along the coast of the safety of the men who made the fi rst Queensland a nd before he annexed the whole landing on the moon might try to imagine eastern coast in the name of George Ill the feelings of Cook and hi s men when they o n 22nd August o n Possessio n Island, o ff sailed o ut o f the Endeavour Ri ver rea li zing the top o f Cape Yo rk. So metimes he they were still in the treacherous wa ter of wo uld sketch and na me a feature, but not the reef and not kno wing wha t lay a head . mentio n it in hi diary. Such was "one island mo re remarkable tha n the rest being of a ma ll ci rcuit very high a nd pea k' d". lt lie a t the o uthern entrance to the Whitsundays Passage. lt is almost certainly BOOK REVIEW the fea ture he designated Pentecost Island in a sketch. LAND FORM OF COLD C LIMATES, by J. L. Davies (1969). T he Australian ationa l nh e rs i t~ Mount Upstart i hard to find o n ma p Press. Canberra . 200 pp., 40 plates, 114 text­ of Queensland, but is presumably a granite figures. Volume 3 in An Introduction to Systematic Geomorphology. edited b~· J . N ..l ennings. Pricl' mass like the nearby Cape Upstart tha t 5. lie between Bowen and Ayr. lt was pro­ This sm all book is the second in an ambitious minent enough to attract Cook's attentio n. series of seven volumes by Au tralian au t hor~. lt might have been better to have titled it Cook bestowed the na me " Magnetical" Land(orms of Quaternary Cold Climates in Attstralia. o n a granite island lying off the present because it is tho e sections dealing with T asmania site of T ownsville, "because the compass that ha\e real bite and autho rity. T he book reads a though it is a literature survey prepared did not traverse well when near it". This carefully for senior geography undergraduates in ma lfunction he attributed to the presence of T asmania. It is weak in its coverage of the Snowy "iron o re o r o ther magnetical matter lodged Mountain~. let alone Macquarie and Heard Islands. in the earth". Subsequent navigators Australian Antarctica, the ew Guinea mountain'>. and ew Zealand. On a global scale there is a regarded Cook's a umption a unfounded. neat pre entation of g!neral theory and knowledge. but neither the text nor two mall maps on an car disaster overtook them when, in unsuitable projection (fig. 8, p. 10) give a sufficient the middle of o ne night, the hip struck indication that permafrost regimes affect half o f and tuck fast on the harp, jagged coral o f two major countric. the U.S.S.R. and Canada. the Great Barrier Reef. After throwing Moreo,er. a sound analysis of the much smaller cold-climate regions of Australia is impo iblc O\crboard cannon, ballast, and a nything without a careful consideration of Quaternar) they could spare to lighten the ship, she events. but I Q A (the International Association fl oated off at high tide. A mat of wool, fo r Q uaternar) Research) is not mentioned. and oakum, etc., wa stuffed into the hole, the word Quaternary is not listed in the index. fortunately partly plugged by a lump o f Consequently. readers who want a n under­ ~tandi ng of the Australian cold-climate la ndform coral that had broken olr. The rate of s hould first read chapters 20 a nd 21 of Arthur intake of water markedly decrea ed, and a Holme·s Principle\ o( Phy;ical Geolof(y and chapters week later he wa beached for repairs on 9 and I 0 of T" idale's "Geomorphology". Readers the Endeavour Ri,er where Cooktown now hould kno" also that there arc many research institutes sp~cializing in the problems of cold tand . The sturdy, but very small, ex­ regio ns. and that extensive bibliographies arc colli er out of Whitby lay high and dry printed in each issue of the Polar Record a nd the fro m 17th June to 6th Augu t whi le the Joumal of Gluciology and by o rganin tions lil-.c carpenter and armo urers repaired her. the Cold Regions Bibliogra phy Section of the Librar) of Congress. Scientific work was carried on during Some of the limitations of Da\ ies· boo I-. renect the enforced stay. One redeeming feature the fact that glacial and periglacial landforms was tha t their dreadful diet could be arc really of minor impor tance in Au tralia though ~i gnificant in Tasmania and the Snowy supplemented by palatable fre h foo::l. Cook Mountains. The book is notably free of sketched and named a conical peak. Gore' typographical errors. and "ithin its limits i~ Mountain. The name has not been retained, accurate and \\CII-\Hitten. It could be useful to so all o ne can be sure of from the ketch ome la) men. and 'er) useful to senior under­ graduates in geograph). Locally, it ha additional is that it lay to the south of the Endea,our value as part of a series by Australian authors Rive r. using Australian examples.- H. J. Harrinf(ton.

Paf(e 266 December. 1969 Eastern Australian Birds Recorded on the ''Endeavour's'' Voyage

By H . J. de S. D I S~EY Curator of llirds, Australian Museum

A Crow in England rho in !(eneral sufficiently wary is I must say a fool to a 1 ew Holland crow and the same may be said of almost if not all the Birds in the countrey. Banks' journal.

T the time, o n 31st Marc h, 1770, when A Captain Cook, after consultatio n with his officer , decided to sail fo r the east coast of Au tralia, the western half a nd northern side already had been vi ited by Dutc h ex­ plorers in the eventeenth century. A de c ription of the Bl ack Swan (Cygnus atraws) was first given in 1636 by Anto nie Caen. in command of the Dutc h ship Banda. when he aw two sta tely black birds a large as swan with o ra nge-yell ow bill off the north­ west coa t o f Weste rn Australia. lt wa no t until 60 yea rs la ter tha t confirma ti o n of Caen's descriptio n was made. O n 7th Ja nua ry, 1697, De Vlaming vi ited what i now the Swan Ri ver a nd captured two young Bl ack Swans, which a re greyish-white and a imilar colo ur to the cygnet of the White Swans o f Europe. Other bi rds recorded there were cockatoo a nd parroquets a nd a "nightingale", which, it has been uggested , was the Reed Wa rbler (Acrocephalus .. arundinaceus). On 15th January a furt her \ landing was made nea r, apparently, J urien Bay. There they " proceeded nearly a league I and a half in la nd, but saw no men o r fresh water, but several footsteps of men a nd a dog a nd of a ka uariu ". Thi i the fir t in­ d ication that a bi rd like the cas owary, but The Red-tailed Black Cod.atoo (Calyprorhy11dm~ in thi ea e the emu, existed in Australia. !Ja111. fi). as sJ.. etched by Sydney ParJ..inson in 1770. [By courtesy of the Trustees of the The fir t emu pecimen fo r science wa British M useum ( atural H istory).) obtained at Bo tany Bay in March, 1788. hortl) after the First Fleet a rri\ed. Dampier's de criptions Ta man anchored in Marion Bay. Tas­ The first good description of bird and ma nia, o n 1st December, 1642. lt was definite names given were by William reported by the party that landed that at the Da mpier o n his second visit to Western fa r ea tern end of the bay they had seen la rge Australia in 1699. A he approached the number of gull , wi ld duck, and geese. l t Abro lh os Island he saw what were probably, is sugge ted that the "gee e" were actually from hi s description, Ca pian Tern (Hy dro­ Bl ack Swans. progne caspia). Two days later, on I st

~ ustralia11 \atural Hilfory Page 167 August, a they moved in to the coast, he saw serrator). He fo und the birds " un uspiCio us gannets similar to those seen in Europe and of men, the generality of them fl ying to the sea-mews (an old name fo r gulls) with forked boat as soon as they saw it, which i generall y tails, which were probably Crested Tern the case a t great distances fro m land". (Sterna bergii ). They landed on the shore of Captain Cook recorded on 16th April that Sha rk Bay. which D ampier na med. He saw he had een a n "egg bird". T hi wa the very few land bird : the e were small and ailor ' term for the Sooty Tern (Stema o me were nesting, a it was pring. The .fuscata). This tern ha rarely been record ed water bird he mentio ned were curlews, a far south a ew Zealand, a ltho ugh it golden (po ibly heron ), crab catcher breed o n the Kermadec I lands, o Cook (oystercatcher ), cormora nts, gulls, a nd may have meant another kind of tern. On pe li can . He also made fo ur ketche of the 17th he saw a Port Egmont Hen or fou r different kind of birds. These are the So uthern Great Skua (Catharacta /onnbergi), first published sketches of a ny Australian named Po rt Egmont Hen by voyagers after birds and the fir t bird , after the Bl ack Po rt Egmont, in the Falkland I land . where Swans, which can be defi nitely identified . they were commo n. Three day later, on They are the Avocet ( Recun•irostra nol•ae­ 19th April, Cook no ted " Pintado bird. e'eral hollandiae), Pied Oy tercatcher ( 1-/aematopus albatrosse a nd black Sheer water ·•. The ostra/egus), Bridled Tern (Stema anaetheta), " Pintado bird" i the Cape Petrel o r Cape and Common oddy tAnous stolidus). On Pigeon (Daption capensis). The albatrosses 22nd Augu t, further north, he again la nded and shearwater would have been of se' era I and saw ome white parrots, which would species. Cook continued: " The fir t o f these ha' e been Little Corell a (Kakatoe scmguinea), bird a re certa in sign of the nearne of till commo n in the area. Later, o n 28 th la nd". This wa confirmed at dayli ght next August, he saw boobies a nd caught and d ay, when land was sighted. de cribed a Bridled Tern. He recorded "crows (just such as o urs in England) sma ll First records of east Australian bird hawks a nd kite , al o plenty of small turtle ine day later. havi ng been driven north­ doves which were plump, fat and very good ward by a gale, the Endearour entered meat". Bo ta ny Bay, and the first records o f eastern Au tralian bird were made. Parkin on Cook's and Banks' observations wrote that there were "a great number of birds of a beautifu l plumage; amo ng There was no further ad va nce in the them two sorts of parroquet a nd a knowledge of Australia n birds until Captain beautiful lo riquet; We sho t a few of Cook a rrived o n the east coast 70 years later, them, which we made into a pie and they wi th his naturalists, o n their way from ew ate very well. We al o met with a black Zealand. As they sailed across the Tasman bird, very much like our crow and ho t o me Sea Captain Cook saw a Tropic Bird . Thi of them too, which also tasted agreeably". would have been the Red-tailed Tro pic Bird The crow was the Au tralian R aven (Corvus (Phaethon rubricaudus). coronoides). Cockatoo were ob erved by Banks went hooting fro m a small boat o n Ba nk , a nd one d ay he "found a large IIth a nd 12th April , 1770, and hot o r saw quantity o f quai ls much resembling o ur the fo ll owing: Wandering Albatross ( Dio­ Engli h o ne ...". The quail were ei ther medea exulans), Bl ack-browed Albatross (D. the Stubble Quai l (Cotumix pectoralis) o r the me/anophris). Yellow-no ed Albatross (D. Brown Qua il (Synoecus australis), o r both, a chlororhyncha), Soft-plumaged Petrel (Ptero­ the e were in former time common in the droma mol/is), Fairy Prio n (Pachyptila turtur), area. White-headed Petrel ( Pterodroma /essonii), Twelve d ays a fter leaving Bo tany Bay the Grey-backed Sto rm Petrel (Garrodia nereis). next note was made by Bank in his journal Ban ks also obtained a Sooty Shearwater when he went o ut in a small boat in the (Puf]inus griseus). o riginally named by e' ening a t ea north of Wide Bay. Queens­ So lander as ectris .fuliginosa a nd illustrated la nd. He recorded Frigate Bird (Man-of­ by Pa rkin on on plate 23 of hi drawing . war Bird ) (Fregata pecie ). Red-footed On 13th April. Bank aw a gannet: thi G a nnet (Su/a sula). and the Little Shearwater would have been the Australian G annet (Sula (Pu.ffinus assimilis).

Page 268 Deccmher. 1969 On 2 1st May Cook recorded species of duck which they sho t. lt had " beautiful booby, probabl y the Brown G annet (Su/a plumage wi th a white beak, black body, and /eucogasrer). He said : " Fro m half a n ho ur whi te and green wings". T his was perhaps before until half a n ho ur after sunrise flights the White-headed Shelduck (Tadorna rajah). of them were continua ll y coming from H e also no ted some ve ry la rge pelicans . N. W. and flyi ng to the S.S.E. and not o ne (Pe/ecanus conspici//a rus), "near fi ve feet high" . was seen to fl y in any other direction. From Banks went ashore o n 29th M ay and shot th is we did suppose that there was a lagoon o r many of the same kind of lo riquets he had a ri ver o r in let o f sha llow water to the south obtained at Botany Bay. A wee k later, on of us, where these birds resorted to in the 6th June, as the evening was calm he went o ut d ay to feed, and that not fa r north ward lay in a small boat near Cape U psta rt and shot some island where they retired to in the "Necrris nugax". From the description of ni ght". this bird, which was named by Sola nder On 23 rd May Captain Cook landed for the Necrris nugax, W. B. Alexander consi dered it fi rst time in Queensla nd, at Bustard Bay, to be Puffinus /herminieri, wh ich is the o nly south of Gladsto ne, so named by him because record of this species in Australian waters they saw busta rds (Eupodoris ausrra/is). (see Emu, Vol. 27, 1928). They sho t one weighing 17-! po unds, whi ch they a te next day, and Cook said that their Endeavour River birds dinner "was not o nly good, but plentiful". On M o nday, I I th June, 1770, the This bustard was recorded by So lander in Endeavour struck a cora l reef. Cook ma n­ detail, a nd was the only Australian bird, aged to get it o ff, a nd beached it in the ri ve r except fo r sea bi rds, so recorded by him. la ter call ed Endeavour. Cook only gave a Pa rkinson mentio ns the bustard a nd also a brief and general account of the birds there, a nd the o nly birds mentio ned by Banks during this stay were Whistling Ducks ( Dendrocygna species). However, Pa rkinson no ted the birds in more detail, giving the colours of the legs, eyes, etc. From these descriptions the fo llowing birds can be named : the To p-knot Pigeon (Lopho/aimus anrarcricus), "whi ch ate very well"; Bl ack-shouldered Kite (£/anus notarus); Bee-eater (Merops at·natus); Sooty Oystercatcher (Haematopus unico/or); P ied Cormorant (Pha/acrocorax varius); and Brush Turkey (Aiecrura /arhami), described as "a bird li ke a Tetrao, having wattles of a fine ultramarine colo ur, a nd whose beak and legs were black". This was the northern Cape Y ork form, in which the lower part of the neck a nd wattles are purplish-white (ultra­ marine of Parkinson), while in the southern form the neck is red and the wattles are yellow. Other birds which were described, but which cannot be fully identified, a re: goat­ sucker or churn owl, probably one of the three Australian nightjars; a n owl, o ne of the three species of the genus N inox found in Cape York ; a large bl ack a nd white gull , which could be either the Pacific Gull (Larus pacificus) or the D o minican or Southern Black-backed Gull (L. dominicus). Both of T he Australian Bustard (Eupodotis australis .) Captain Cook named Bustard Bay, Queensland, these g ulls mig ht have wandered north, but after it. neither has been recorded since as far north

Australian 'Giural History Page 269 white with the point of the upper mandible dark gr~y··. T his is the only Au tralian bird d rawn b) Parkinson.

Jsland obsen ·ations On 12th August Banks 'i ited Li zard Isla nd, o named by Cook because o f the number of lizards there. Bank Sa \\ many bi rd there. and found a n eagle' ne t wi th two young. This would havtbeen the nest of the W hite-breasted Eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster). Captain Cook landed o n Possession I la nd o n 22nd Aug ust a nd formally took po e io n of the who le of eastern Austra li a . After passing Cape York o n 23rd Augu t, they landed o n Booby Island, na med after the la rge number of Brown Boobie (Sula leucogasrer). A bird caught o n the ri gging on 27th August "proved exactly the a me bi rd a Da mpier had described and given a rude fig ure under the name of a noddy of ew Holl a nd" (the Bridled Tern. Srema anae­ theta). lt i uncertain whether any birds were pre- A painting published by Peter Brown in 1776 of erved as dried skins by Coo k's natura li sts, a Rainbow Lorikeet (Trichoglossus moluccanus) but o ne bird was certainly bro ug ht back a li ve. \~hic h was brought back alive to England fro m This was a Rainbow Lorikeet (Trichoglossus Botany Bay. mo/uccanus ), which had been obtained a t Bo tany Bay a nd kept by the T ahitian Tupaia, a this in Australia, altho ugh the Pacific wa and, unlike its owner, survived to reach recorded at Rockhampto n in 1877. A bird England. Banks gave the bird to which was almost certainly a Tooth-billed Marmaduke Tunstall a nd there Peter Bro wn Catbird (Scenopoetes dentirostris) was des­ aw it a nd published a colo ured plate in hi cribed a "a large olive bi rd of the loxia genus ew Illustrations of Zoology in 1776. having the iris of its eyes o f a gall-sto ne colour. the pupils of them black'' . Park­ lt i interesting to no te that no mention of in on also recorded "several o ther o rts of Black Swa n was made by a ny of the members hawks: large black cockatoos, with scarlet o f Captain Cook's expedition , and the e and orange feathers o n their ta il s, and some bird were no t recorded o n the ea t coa t white spot between the beak and the ear, a until the arrival of the First Fleet. well as o ne o n each wing". He made a n un­ fini shed pencil drawing of a fe ma le o r F RTHER READI1 G immature bird. This was a Red-ta iled Bl ack Cockatoo (Calyprorhynchus banksi), and Beaglehole, J . C.. 1962: Th e Endeavour Journal of Jo.

Page 270 December, 1969 ew Holla nd Mouse ( Pseudomy~ llo••aeholla11diae).

Australian Mammals Since 1770

By J. H . CALABY Principal Research Scientist, Di\'ision of Wildlife Research, C I RO , Canberra, A.c:r.

Quadrupeds we saw but feu· a11d were able to catch few of them that we did see. The largest was ea/Id by the llatil'es Ka 11gooroo.- Banks' journal.

H E Australi an mammals a r~ generally ma mmals a to every thing else Austra li an, T nocturnal and no t conspicuo us, a nd this because an Engli sh colo ny was esta blished was just as much so at the time of European a nd the settlement of Australia commenced discovery as now. The early Eu ropean in 1788 a a direct result of Ban ks' glowing navigato rs o n the western coast saw o nl y repo rts o n Bo ta ny Bay. The fi rst settlers wallabies o n isla nds where their d ensities arc were curi ou a bo ut the strange fa una , and often high and the vegetation is spa rse; o n specimen o f new d iscoveries were q uickly the ma inla nd they recorded o nl y occasional sent ho me to be described a nd cata logued . dingoes. Although Captain Cook a nd his However, the fa una was a lien a nd evoked no pa rty la nded at several places o n the eastern feeli ngs of entimental attachment, a nd o nly coast a nd spent 2 mo nths ashore at the two categories were recogni zed-vermin a nd Endeavour Ri ver, they fared little better. edi ble species, either of which provided skins At Bota ny Bay they caught o ne native cat, fo r sale. This attitude was fairly general for a nd a t the Endeavour Ri ver a Ring-ta il ed a t least the first century o f Euro pean occu­ Possum with two young, a Ho rseshoe B-at, a nd pati o n, a ltho ugh a few loca l a nd visi ting three kangaroos. Apa rt fro m that, they saw naturalists, such as Jo hn G o uld, deplored the a few fl ying foxes a nd dingoes. Only the tho ug htless d estructio n of fauna a nd wa rned ka ngaroos excited grea t interest, because of tha t its future was insecure. At a later their size, their possibilities as a source of period, particula rl y in Victo ria, wea lthy land­ fresh mea t, a nd thei r pecul iar locomo ti on. ho lders a nd leading natural scientists showed The voyage of the Endea vour was, how­ their contempt for the native a nimals by ever, of the greatest importance to the introduci ng " beneficial" Bri ti sh o nes, often

A11stralian .Vatural History Page 271 with di a trous re ult , particularly in the case of the rabbit. The idea of legal pro­ tection o f native fauna came relatively late. Although a law wa passed in Tasmania in 1846 to re train kangaroo hunting, the other colo nial G overnments did no t introduce fauna protection Acts until the 1860's to the 1890's. These earl y laws were largely in­ effecti ve, as the G overnments lacked the mea n and desire to enforce them. Even the well-administered modern Acts would be seri ously jeopardized witho ut a public appre­ ciation o f the value and intere t o f our unique fa una. From the earliest time a few indi­ vi dual had such an awarene , but in general it is a recent phenomenon and largely a n out­ come o f the development of amateur natural history and conservation societies.

I mportance of habitat preservation Except in occa io nal special ituatio ns, de­ liberate persecutio n a nd controlled hunting are no t erious problems in fauna con er­ \ a ti on. So me of the most heavi ly exploi ted pecie - for example. the Bru htail Po sum (Trichosurus vulpecula) and Bcnnett's Wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus) in Ta mania- are as abundant as ever. And species hunted to low numbers in the past. such a the platypus Ring-tailed Possu m (Pseudocheirus peregrinus). (OrnirhorhyncllliS anarinus) a nd koa la ( Phasco/arcros cinereus), have demonstrated their capacity to recover in ecure habitats the enviro nment : a few pecies have bene­ when legally protected and the sale of their fited , but the to ry o f mo t of them has bee n skin forbidden. lt i abundantly clea r that o ne of decline. successful fa una con ervation depends on the preserva ti o n of ha bitat a nd a knowledge of Increase in numbers of Red Kangaroos the effect on a nimals of a ltera ti o ns to the Pasto ral ettlement in the lower-rainfall habita t. area has led to large increa es in the number Since the beginning o f ettlement tremen­ of the Red Ka ngaroo (Mega/eia rufa). The dous changes have ta ken place in the natural explorer Charles Sturt and his party saw plant covering. La rge areas have been con­ extremely few in western ew South Wales verted from fore t and woodland to relatively in mo re than a year in 1844-46, yet today treeless fields for growing cro ps and de­ they are abundant there. The original cove r pa turing dairy cattle and o ther stock. Very in much of thi country wa a spar e wood­ much larger areas have been altered by land of myall and o ther low trees, with a grazing do mestic tock and the rabbit. shrubby saltbu h fl oor. Sheep grazing has Swamp drainage, da mming of ri vers. and converted it to a short gra community with urban and o ther de,elopmcnts have a ll had considerably le s tree cover, a nd tha t their effects o n the na tural environment, in­ a ppa rently uits the ka ngaroo much better cluding the animal . The accelerating in­ than the o riginal vegetatio n. C ha nges in­ crease in the human popula ti o n a nd the duced by cattle in the vegetatio n in central pace of national de,elopment are altering the Au tralia have led to increa e in the numbers face o f Austra li a a t a faster ra te tha n ever. of the Red Ka nga t oo. In northwe tern or all the animals the mammals seem to Australia overgrazing by heep has favoured have been the mo t ensitive to cha nge in the Euro ( Macropus robusrus) but there has

Parrc 172 December, 1969 been a d ecline in the Red Ka ngaroo. Sheep Frustrating problem uppressed the nutritio us annual grasses a nd A most frustrating a pect of the study o f herbs favoured by the Red Kangaroo. The o ur mammals is that we have no clear idea o f Euro is adapted to live o n low-protein plants relative abundance at the time of European such as soft spinifex (Triodia pungens) which discovery a nd the beginning of settlement. prospered under the overgrazing regime. We can o nl y attempt a reconstructi on fro m Few o ther ma mmals have benefited in the anecdotes of earl y o bserver , the inad­ this ma nner. We tern Grey Kangaroo equate muse um specimens. and such other (Macropus fuliginosus) have probably in­ evidence as bone d eposits in Abo riginal crea ed in the lower-rainfall parts of Western midden and caves. The latter a re largely Austra lia, South Au trali a, and western ew accumulations le ft by predator , especially South Wa les where adequate areas o f ma ll ee owls, and can give us info rmation o n changes or riverine woodland remain to provide of ra nge a nd perhaps relative a bunda nce. shelter. In the higher-ra infall beef-cattle In some case these d eposit have been country in ew So uth Wa le and Queensland approximately d ated by the radio-carbon partial clearing of the grass-floored eucalypt method. Fro m this evidence we know that fo rests has led to local increa es in the num­ some mamma l had declined consi dera bly ber o f the Eastern Grey Ka ngaroo befo re European occupation commenced. (Macropus giganteus) and some of the la rger In southeastern Australia the bo nes of a wallabies by provid ing a greater amount of number o f species of native rodents are wide­ forest-edge for shelter adjacent to open spread and common in prehisto ric cave de­ feeding a reas of nutritio us grasses. The most posits. One o f them, the Broad-toothed R at adaptable of all Austra li an marsupials, the (Mastacomys .fuscus), is kno wn as a li ving Brushtail Possum, has also increased in thi animal o nly in sma ll relict colonies in the situation as it prefers a mo re open habitat Kosciusko ationa l Pa rk, New South Wales, than the undisturbed forest. a nd parts of southern Vi cto ria and Tasmania.

Dingo (Canis familiaris dingo). [Pho!O: H . J. Frith.) Ausrmlian Naru ral Hisrm·y Pagr 273 Ano ther o ne, the ew H olland Mo use Greatest decline in mammals (Pseudomys nc:vaehollandiae), was known fro m four spectmens collected in New South The greatest decline in the ma mmals in Wa les between 1840 and the 1880's until it ~i s t o ric~ l times has taken place, parad ox­ was fo und again in 1967 a nd 1968 in t ~o small ICa lly, 111 the broad band of lower-rainfall areas of coastal ew So uth Wales. In south­ New. So uth Wa les, where the Red Kangaroo western A ustra lia there is a similar si tua ti on : has tncreased greatly and other species o f the bones o f some rodents and small mar­ ka ngaroos are common. The regi on had a n supials a re common in cave deposits but the a bun~ an t fa una of rodents, sma ll wallabies, ba ndtcoots, and o ther small marsupials. The a mmals ~ re rare o r ~xtinc t in the region. One spec1e of marsuptal mo u e, the Dibbler great majority have disappeared from the (Antechinus apicalis), was believed to be ex­ a rea and survive only in central Australia o r tinct as it had no t been seen for over 80 years. Western Australia . A few, such as the ln 1967, however, two or three specimens ~a s tern H ~ re- w~ ll a by (Lagorchestes /epor­ were trapped at o ne locality. One o r two ides), Whtte-tailed Ho use-building Rat species survived into Euro pean times but (Leporil/us apica/is), a nd White-footed Tree­ seem tc have become extinct soon a fter. The rat _(Conilurus a/bipes), a ppear to have become most interesting o f these is the Broad-faced extmct. One other, the Pig-footed Bandi­ coot (Chaeropus ecaudatus), has not been seen Ra t-k a n ~aroo (Potorous platyops) of which a few spectmens were collected in southwestern fo r perha ps 50 year and may a lso be extinct. Australi a between the early 1840's and the Western ew South Wa les was heavily over­ 1880's. We know from cave and midden stocked with sheep, and, by the early 1890' , the sheep po pulation exceeded 15 million. d~p os it s _that it was formerly widely dis­ tnbuted tn o uthwestern Austra li a, o n the Abo ut that time the area was invaded in large numbers by the rabbit and was hit by severe southern edge of the ullarbor Pla in on dro ught. Sheep numbers have never since ~a n garoo l s l a n~ , a nd o n the lo wer M ~ rr ay tn So uth Australia. There is no clear answer reached half that maximum fi gure. to the pro blem of the decline of these Altho ugh the decline o f the native ma mmals mamma ls. One popula r theory is that de­ was not documented, there can be no d o ubt terioration in climate produced radical a lter­ that they were unable to withstand this com­ atio n to the ha bita t. Ano ther reason bi nation of ha bitat-destroying factors. su gges t e~ is that A boriginal firing of the . In ~es t e rn Austra lia the greatest decline countr_ystde produce~ extensive cha nges: 111 natt ve ma mmals has occurred in the most there IS abunda nt evtdence tha t Abo rigines intensively farmed area, the sheep a nd wheat burnt the vegetation o n a large scale. belt o f the southwest. Jt is also the part of

Broad - toothed Rat (Masracomys fuscus)

P age 274 DC'cember, 1969 Lesueur's Rat-kangaroo ( Bettongia lesueur)

the State where the rabbit occurs in greatest commercial forestry operati ons, burning, etc. , numbers. Although a considerable part of have apparently had no drastic effects on the centra l Australia has never been grazed by ma mma ls. domestic stock there seems to have been a Throughout its ltistory the development of reduction in numbers of ma ny mamma l Australia has been carried out with scant species and a few have apparently disappeared regard for fauna conservati on. The wonder from there. The rabbit has invaded the is that we have lost so few species of region, a nd, although it is genera ll y scarce, mammals. However, a considerable number periodicall y occurs in considerable numbers. have shrunk to scattered relict populations It may have been chi efl y responsible for the and a re in urgent need of rehabilitati on, if disappearance of Lesueur's Ra t-kangaroo that i possible. Surveys are badly needed to (Bettongia lesueur). This a ttracti ve a nimal discover what remains a nd where it is located. once occurred from western New South Wales Scientific studies are also necessary to deter­ across southern a nd central Australia to the mine the basic requirements- food, shelter, western coast. It is known fo r certain today a nd li vi ng space- of the various species a nd only on a few isla nds off mid-Western Aus­ how these a re affected by different land-use tra li a. It is the only burrowing member of pa ttern and vegetation changes. Idea ll y, the kanga roo fa mily, a nd the rabbit quickly many more wildlife reserves are needed, under ado pted its burrow systems. the control of fauna protection authoritie ; The parts of Australia in which the nevertheless, the maximum amount of such ma mmals have suffered least in histo rical la nd can never be more than a small part of times a re the higher-rainfall forested the total land area. Although la rge areas of northern, eastern, and southeastern regi ons. la nd are reserved for various purposes. such Pro bably no species has become extinct in as commercial forestry, wa ter catchment, a nd those areas, and grave fears a re held for only defence faci li ties, so fa r little thought has one, the Tasma ni a n Tiger (Thy /acinus been give n to the ma nagement of such cynocephalus). This is probably the only reserves so that wildlife can deri ve the Australia n ma mmal tha t has declined to nea r­ maximum benefit consistent with the primary extinction as a direct result of human per­ purpose of the reserves. There is also no secution. Economic development has so far reason why similar principles should not la rgely bypassed the tropical woodlands and be adopted in the ma nagement of privately­ forests. There has been a great a mount of owned la nd. clearing of the forests in the east and south­ east, but large a reas of forest reserves and un­ [The photos in this article are by E. C. cleared land remain. The changes caused by Slater, ex cept where stated otherwise. )

Australian Natural History Pagp 275 A ''Paradise Lost'' -the Kurnell Peninsula Since 1770

By . CARTER Director, Captain Cook's Landing Place iluseum, Kurnell

Sunday, 29 April 1770. In tire PM winds southerly clear weather with wlriclr we stood into tire bay and Anclror'd under tire South shore about 2 M ile within tire entrence in 6 f athoms water, tire south poim bearing SE and tire north point East.- Cook's journal.

ROM the time of early settlement to and then extended no rth and south to F the pre ent urban and rural develop­ eventually join Kurnell a nd C ro nulla. The ment, which has continued at a great pace age of the Peninsula sand dune has been thro ugho ut Australia, there has been very estimated a t somewhere in the vicinity o f little done to record the transformati o ns I 0,000 years. whi ch have so considerably altered the Before the arri val of Captain Ja mes landscape. Cook, the Aborigines (Gwyeagal tribe) T he public in genera l has no concepti o n had been in occupatio n of the Peninsula of the la nd as it was in it o rig inal state. for up to 8,000 years or so. At what period lt would appear that they take it for gra nted during the early part of the 19th century that as it i today, o it was yesterday. they aba ndoned their mode of li ving and Research is still incomplete, but there is drifted no rthwards to the settlement a t sufficient material to relate some of the Po rt Jackson is impossible to say, as there history of events which led to the present a ppear to be no written record. de o late conditi o n o n the Kurne ll Peninsula. Before o utlining these events I Peninsula 's original appearance mu t stress that the Peninsul a today bear T o determine the o riginal appearance of no re emblance what oever, except probably the Peninsul a it is necessary to examine for one o r two small pockets, to the day extract fro m both Cook's a nd Banks' when Captain James Cook la nded o n it journal of an excursion they made o n I st shore , 29th April, 1770. May, 1770, from the watering place, Captain Kurnell Peninsula is itua ted a t the Cook's Landing Place Historic Site, along entrance to, and o n the southern shore the Peninsula just about to C ronulla. of, Bo tany Bay, ex tending some 7 miles southwa rd to Cronulla. At its no rthern Cook wrote: extremity, Hawkesbury Sandstone is the T his morning a party of us went ashore to domina nt formation. Dating back o me some huts, not far from the watering place where 160 million year ago, the H awkesbury some of the nati,es are daily seen : here we left several articles uch as cloth, looking-glasses, Sandstone bends into a broad depression combs, beads, nails etc.; after this we made an under Botany Bay a nd d oes not reappear excursion into the country which we found until Cronulla. It would eem that, when diversified with woods lawn and marshes. The Botany Bay was far greater in size than it woods are free from undergrowth of any kind, and the trees are at such a distance from one i today, the no rthern section of the another that the whole country, or at least part P eninsula was an island, wi th the sea entering of it. might be cultivated without being obliged the bay between it a nd Cro nulla. Over a to cut down a single tree. We found the soil period of time the si lts and sands bro ught everywhere except in the marshes to be a light white and and produceth a quantity of good grass down by local rivers and watercourses which grows in little tufts about as big as one can graduall y formed layer over the H awkcsbury hold in one's hand: and pretty close to one another: Sandstone, creating a barrier between the in this manner the surface of the ground is coated. island (Kurnell) a nd Cronulla. Evidence In the woods between the trees Dr Solander had a bare sight of a small animal something like a indicates that the barrier could have rabbit, and we found the dung of an animal which o riginated at the centre of thi entrance. must feed upon the grass, and which we judge

Pagl! 276 Decemher 1969 Kurnell Penin ula a bout 26 years ago. before development. The township o f K urnell (lower right foreground) is quite small, a nd the beach near it , which faces into Botany Bay. show no sign of erosion. The old track from Kurnell to Cronulla is clearly visible. The foreground is the entrance to Botany Bay: the ocean is at left. The extensive white area at right is sand dunes. [Photo by courtesy of the Captain Cook La nding Place Trust.] could no t be less than a deer; we also saw the My greyhound j ust got sight of him and instantly track of a d og or some such like animal. We met lamd himself against a stump wh ich lay concealed with some huts and places where the natives had in the long grass; we saw also the dung of a large been and at our fi r t ctting o ut o ne of the m wa animal that had fed on grass which much re embled seen : the o ther I suppo e had fled upon o ur that of a stag: also the footsteps of a small a nimal approach. I saw some trees that had been cut who e feet were like those of a polecat or weesel. down by the natives with some sort of blunt instrument, a nd several trees that were barked. Fro m the o b ervations by Cook a nd the bark of which had been cut by the same Ba nks, and availa ble accounts o f the Fir t instrument ; in many of the tree especially the Fleet, it can be assumed that the fauna which palm were cut steps of a bo ut three or four feet existed on the .Peninsula a t that time was asunder for the convcniency of climbing them. We found two sorts of gum one sort of which is extensive and varied. A probable list would like G um Lac; it is extracted from the la rgest include: the Southern Short-nosed Bandicoot tree in the woods. (lsoodon obesulus); members of the kangaroo Cook a lso recorded : family, Great-grey or F orester, and the In the woods are a variety of very boutifull Red -necked Pademelo n (Thylogale thetis): birds such as Cocatoo·s, Lo ryq uets, Parrots ctc d in goes (Can is fami/iaris dingo): the Eastern and crows exactly like those we have in England. ative Cat ( Dasyurus 1•il•errinus), the Bru h­ Water fowl arc no less plenty about the head of tail Po urn (Trichosurus l'tdpecula): parro t the harbour where there a re large flats of sand and Mud o n which they seck their food, the most a nd lorikeets of several pecies; the R ed­ of these were unknown to us, one sort especially tailed Black Cockatoo ( Ca/yptorhynclws which was black a nd white and as large as a goose. banksi) ; any number o f duck specie : but most like a pelican. the Austra lia n pelican (Pe/ecanus conspicil­ Describing the a me trip Ba nks wrote : latus); the Au tralian raven (Con•us The Captn Or Solander. myself a nd omc of coronoides) ; the Brown Quai l (Synoicus the people making in all 10 musquet resolvd to australis), which wa abundant in the area in make an excursion in to the count re}. We the early day of the ettlement and which according!~ did so and walked till we complcatly tird o ur ehes \\hich was in the evening seeing was till to be een 10- 15 years ago; and a by the way only o ne Indian who ran from us as large selectio n of bird life. soon as he saw us. The soil wherever we aw it After the arri va l o f the First Fleet o n consisted of either swamps or light a ndy soil o n which grew very few species of trees o ne of which 18th Janua ry, 1788, and befo re the tran fer was large yieldi ng a gum much like sangui dracoris to Port J ackson a week la ter, a si te was but e\ery place was covcrd with vast quantities elected near Point Sutherland (Captain of grass. We saw many Indian houses and places Cook's La nding Place Historic Site) as where they had slept upo n the grass without the least shelter: in these we left beads ribbands etc. uitable for the proposed settlement. T he We saw one quadruped about the size of a Rabbit. land wa cleared and well s were dug for

Aus1ra/ian '(ifural lli ftory Page 277 A bo~>e: Changes which have taken place, since development began, o n the Kurnell Peninsula's Pacific Ocean sho reline fro m Boat Harbour (the small bay just left of centre in the foreground) to Po tter Po int (extreme right foreground). The growth of the township of Kurnell (to the left o f the pier in the backgro und) can be seen when compared with the photo o n the previous page. Captain Cook·s landing place is a little to the right of the pier. In the far background is the o ther side of Botany Bay. Bcfoll': Erosion along the Peninsula's cliff tops (foregro und) at the entrance to Botany Bay and the effects o f development generally are apparent in this photo. Regeneration is taking place along the dunes fro nting the ocean (the extensive white area in the backgro und). Both these photos were taken late in 1968, and are published by courtesty of the Visual Education Centre.

water. After the depa rture from Botany Permanent ettlement o n the Peninsul a Bay a nd the e ta blishment of the ettlement ta rted in June, 1815, when Captain Ja me at Port Jack o n, there was con idera ble Birnie was given a grant o f 700 acre at movement both by la nd and by sea to Botany Kurnell. Capta in Birnie engaged in cattle Bay. a nd timber. Jo hn Connell purcha ed the land from Captain Birnie in 1828, a nd in 185 1 the pro perty passed to his gra ndson, Regimental button found John Connell Laycock. Laycock wa for In 193 1 there was a find amongst the a time the member in the Legi lati ve midden a t Quibray Bay ( Botany Bay side A embly fo r Central C umberland. He o f the Peninsul a) o f two regimenta l butto ns owned 12,000 acres at Kurnell , so tha t the blackened wi th age, o ne appea ring to be property extended as fa r a Cronulla and a relic of G overno r Macquarie's regiment, Po rt Hacking. The pro perty was mo rtgaged the 73rd, bro ught o ut fro m Engla nd by in o rder to purchase the Prince of Wa les him in 1809, and the other bearing the Theatre (later known as the Theatre Royal), in cri ption o f the 19th H ighlanders. A which was subsequently burnt down. The half-crown piece of the reign of King Geo rge insurance was faulty a nd Laycock lost hi IV, dated 1820 and in good condition, was mo ney. The fire was the ca use of the a l o found. Odd pieces of relics dating fa mily moving to the Clarence and the fro m the early 1800's can still be fo und 12,000 acres were sold at 5 shillings an today. acre to the H on. Tho mas Holt in 1861.

Pagl' 218 December, 1969 Peninsula as "site for obnoxious trades" thick . He also no ted that the Abo riginal During the ea rly 1880's the Peninsul a camping gro und at Quibray Bay was was selected by the a uthorities as a future completely covered by a barren waste of industrial site for obnoxious trades, sand, blown up by the southerly gales fro m a ppa rently a decision which wa never the ocean beach. This was evident o n changed. examining the countless dead trees a nd vainly searching for any semblance of The Bo ta ny Bay shore-line of wha t is vegetation. In some parts, the advancing now Captain Cook's La nding Place Histo ri c wall of sand was 60 feet high. In many Site was to have been subdivided during places the rema ining trees were almost the 1890's, but fortunately the then Minister completely engulfed and their bare upper fo r Lands, the Hon. J. H. Carruthers, branches " bore testimo ny of a vain struggle prevented this move a nd had the land against merciless Nature. Truly a parallel dedicated as a public pa rk o n 6th May, with the Aborigine's struggle again st ano ther 1899. white ad vance". From 1900 o nwa rds a number of attempts were made fo r a pro per road to be built Ja net K. Doak a nd Catherine Macauly­ fro m Cronulla to Kurnell. The road did Doyle in a j oi nt field study in 1928 no ted no t come until 1953, with the constructi o n that a ll the central basi n of the Peninsula of the oil refin ery. Prior to this, access to was very low-l ying a nd covered with water Kurnell was by ferry and a track thro ug h a fter rain. The fl oor was mo re peaty than the andhills. In the past J5 years industry andy, and the sand eemed to be merely and, with it, ho using have considerably a surface covering. The stumps a nd roots increased . There is no doubt that greater were so la rge that the trees must have been develo pment a nd changes will be made to very large. o trees of the same dimensions, the present landscape in the near future. nor conditio ns suitable for them, were to be found for miles o n either side. The Probably the majo r cause of the conditio ns vegeta ti on round the bay a nd over the that now prevail occurred when the timber­ sandhills was stunted a nd extremely cutting rights were sold during the late xerophytic, a nd the trees we re not xero phytic, 1860's, and the land between Kurnell a nd judging fro m the size of the stumps, a ltho ugh Cronulla was stripped of timber, a ll owing Ja net K . Doak and Catherine Macauly­ erosion to commence in the form of moving Doyle could not detect the genus. (Through sand, whi ch, as it progressed, eng ulfed the the co-operati o n a nd assistance of the remaining vegetated la nd. The quantity of Forestry Commission, D ivision of Wood tim ber taken from the Peninsula during Technology, samples of wood taken fro m the last century will never be known. the remains of tree stumps early this year Grazing of cattle and sheep was a nother were identified as Eucalyptus botryoides.) contributing facto r in the process of This led to the conclusio n that very different defore talion. With the settlement of the conditio n existed a t o ne time, a nd that Penin ul a a nd the clearing of timbered befo re the mi gra tio n of the sand there wa area , the fate of the fauna was sealed. a marshy tract of country a t a level 3 o r 4 fee t hi gher, where la rge luxuriant tree A de olate wa te flourished. In 193 1 R olfe recorded that the land o trace have been found of the palm between Kurnell a nd Cronull a was a de olate tree mentio ned by Cook. These were waste of fl at gro und, covered wi th scattered probably Cabbage Tree Palm (Livistona shell and expo ed roots of large trees, austra/is). Banks wrote in hi account of indicating tha t the old urface wa once ew South Wales: " Palms here were of much higher. (These same stumps can be three different sorts. The first which grew seen today.) O ne la rge stump, 10 feet in plentifully to the Southward had leaves circumference a nd standing 6 feet high, pleated like a fan: the Cabbage of the e had root that bra nched o ut 5 feet above wa sma ll but exqui itely sweet and the the then ground level. There were cveral nuts which it bore in great abundance a such large stump in the vicinity, all with very good food fo r hogs". The only palm tremendous roots, in some cases 11 inches now growing on the Peninsula are to be

Australian .Vawral History Page 279 After heavy rai ns wa ter lies in the central basin of the Kurncll Peni nsula between Quibray Bay a nd the ocean-front dune . Scattered througho ut the basin are the stu mp of large trees which once grew there. T hose seen a bove a re the remains of Eucalypllts botryoides. The movi ng dunes in the backgro und cover other remnants of vegetation. [Photo: C. V. T urner.] fo und near the creek wh ich run to the The tra nsfo rmati o n fro m Cook's a nd Endeavour watering pl ace, located in Banks' de criptio ns of Kurnell Peninsula C aptain Cook' Landing Pl ace Hi toric Site. to that of a n entirely different profile is just o ne o f the countless in sta nce o f the Kurnell Penin ula was the fi rst place in same kind of change that have occurred Australia where bo ta nical collecting and thro ugho ut Au tra lia. One can o nl y wo nder studies were mad e. Of the plants coll ected whether we are repeating the same mista kes by Banks a nd So la nder many a re st il l to tod ay that were made during the last be seen, but quite a number are in the century. p rocess of d i appearing thro ugh vario us influences. These influences include ero io n, What the future holds for the Penin ula bushfi res, dro ught. infestation by para ites, can o nl y be gue ed at the mo ment. Will noxious weed , and possibly pollution, there be a repetition o f pa t e'ent , or will which in a broad sense has yet to be there be a red iscovery and e\entual re­ studied. creation of the " Pa radise Lo t"?

FURTHER READI NG Destroyers of Aora The Jouma/.1 of Captain JameJ Cool... 'olume I, Between 1900 and 1920 there were a edited by J . C. Beagleholc. number o f de\a tating bushfire that wept The Endeal'our Joumal of Joseph Banks. 'olumes the Peninsula from Cron ulla to Kurnell. I and 11. edited b) J. C. Beaglehole. Coupled with erosion, the bushfire assisted "Trial E'\ca,ation in Captain Cook' Landing in the proce of the destruction of flora. Pl ace Re ene, Kurnell, .s.w:·. by J. v. S. as is evident by the cha rred remain of Megaw, New1letter. 'ol. 11 , no. 9. October, 1968. Au~tralian Institute of Aboriginal Studies. Banksia inregrifo/ia tumps to be found in Aboriginal Technology, Some £1'idence fi·om Kume/1 the Po tter Po in t area. Peninsula, Botany Bay. by F. P. Dick o n, 1968, the Unive r~i ty of ew South Wale;. O ther factor which ha' e added to the "The White Heart of Cronulla". b)' Janet K. destruction of flo ra incl ude not o nly severe Doak and Catherine Macauly-Do)le, Sydney d rou!!ht conditions fro m time to ti me a nd Unil·ersitl' Science Journal. 1928. gales- wi th wind \elocities up to 70 "An Aboriginal Midden at Quibra) Bay," by m.p.h., but a l o h uman acti' itie . J . S. Rolfc. ,\Janl..ind. July and December, 193 1.

Page ::!80 December, J 969 The fi rst of the Endeavour's cannons found, just after it was li ft ed o n to the deck o f the recovery vessel, Tropic Seas.

THE RECOVERY OF THE ''ENDEAVOUR'S'' CANNONS

By JAME C. TYLER Associate Curator, Department of Ichthyology and Herpetology, Academy of ·a tural Sciences. Philadelphia, .S.A.

Orders were no11• gil'en for /ighming the ship 11·/ticlt was begtm by starring our water and pumping it up; the ballast was then got up and thrown o1•er board, as 11 ·ell as 6 of our guns (all that we had upon deck).- Ban k s' journal.

H E 1969 Barrier R eef Expeditio n of the between Cooktown and Cai rns, wa dl:.­ T Academy of atural Sciences of Phila­ covered. Canno ns as well as several to ns o f delphia was a dual vent u re : earching for the iro n and sto ne ballast were retrieved a nd cannons and other durable a rticles jettisoned turned o ver to the proper Australian from the Endeavour by Captain Ja me a uthorities for re to ratio n and ultimate dis­ Cook in 1770 o ff Queensla nd, and collecting persal to appro priate institution . Much reef-dwelling fis h for cientific study in the publicity attended this aspect of the exped­ Departments of Ichthyology of tha t Acad emy ition, once the in itia l release of o ur discovery and of the American Museum of a tural was made, a nd, as i often the case, ma ny of H i tory, ew Yo rk C it y. the stories and accounts printed in various As the reader probably wi ll know, the internatio na l newspapers were extremely jet a m earch wa a g reat success. The exact garbled a nd confli cting. spot where Captain Cook went aground o n Little kno wn to the reader is the o ther side Endeavour Reef, about 13 mile off the coast of the expeditio n- the reef fi sh collecting.

Australian aturlll llis;ory Page 28 1 Pro bably between 30,000 and 40,000 speci­ a me po t on the same reef at various time mens, fo r the most part very small reef­ intervals, ra ng ing from 6 ho urs to 6 days or d weller , repre enting perha ps 250 species, lo nger, in o rder to a nalyse re-invasion of the were o btained and shipped to Philadelphia reef area-what species repo pulate the area a nd ew Yo rk fo r sorting and study. Many after the existing fi sh fauna has been removed o f these specimens will be sent later to - a well as to o btain a relatively com plete specialists througho ut the world who are cen u of the fish of a very limited a nd eco­ wo rking on particul a r fa milies o f these reef logically well defined a rea of a reef. fi sh. Several o f these specialists are at the Australia n Museum, a nd therefore ma ny of Fi h toxicants o ur peci mens will make their way back to Both his work a nd my genera l fi sh collec­ Austra li a, exemplifyi ng the continuous inter­ ting a re do ne with rotenone-l ike fi sh toxicants na ti o na l fl ow o f specimens a nd info rmation - synthetic ketones based o n the active sub­ between recognized a utho rities o n vari o us sta nce in the d erris root lo ng used by So uth g ro ups of organisms. However, the reader American India ns, who beat the root against pro bably would be mo re interested in hearing logs in fresh water to asphyxiate fi he - a bo ut the cannon pa rt o f the expeditio n than taken below with the use of scuba gear. the fish part. Let me, then, briefly sum­ Small a mounts of ro tenone are quirted fro m mari ze the ichthyological pursuits before plastic squeeze bottles into a limited area of turning to the mo re glamorous Cookiana. the reef, a few quare feet or so, and the tunned fish are collected with small hand­ Fi h re earch nets- much like chasing butterflie . When The fi h re earch had many a pects, for two properly used , no permanent d amage i do ne independent re earchers were involved . to the reef or its total fauna, for only a small Both had their own programmes to pur ue area i as ayed and organism from unaffected a lo ng with helping each other and the jetsam nearby area immediately sta rt invad ing the recovery work. For myself, I wi shed to a mpled area when the rotenone ha been make a general representative collectio n of sufficiently diluted by the constant current - Ba rrier Reef fi sh to complement numerous within less than a n hour or so. We use collections from the I ndo-Pacific already at rotenone beca use it is o ne o f the few methods the Academy, for Ba rrier Reef fi sh a re rel­ we have o f sampling the o ften secretive a nd atively poorl y represented in major muse um usually sma ll fi sh which li ve within the collecti ons of the world, except, o f course, crevices of the reef a nd which si mply cannot that of the Austra li an Museum. But we be caught by pulled nets, trap , trawls, or wi shed to have at least a good sampling of hook a nd line. Barrier Reef fi hes in o ur Academy co llec­ In discussing o ur ichthyologica l pla n wi th tions, if o nl y o as no t to have to bo ther o ur various Australian G overnment authoritie fri endly colleagues in the fish depa rtment of before the expedition, we had been asked by the Au tralian Museum every week or so Mr G. Harrison. Chief Inspector of Fisherie , when we needed to have a look at o ne o f the in Brisbane, to keep an eye o ut for numerou representatives of the Barrier Reef Acanrllasrer, the Crown-of-thorns Starfish ichthyofauna. that has received so much attention of la te. My ichthyological colleague o n the exped­ At lea t around Endeavour Reef and the itio n, Dr C. Lavett Smith, of the America n clo e-by Ho pe I lands, this starfish seems to Mu eum in ew York, concentrated on have a relatively low populati on d ensity. sampling the diversity of species in the vari o us While often secreti ve and concealed under types of reef structure and ecological niches. overhangs, these are also places where we H is work is si milar to that being carried o ut look for fi hes, and during our mo nth of by Dr Frank Ta lbot and his excellent gro up cuba d iving in this region of the reef we aw fro m the Australian Museum at One Tree no more than a dozen specimens o f this tar­ Isla nd, next door to the famous Heron Island fi h. re ort a nd marine laboratory. Dr Smith Let u now return to the cannon side of the sam ple the pecics composition of the fi h expedition, wi th o nly o ne la t bio logical community a nd the numbers of individual tho ught. Even though Dr Talbot a nd hi per pccie in every major ubdivision of the Au tralian Museum group. the re earcher of reef. Heal o doe repetitive sampling a t the the Univer ity of Queen land and of other

Paf(e 182 December, 1969 Right: Detail from Cook's charts of the Queensland coast, showing his course (dotted line) before and after the I i grounding. with his comment : ··on this Ledge the Ship laid 23 Hours, and received much damage··. Below: Detail from a modern chart of the Endeavour Reef regio n, with an approxi­ mation of Cook's course (dark line). The Endeavour sailed over the shoals at the northwestern end of Pickersgill Reef, and later grounded about the middle of the southern edge of Endeavour Reef. ,, ,,,~; • . ~ ~ .. ,, .. " " " ...... , " :J •• " ~ .. ~ .. ~~ ,. .. ~ ,, ...... " .. .. ,, 1l ,, ,, .. ., ., .. fl .•. ,, ,", .... ~ ,, .. .. " ,, ., .. n .,, ,. .•, ' ,, .. .. ! ~ oo; ...... " " .. - fl ...... 11 ,.... , ,. .. 1) .. .., .. ~~ " ~ "'...... • .. .. n .. " .". .. _ , 11 t J h .. J, " .. ."...... " .. " .. .. .', .. .. ~ .. .. ., ,, ,...... ,.. universities, the Great Ba rrier Reef Co m­ Origins of expedition mittee a nd its Hero n Isla nd La bo ratory, The discovery of Captain Cook's jetsam and o utside investigato rs fro m o ther pa rts of this year seems most happily timed ; just o ne the wo rld, a re trying to make the biology of year before the bicentenary of his discovery of the Barrier Reef better known, the surface the east coast of Austra lia. ln fact, that was has o nly been scra tched. So much stim­ one of the compelling reasons for the ex­ ulating and rewarding work needs to be do ne peditio n at this time, but the th o ught behind that the whole of this issue of the magazine the expeditio n dates back a bo ut 10 years. could be devoted easily just to a list of " things At that time, Mr Virgil Ka uffman, the leader to be do ne". owadays, in the United of the expeditio n, was the president of Aero­ States at least, o ne must have a slogan to Services Corp., of Philadelphia, Pennsylvani a. march with ; mine would be: " Suppo rt your A renowned aeri al urveyor for oil and Great Barrier Reef Committee". minerals, Mr Ka uffman was doing some work

Australian Natural H istory Page 283 in the no rth of Australia. During a few days searched fo r Cook's jetsam on Endeavour interlude in the business o n ha nd, he char­ R eef without success. So me had tho ught, tered a boat in Cairns to take him out to see fo r this reason, that the grounding had the Grea t Barri er Reef. M r Ka ufman, as a n occurred on a nother nearby reef. However, explorer in hi s own ri ght and a member of the o ur compari son of the modern hydrographic Explorers' C lub of ew York, had long charts with the cha rt of the region given by admired the magnificent record of Captain Captain Coo k in his jo urnals and his terse Cook o n the three histo ric voyages, in which statements about his course, heading, a nd he excelled in navigati on, leadership, a nd speed just before the grounding, made scientific wo rth. The captain of the boat Endeavour Reef the logical choice. But it that Mr Ka uffman cha rtered that day in was still not the o nl y choice. Mr Kauffman Cairns was equally interested in , and d ecided to concentrate the magneto meter knowledgeable about, Captain Cook, and survey first o n Endeavour R eef. lt was o ur thus Vince Vlasoff, master and owner of the reasoning tha t the numero us other expedi­ Tropic Seas, found himself with Mr Kauffman ti o ns intent o n finding Cook's jetsam had not spending the night anchored off Endeavour been successful because they d id not have the Reef. Soon the talk turned to Captain Cook proper sophisticated equi pment and, due to a nd his near disastrous wreck on Endeavour poor weather, had not been a ble to spend Reef, and Mr Kauffman became determined eno ugh time surveying the windward ide of to search for the wreck site, with the possi ble the reef that Cook certainl y hit. The wi nd­ u e of geophysical tools, such as a magneto­ ward side can be usefully worked on o nly meter. A magnetometer is a sensitive piece during calm perio ds, especiall y during the of electro nic gear that can pick up minute " doldrums", approximately from ovember variations in the magnetic field of the ea rth' to Ja nuary between the turning of the o uth­ crust above o r below water, an instrument east trade wind and the northwest mon oons. carried by land, sea, or ai r, whose develop­ ment and commercial a pplica ti on Mr Endeavour Reef is a bo ut 5 miles lo ng, and Kauffman had pi o neered. divided into an ea tern and western ha lf by an irregularly-lower middle region. An un­ Mr Ka uffman subsequently contacted the aided visual search for the jetsam would ta ke Bri ti sh M useum about the metallic compos­ many years to complete, even if it was com­ itio n of Cook's canno ns a nd the history o f pl etely exposed and just waiting to be dis­ the first voyage, bein g aided in this by Or covered. Five miles is a lot of reef! Ob­ Helen Walli , who was in charge o f Cookiana. vio u ly. after nea rly 200 years, the cannons But the press of busi ness mostly kept him a nd ba ll ast would be almost unrecognizable, away from the project until hi s retirement, at a nd covered with sand or some combination which time he was jo ined in the p ursuit by his of cora line a lgae, hard or soft corals, fri end and fe llow aviato r, Brigadier General a nemones, a nd other e ile invertebrate Alfred L. Wo lf, who e law firm is in Phila­ growth . delphia. Both men are avid naturalists and interested in the hi tory of explorati on, and Our pla nning essions in Philadelphia were Gen. Wolf is an accompli shed scuba diver taking place in the middle of 1968, and letters who had previously worked with Mr Edward were sent to innumerable Austra lian in­ Link of the Sea Di1•er, o n Ca ribbean galleon stitutions and individual , a king for advice recoveries. on weather conditio ns, boat chartering, avail­ The two approached the Academy o f a bility o f diving equipment, etc., for such a n Natural Sciences o f Philadelphia, o f which expeditio n. Because of the lo ng d istance they are members. about sponsoring a joint involved. and the inevitable a nswering letter expedition to study Barrier Reef fis h and which posed more questions than we had to look for Cook's jetsam. The idea was anticipated, it was decided at a conference enthusiasticall y received. T he ichthyologists between Or H. Radcly ffe Roberts. Director could search for fish just as well on Endeavour of the Philadelphia Academy. Mr KaufTman, Reef as they could a nywhere el c, a nd the data Gen. Wo lf. a nd myself, that one of us must a'ailable indicated Endea,our Reef to be the hurry off to Austra li a to gather first-hand most reasonable site for Cook's gro unding, a data o n a ll the e factors, a k every question I on~ tho ught by cartographer . We were imaginable, and record the answers for dis­ well aware tha t many o ther g roups had cu 'ion at a conference a oon as possible

PaKl' 284 Dl'cemhu, 1969 Right: The first cannon found, in situ, with coral overgrowth untouched : the butt of the cannon is at the bottom of the photo. j ust left of the centre. This was the most easily een of the six cannons. Belo w: The cannon. after two expedition members had spent t\\O full days chipping away coral and tunnelling beneath to attach ca bles. The dark object to t he left of the butt is a pas ing fish.

Conference' decision At our co nference after my reconna issance trip it wa d ecided to go ahead with the project early in the coming year, even tho ugh the weather seemed likel y to be better in ovember o r December. But ovember was too ea rl y to mount the expedition because o f logistic pro blems, a nd December was ruled out beca u e o f Chri tmas (we a re a ll ma rried a nd there were many children a nd g ra nd­ children to be conside red). This left Ja n­ ua ry, abo ut the middle of which mo nth the winds usua ll y sta rt up again a nd the rai ns a re heavier. We gambled tha t the wi nds would be lo w in returning a nd tha t we could get mo t of our wo rk done in the first 3 weeks o f the mo nth. Afte r pe nding Christmas a t ho me, wc left Sa n Fra ncisco by Qantas and a rri ved in Ca irns o n 29th December. We spent several days loading Captain VIa o fT 's vessel with a ll that remai ned o f our expedition gear, most of which he had a lready efficiently sent to Little Ho pe I la nd, o ur base o f opera ti o ns. T he after his return to Philadelphia. Being the gea r included diving ta nk , com pre ors for yo ungest a nd tempo ra rily lea t tied-down, I filling them, fi sh coll ecting a nd pre e rvi ng was pleasantly to ld to leave immediately a equipment, camping gea r, o utboard e ngines, no t undesirable command in the li ght of what helicopter fuel, a nd a tho usand miscella neo us I knew o f Au tralia fro m everal friends fro m items. The e ma ny to ns o f im ped imenta co llege d ays, who had eithe r been there o r were manha ndled o nto the beach at Little were Aussie themselves. Three week of Hope I la nd, a bo ut 5 miles northwe t of the fact finding a nd discussio n wi th ma ny help­ western end of Endeavour Reef, a nd a rranged ful people during Se ptember, 1968, gave us under the watchful eye o f Mr Alie n G ill, o ur the data we needed . camp master, o n leave fro m the Electricity

A1111raliall Nat11ral Hi.11ory Pa_r:e 285 Board o f Cairns; Mr Michael Ma nsfield , an Fir t cannon found Au tralian medical student o n vacati on: and On 7th January, a few d ay before the Mr Charles Jackson, mate and superb cook helicopter chartered from R oto rwo rk, in of the Tropic Seas. With o ur gea r stowed Sydney, was due to a rrive from ew Guinea, away, a nd comfortable in our tents not many the magnetometer in the runabout picked up yard away fro m a refrigerato r containing "good vibrations", which, upon clo er in­ rea o nably cold beer, we slept a good night's spectio n with the in strumentatio n of the sleep befo re waking at the crack of dawn fo r magneto meter set at a more delica te cale, the ta rt of the day' activity- putting back proved to be majo r "ano ma lies" in the aboard the Tropic Seas many o f the items we magnetic fie ld in about the middle of the had just o ffl oaded, but which we now needed south si de o f the reef. T here had been a few fo r the wo rk at ha nd. mall "ano malies" in the read ings in working Search begins west to ea t fro m the western edge of the reef, The earch for the jetsam began o n 4th but no thing to cause g rea t exci tement. But January, with Mr Kenneth Myer , o ur now the eyes of Ken M yers and Gri sy Bettle magneto meter operator a nd head of Seabo rne were ablaze. "We've got it. We've got it. Electro nics, ew Orleans, Lo uisiana, a t hi The good are there. Look wi thin a 10-foot in trument in our runabout, while Mr radius of where we've thrown the marker Gri corn Bettle, a Philadelphian who is a chief buoys." te t engineer of the new high-speed railroad Divers d o nned their regalia and inve ti­ line between Bosto n a nd Washingto n, D.C., gated . Sure enough : the good were een, and a portsman, scuba diver, a nd engineer even tho ugh partially buried and heavily par excellence, piloted the boat in the preci e overgrown with various organisms. At the grid pattern laid o ut for the magnetometer fi r t buoy we saw a distinctly rectangula r earch operati o ns. During this initia l ex­ fo rm, which la ter proved to be a block o f plo ratory peri od, the Tropic Seas went o ut o f iron ballast. Grissy, Wo lfy, and I explored commi io n from a mecha nical failure, and this a rea and fo und more iron pig a nd tone while new parts were being o btai ned, ba ll ast, while Smitty swam over to the other Captain Yl asoff arranged for Captain Kevin buoy and d iscovered the unmistakable out­ Lamberto n to bring hi s Nancy E up fro m line of a cannon. Subsequently, Captain Cairns to assist us for a week. Ylasoff chiselled o ff a chunk o f the encru ting We had sta rted the magneto meter search layer o n the canno n, revealing the bl ack, pattern by boat, in o rder to eliminate a few superficially oxidized surface. Bu t, assur­ theoreticall y unproducti ve areas (according to edly, the jetsam would never have been een o ur analy es) at each end o f Endeavour Reef, if the magneto meter had not hown u where until o ur cha rter helicopter arri ved in a few to look. day to begin the mo re erious survey work . It wa a n exhilarating mo ment for all in­ The helicopter held many ad va ntages over a volved. both above and below. We had boat, for it could survey in wind and rough tho ught that we had a good chance of finding ea that would be too much for the small Cook' jet a m where others had failed. due runabout o n the windward side o f the reef, to better equipment, better weather, a nd and it was much quicker. But the d ays were better luck. We now knew that a good deal gloriously warm, sunny, and calm, a nd the of time, money, a nd effort on many people's runabo ut under Grissy Settle's supervi io n pa rts, in some cases over a period of years, wa able to cover a grid pattern over much was bearing fruit, and that not only was the mo re of the reef that we had envisioned. fi h collecting going successfully, but that O ur a na lyses of the vario us renditio ns o f the fa r more risky jetsam search had, after a ll the journals of Captai n Cook and of Sir these yea rs a nd attempts, come to a n end. Joseph Banks (especially those so brilliantly With everyone fin ally back o n the Nancy E edited by Or Beaglehole, of ew Zealand) for transfer to the Tropic Seas at the end o f and those of Sid ney Parkinson and o ther o n the day, we could hardly wait for the sunrise the fi r t voyage had led us to believe that to ee u back in the water chisell ing against certai n a rea on the south side of Endeavour the coral-encrusted canno ns and pig-iron bars Reef were more likely to be productive than that were effectively welded to the ocean floor. other . The underwater wo rk was going to be ea ier

Pagl' :2 6 Decemher. 1969 task of having us all work efficiently together in chiselling free fo ur cannons and much of the iro n ballast by 14th January. The sto ne ballast was not strongly cemented to the bo tto m, a nd thus was easy to pick up. Two of the canno ns and some of the iron and stone ball ast had by no w been winched aboard the Tropic Seas by Captain Vlasoff fo r tra nsport back to Little Ho pe Isla nd. There they were deposited o n the bottom just below low-water mark in order to keep them constantly in sea-water. During these 1-ho ur trips be­ tween Endeavour Reef a nd Little Hope, Gen. Wolf kept a continuo us flow of sea-water running over the canno ns and ballast. Virgil Kauffma n and his aviator friend Alfred Bertolet, who, as our back-up pil ot a nd pro­ vider of last-minute expediti on supplies, had joined the expedition later than the rest of us, proceeded to fl y by heli copter to Cairns to officially report o ur findings to M r W. Do uglas, Receiver of Wrecks. During these One of the least buried and most obvious pieces and the ubsequent few days of hectic re­ of iron bar ballast, weighing about 300 pounds, covery acti vity, a to tal of four cannons and with an underwater buoy for use in surveying the much iro n a nd sto ne ballast were retrieved positio n of the canno ns and ballast. and sent to Little Hope, to be picked up la ter by Mr Do uglas and placed aboard the G ov­ than we had anticipated, for the bottom depth ernment M. V. Wallach for transpo rt to a t the site was o nly a bo ut 15 feet at low tide ; Cairns fo r temporary sto rage in vats of sea­ we had tho ught that the jetsam probably water befo re being sent elsewhere for restor­ wo uld be in 20 to 40 feet depth, a nd we were ati o n by Australi a n Government scientists. prepa red fo r working at I 00 feet depth. With this much accompli shed, we decided (with some friendly dissent a mo ng us) that 17th January would be our last day of re­ " Ferro-magnetic anomalies" covery work, for the ichthyologists had to Tha t first day of discovery had revealed to return to their prime pursuit of full-time fish u the locati o n of one cannon rela ti vely easily collecting a nd several o ther expeditio n mem­ recognized, alo ng with piles of iro n bars a nd bers had to head home. Our magneto meter scattered sto ne ba ll ast. Yet Ken Myers had had located the sites of the two remaining marked o ut a number of other spots with canno ns, but it was o bvious to our under­ buoys which his magneto meter said had water inspection that they must be buried "ferro-magnetic anoma lies", but we divers much more deeply than the four we had could no t see anything easily recogni zable as a lread y brought up and would require up to jetsam in these places. Subsequently, the an additional week's work by the four prin­ General and Grissy fo und, after much cipal dive rs to retrieve. We fe lt that the pro bing and chiselling, that there were Austra li an G overnment would be glad to canno ns very nea r these buoy . Smitty and rescue the e two buried cannon whose I called off o ur fish collecting for the dura tion approximate locations we had marked, as and joined Grissy and the General as diver­ well as the remaining ballast. Such was the reclaimers. case, and several weeks after we left the Grissy was in charge of the recovery diving appro priately marked si te, the Gove rnment opera ti o n, conferring wi th the group at the commissioned Capta in Vlasoff to retrieve the end of each day back o n the Tropic Seas to two remaining cannons, which he a nd his decide wha t we ho uld do next. As good an G overnment dive r did most effectively. engineer below wa ter as on a railroad track, Captain Cook jetti oned six cannon a nd he magnificently ma naged the often difficult many tons of iron a nd sto ne ball a t, and six

A11slralian Oll1ral HisiOt"Y Page 287 canno n and many tons of iron and tone their 199 years in ea-water is superficial, and balla t have now been recovered and a re in it i our understanding that the cannon will the hand of the Au tralian Go,ernment. come through their restoration a lmo t as The only item that could have been expected good a new~ a nd wa not found was the small bower Thi we fervently hope, for the e are a nchor that Captain Cook inadvertently to t authentic mementos of a superb explo rer while trying to winch the Endeai'Our off the who e geniu graced many nation in his di - reef. coverie . He was a man for all seasons and The recovered cannon and balla t of for all continent . Captain Cook's monumental first voyage a re LThe four photos in this article are copyright being restored in Melbo urne under the direc­ to the Academy of Natural Sciences of ti o n o f Or C. Pearson. The corrosion from Philadelphia, U.S.A .]

MEET OUR CONTRIBUTORS. • • J. H. CALABY is a Principal Research Scientist J . V. S. MEGAW. born in England in 1934, in the Di\ ision of Wildlife Research, CSIRO, was trained in archaeology at Edinburgh Univer ity, Canberra. He studies the biology of member of where he specialized in European Prehistory and the kangaroo family. and is also imohed in fauna Fi ne Art. He has had extensi\e exca\ation suney . He is particularly interested in the natural experience in Britain and on the Continent. and. history of Australia's nati\e mammals and the since coming to Australia in 1961. ha been carrying en·ects of en\ ironmental changes on their distribution out a series of exca\ations in the south Sydney and abundance. area aimed at establishing the full extent of the . CARTER was born in Sydney in 1928. and prehi tory of the region. He i doing this work educated at Scot College. His background o n under the auspices of the Aust ralian In titute of leavi nj:\ chool was mainly in the areas of Aboriginal Studie . of which he is a member. ad\erti ing and marketing. In J uly, 1941!, he M r Megaw. at present Senior Lecturer in joined the Citizen Military Forces, and, in 1951. Archaeo logy at Sydney University, is a Fellow of \ o lunteered for service in Korea with the Royal the Society of Antiquaries of London, and a member Australian Regiment. He was commissioned after of the Council of the Anthropological Society o f completion of his Korean service and remained ew South Wales. in the Army until 1956. when he re-entered the JA MES C HASE TYLER, aged 34. gained his commercial world. Having a great interest in B.Sc. degree at George Washington University, Australian hi tory. he became Director of Captain Wa hington. D.C., in 1957, and his Ph.D. degree a t Cook's Landing Place Museum in 1966. Stanford University in 1963. He is Associate R. 0. C HALM ERS has been the Australian Curator of the Department of Ichthyology and Museum's Curator of Minerals and Rocks for the Herpetology, Academy of atural Sciences o f pa t 24 years. He has \ isited many mining fields Philadelphia. He has participated in expeditions and mineral deposits throughout Australia, and in to the Gulf of Mexico. Antarctica. Brazil, the Bay o f recent years has closely studied the distribution and Bengal. the Seychelles Islands. and place in the geological occurrence of australites in inland Caribbean Sea. Australia. He is the author o f a comprehen i\e book. Australian Rocks. A1inerals and Gemstones. PETER J. W HI TEHEAD was born in Kenya H. J. de S. D IS EY has always been a keen and educated in England. taking a degree in natural naturalist and. as a schoolhoy. went on expedition sciences at Cambridge in 1953. He returned to Kenya to work on freshwater fi h. especially river to Finland and C\\ found land to collect birds for the British Mu cum ( atural History). He is a fish and the culture of Tilapia in ponds, from 1953 graduate of Cambridge University and, after sen ing to 1960. Since 1961 he ha been working o n in the RAF during the war. joined the Kalfrarian JW:Jrine fish at the British Museum ( atural H istory). Museum in South Africa. Later he worked on His principal field o f research is the systematics economic problems as zoologist with the Depart­ of herrings and anchovies. but an interest in the ment of Agriculture, Tang:myika !Tanzania), East historical aspects of ichthyology led him to work Africa, fi rst on couon pests, then on birds. and on the natural history of Capt. Cook's three finally on giant rats and ouers. He became Curator voyages. of Birds at the Aust ralian Museum in 1962. G ILBERT P. W HITLEY is a n Ho norary D. J . McGI LLIVRA Y is a botanist with the Associ:lle of the Australian Museum, where he ational Herbarium of ew South Wale , Royal was Curator o f Fishes for 40 years before his Botanic Garden . Sydney. In 1959 he graduated retirement in 1964. He is a Life Member and a in Science (Forestry) at the Uni\ersity of Sydney. former Councillor of the Royal Au tralian Historical He is at present the Australian Botanical Li aison Society, and is the author of numerous article~ Officer at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England. b::aring on the hi tory of Australian zoology.

DecPmber, 1969 THE AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM

I' RI:.S ID t:'\'T O F TRL ST t:t:!>: \\ . 11. \lA/E. \I. c. CRO \\ " fR L Tt:t. : EIIILIHTL I'ROI E!>!>OR A . I' I I Kl . C.III.G .. 1\I.A .. Ph.D .

O FF IC IA l. TRl STEt:!>: TilE 11 0:-.. fi lE CIIIEF J USliCE, THE HO . T II C PRESIDI:." I OF I liE LLGISLATIVE COU C IL, T il E H O, . THE C III EF' ECRETARY. T H E HO:-. . TH E ATTOR FY· <..E"tRAL, T HE HON. THE TR EASURER, THF HO . TH E Ml ISTER FOR PUBl iC WORK~ . 1HF HON. T ill' Ml ISTER FOR 1-DUCATION, HI E AUDITOR-GE 1-RAL, Till- PRI SIDE . OF TilE 1\1 W SOUTII WALtS MEDICAL BOARD, T il E S URVI-.YOR·GI' ERAL AND C II IEF SURVI YOR, rt l l:. C ROW SOLIC ITOR.

EJ.EC n v •: T RUST Ef:S:

~ IR I RA!\"- M. ( .11.1 .. PRO I I ~SO l( I . <. IIIRC' II, D .Sc., I .A A.. PRO I I S~OR D. I' M I I I OR . D .Sc.. f .R.A.C.I .. R . C . IU C II A RD; PROII:.S~OR 11 , :-. . BA RBE R. 1- . R.S., 1- .A .A. : K. 1.. ~UTIIER I AN D , D.Sc., F.A.A.; 1' 1<01 1-.SSOR A . 11 . VO ISEY. D.Sc.: PROI-h~!>()l( l> . 11. SA IC II EI L, Ph. D.

OIRF.CTOR: Ut:I'UTY OIR.: CTOR : I . 11 . IA I 13 01 . Ph.D .. F.L.S. C. "· ~ll ll rti E R , 1\I.Sl

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