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Francoangeli Open Access ( 11590.1_1590.4 09/03/18 10:51 Pagina 1 Increasing inequalities, social exclusion and poverty within the EU (although at a different scale between States) prove that the effective- Nadia Maccabiani ness of social rights falls behind their formal entitlements and their judicial enforceability. Beyond the classical way followed by legal stu- 11590.1 dies in dealing with the issue, the focus would shift to experimental ways better able to cope with the current multifaceted implications of social exclusion, poverty and inequalities for the purpose of effective N. Maccabiani and improved social inclusion. Indeed, legacies stemming from deve- The Effectiveness lopments at the European level (recent and less recent) are relevant not only for policy-makers and social scientists but for legal scholars too. of Social Rights in the EU These latter are expected to pick up and underline the main aspects of constitutional relevance implied in the process and steer it towards Social Inclusion and European Governance. being constitutionally consistent. Against this background, our claim for an interdisciplinary dialogue with social sciences focuses on the THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SOCIAL RIGHTS IN THE EU A Constitutional and Methodological Perspective constitutional implications underlying the use of social indicators within the European governance framework. Nadia Maccabiani is Tenure Researcher in Public Law at the Univer- sity of Brescia, Department of Economics and Management. She gran- ted the position of visiting scholars at the Institute of European Study (Free University of Brussels (ULB) and University of Saint Louis – Brus- sels) during the Academic Years 2014/2015 and 2016/2017. She is author of publications in the field of public law with specific focus on legal sources, the Italian regional system, the Italian President of the Republic, the European economic governance, including two mono- graphs: La legge delegata – vincoli costituzionali e discrezionalità del Governo (Giuffré 2005) and Condeterminare senza controllare. La via futura delle assemblee elettive regionali (Giuffré 2010). FrancoAngeli La passione per le conoscenze Studi di Diritto Pubblico STUDI DI DIRITTO PUBBLICO Collana diretta da Roberto Bin, Fulvio Cortese e Aldo Sandulli coordinata da Simone Penasa e Andrea Sandri REDAZIONE Chiara Bergonzini, Fabio Di Cristina, Angela Ferrari Zumbini, Stefano Rossi COMITATO SCIENTIFICO Jean-Bernard Auby, Stefano Battini, Daniela Bifulco, Roberto Caranta, Marta Cartabia, Omar Chessa, Mario P. Chiti, Pasquale Costanzo, Anto- nio D’Andrea, Giacinto della Cananea, Luca De Lucia, Gianmario Demu- ro, Daria de Pretis, Marco Dugato, Claudio Franchini, Thomàs Font i Llo- vet, Giulia Maria Labriola, Peter Leyland, Massimo Luciani, Michela Ma- netti, Alessandro Mangia, Barbara Marchetti, Giuseppe Piperata, Aristide Police, Margherita Ramajoli, Roberto Romboli, Antonio Ruggeri, Sandro Stajano, Bruno Tonoletti, Aldo Travi, Michel Troper, Nicolò Zanon La Collana promuove la rivisitazione dei paradigmi disciplinari delle mate- rie pubblicistiche e l’approfondimento critico delle nozioni teoriche che ne sono il fondamento, anche per verificarne la persistente adeguatezza. A tal fine la Collana intende favorire la dialettica interdisciplinare, la conta- minazione stilistica, lo scambio di approcci e di vedute: poiché il diritto co- stituzionale non può estraniarsi dall’approfondimento delle questioni delle amministrazioni pubbliche, né l’organizzazione e il funzionamento di que- ste ultime possono ancora essere adeguatamente indagati senza conside- rare l’espansione e i modi di interpretazione e di garanzia dell’effettività dei diritti inviolabili e delle libertà fondamentali. In entrambe le materie, poi, il punto di vista interno deve integrarsi nel contesto europeo e internazionale. La Collana, oltre a pubblicare monografie scientifiche di giovani o afferma- ti studiosi (STUDI E RICERCHE), presenta una sezione (MINIMA GIURIDICA) di saggi brevi destinata ad approfondimenti agili e trasversali, di carattere pro- priamente teorico o storico-culturale con l'obiettivo di sollecitare anche gli interpreti più maturi ad illustrare le specificità che il ragionamento giuridico manifesta nello studio del diritto pubblico e le sue più recenti evoluzioni. La Collana, inoltre, ospita volumi collettanei (sezione SCRITTI DI DIRITTO PUB- BLICO) volti a soddisfare l’esigenza, sempre più avvertita, di confronto tra differenti saperi e di orientamento alla lettura critica di problemi attuali e cruciali delle discipline pubblicistiche. La Collana, inoltre, si propone di assecondare l’innovazione su cui si è or- mai incamminata la valutazione della ricerca universitaria. La comunità scientifica, infatti, sente oggi l’esigenza che la valutazione non sia più sol- tanto un compito riservato al sistema dei concorsi universitari, ma si diffon- da come responsabilità dell’intero corpo accademico. Tutti i volumi, pertanto, saranno soggetti ad un’accurata procedura di valu- tazione, adeguata ai criteri fissati dalle discipline di riferimento. Il presente volume è pubblicato in open access, ossia il file dell’intero lavoro è liberamente scaricabile dalla piattaforma FrancoAngeli Open Access (http://bit.ly/francoangeli-oa). FrancoAngeli Open Access è la piattaforma per pubblicare articoli e mono- grafie, rispettando gli standard etici e qualitativi e la messa a disposizione dei contenuti ad accesso aperto. Oltre a garantire il deposito nei maggiori archivi e repository internazionali OA, la sua integrazione con tutto il ricco catalogo di riviste e collane FrancoAngeli massimizza la visibilità, favorisce facilità di ricerca per l’utente e possibilità di impatto per l’autore. Per saperne di più: http://www.francoangeli.it/come_pubblicare/pubblicare_19.asp I lettori che desiderano informarsi sui libri e le riviste da noi pubblicati possono consultare il nostro sito Internet: www.francoangeli.it e iscriversi nella home page al servizio “Informatemi” per ricevere via e-mail le segnalazioni delle novità. COPY 15,5X23 1-02-2016 8:56 Pagina 1 Nadia Maccabiani The Effectiveness of Social Rights in the EU Social Inclusion and European Governance. A Constitutional and Methodological Perspective Studi di Diritto Pubblico Il volume è stato pubblicato con il contributo del Dipartimento di Economia e Management dell’Università degli Studi di Brescia. Copyright © 2018 by FrancoAngeli s.r.l., Milano, Italy. L’opera, comprese tutte le sue parti, è tutelata dalla legge sul diritto d’autore ed è pubblicata in versione digitale con licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione-Non Commerciale-Non opere derivate 3.0 Italia (CC-BY-NC-ND 3.0 IT) L’Utente nel momento in cui effettua il download dell’opera accetta tutte le condizioni della licenza d’uso dell’opera previste e comunicate sul sito http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/it/legalcode TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword pag. 7 I. Theoretical and factual premises » 9 1. Social rights: a few general features » 9 2. Human dignity, equality, solidarity » 14 3. The effectiveness of social rights » 21 4. National social rights and European economic governance » 25 5. The multidimensionality of poverty and social exclusion » 30 II. Testing transnational social inclusion » 35 Part I. The European Court of Justice’s case law » 36 1. General features » 36 2. European evidence of fragmented transnational social inclusion » 40 2.1. Right of workers to social advantages » 40 2.2. Rights to education and training and study grants » 48 2.3. Right to social assistance for inactive citizens » 57 2.3.1. Towards transnational inclusion » 58 2.3.2. Reverse transnational inclusion » 61 2.4. Right to healthcare » 67 2.4.1. Hospital healthcare » 69 2.4.2. Medical healthcare » 71 2.4.3. Directive 2011/24/EU » 72 Part II. The Italian Constitutional Court’s case law and the reasonableness scrutiny » 74 1. Italian evidence of transnational social inclusion » 74 2. The reasonableness test for effective social inclusion » 77 3. Striking a first assessment » 80 5 III. Testing national social inclusion pag. 85 Part I. European Governance » 85 1. General features » 85 2. New challenges for legal studies » 90 Part II. From Lisbon to Europe 2020 » 93 1. The background » 95 2. Beginning the route » 99 3. The Lisbon Strategy » 101 4. The Revised Lisbon Strategy » 105 5. The Active Social Inclusion approach » 107 6. Europe 2020 » 111 Part III. The evolutionary path followed by social inclusion indicators » 115 1. Implications of social indicators » 117 2. The Social Protection Committee (SPC) » 119 3. A first set of common agreed social indicators: the Laeken in- dicators » 121 4. Deepening the Laeken indicators: the multidimensionality of poverty and social exclusion » 123 IV. Embedding social inclusion within the economic govern- ance framework » 127 Part I. The follow-up: social inclusion for its own sake » 127 1. Political, doctrinal and technical context » 128 2. The “social dimension” of the European economic governance » 138 3. Beyond the mere “social dimension”: changing the usual approach » 146 4. More rights-driven social indicators within the European semester » 150 5. Open challenges » 154 Part II. Some constitutional reference points » 158 1. Rights and policies » 158 2. The core question » 159 3. A re-boosted role for legal studies vis-à-vis the effectiveness of social rights within the economic governance framework » 162 4. Substantial Democracy » 164 Bibliography » 169 6 FOREWORD The subject of the current study is quite popular: in periods of spreading inequalities,
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