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Reaffirming the Central Role of the Scientific Literature: Joshua i Current Comments@ EUGENE GARFIELD INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC lNFORMATIOtW 3501 MARKETST PHIWDELPHIA PA 19104 Reaftlrming the Central Role of the Scientific Literature: Joshua Lederberg Discusses the Print and Electronic Media Number 1 January 4, 1993 Joshua Lederberg, Rockefeller Univer- sity, New York, has been a frequent con- tributor to Current Contents w (CC@) on a wide variety of topics. We have reprinted his papers on scientific biography,l post- mature scientific discovery,z medical sci- ence and infectious disease, j scientific progress,i and other subjects. CC readers probably know him best as a Nobel laure- ate geneticist and past president of Rocke- feller. But as a friend of over 30 years, I also know Josh has a strong and long-stand- ing interest in the entire process of scien- tific discovery and creativity, and how the fruits of that process—the research pape-- make their way into print. He is also fasci- nated by technologies designed to manage and access the literature. Joshua .Qderberg In fact, it was with Josh’s early encour- . agement and support that the Science Cila- deputy editor, west, JAMA—Journul of/he fiorr Index o (SC1’) was able to get off the American Medical Association. In addition ground. He wrote to me in 1958 to ask to Dr. Lederberg, the participants included whatever became of the idea for a citation six other Nobel laureates: David Baltimore index for sciences His suggestion that I (Medicine, 1975); Sir John Kendrew apply for a National Institutes of Health (Chemistry, 1962); Leon Lederman (Phys- grant eventually led to the Genetics Cifa- ics, 1988); Bernard Lown (Peace, 1985); fion Index expenment.G Over the years, Josh Melvin Schwartz (Physics, 1988); and has also contributed to ISI@’s success as a James Watson (Medicine, 1962). member of its Board of Directors and the I chaired a symposium on technology advisor-y board of the SC1. that covered hardware, software, networks, In October 1991, I participated with Josh and satellites as they relate to global scien- in a conference at Woods Hole, Massachu- tific communication. Some of the discus- setts, on “Science Editing in the Age of sants included Roald Sagdeev, Soviet Space Global Communication.” It was sponsored Program, and Danny Hillis, Thinking Ma- by the International Federation of Science chines Inc., of parallel computer fame. My Editors, whose founder and president is introductory comments provided a personal Miriam Balaban, International Science Ser- historical view on the field of information vices, Rehovoth, Israel. The conference was retrieval and some of the technologies— organized by Kenneth Warren, Biofield both visionary and practical—that enable Inc., New York, and Drummond Rennie, us today to both recover and discover in- 206 formation with high recall, precision, and concern to me. In fact, NSFNet has recently relevance. launched an experiment to mount issues of Josh gave a keynote presentation entitled The ScienriSt @, the newspaper for the ‘ci- “Communication as the Root of Scientific ence professional founded seven years agog Progress.”T His insights into the problem Although graphics and photos are not avail- of scientific communication—from the able with current technology, at least the reader’s perspective-struck me as being scientific community will have access to very perceptive. At the time, he had re- the full text of each biweekly issue. Addi- cent] y retired as president of Rockefeller tional issues of The Scientist will be University and was making the transition mounted and available as published. You back to full-time lab research. After 12 can access the file by typing “ftp years as president, he was in a sense re- nnsc,nsf.net” and use the Iogin “anony- turning to the lab for the “first time” and mous” and then your usemame@bitnet ad- faced the same practical problem most dress as the password. Then type “cd the- bench scientists struggle with daily. That scientist” and “get the-scientist-92 1109” is, how to keep up with tbe literature or, or “get the-scientist-9211 23’’-the numbers more precisely, spend one’s time most ef- correspond to year, month, and date of pub- fectively by locating and retrieving the lication. By simply typing “get*” you will “must read” papers. see a listing of all NSFNet files in The While Josh holds the printed journal in Scientist directory. special reverence as a public record, At the moment, Balaban is preparing the arch~ve, and forum of scientific communi- proceedings of all the conference presenta- cation, he is equally intrigued by the new tions. She hopes to have it available by possibilities posed by electronic publish- July 1993. In the meantime, readers inter- ing.g Provided they are as rigorously peer- ested in obtaining copies of the proceed- reviewed as their print counterparts, he sees ings should contact: Gerda Helbig, Secre- the value of directly iinking an original tary/Treasurer, ISSZ Kiebitzrain 84, paper in an electronic journal with the many D-3000 Hannover51, Germany (Tel.: 49- commentaries that may be made on it. He 511 -604-5956; Fax: 49-5 11-604-4507) or feels this “electronic dialectic” is how the Susan Eastwood-Berry, Neurosurgery Edi- scientific process works at its best. After torial Office, University of California, reading the text of Dr. Lederberg’s talk, I 1360 Ninth Avenue, Suite 210, San Fran- felt that it deserved much wider dissemi- cisco, CA 94122 (Tel.: 415-476-3272; nation by being reprinted below. Fax: 415-476-970 1). In my own way, electronic networks and bulletin boards have also been of special @ 1s1 1993 REFE NCES 1. Garffeld E. Scientific. biography-contemporary reflections on The excitement mdfascinadon ofscierrce. Essays of an information scientist: journalology, Key Words Plus, and other essays. Philadelphia: 1S1Press, 1991. Vol. 13. p. 29-37. 2------------ Postmature scientific discovery and the sexual recombination of bacteria-the shared perspectives of a scientist and a sociologist. Ibid. VOL 12. p. 16-23. 3------------ AIDS and beyond: living with the inevitability of virulent diseaac. Ibid. p. 145-7. 4------------ Joshua Lederbarg on tbe namre of scientific prngress. [bid. p. 335-44. 5------------ Citation indexes for science. Science 122:108-11, 1955. (Reprinted in: Ibid., 1984. Vol. 6. p. 468-71.) 6. Sher I H & Garfteld E. llre Genetics Citation Index experiment. Proceedings of the A?rwrican Documentation Instiwe, 26th Aonual Meeting. Chicago, IL: American Documentation Institute, 1963. p. 63-4. 7. Lederberg J. Communication as the rwt of scientific pragress. presentation at the Sixth International Conference, hrtemationrd Federation of Science Hltors, Science editing in the age of global communication. (Bataban M & Warren K, eds.) Wcmds Hole, Maasachuaetta. October 13-17, 1991. 8------------ Digital communications and the cnnduct of science: tbe new literacy. Proc. IEEE 66:1314-9, 1978. 9. Garffeld E. Introducing The Scierrrisr atlast, a newspaper for the science professional. Op. cit., 1988. Vol. 9. P. 222-5. 207 Communication as the Root of Scientific Progress Joshua Lederberg Rockefeller University New York, NY 10021-6399 Lecture presented at the Sixth International Conference “Science Editing in the Age of Global Communication” International Federation of Science Editors Woods Hole, Massachusetts, October 16, 1991 Introduction for what is published under a given person’s I am very interested in scientific infor- name. Just look at the daily headlines. It is mation. I don’t do very much editorial work the essential ingredient to make scientific these days; I’m back working in the labo- work responsible in the sense that one can- ratory after a lapse of 12 years and that has not readily retreat from assertions that have kept me very busy trying to reacquaint my- been signed, delivered to the printer, and self with the literature of my own field. So made available to thousands. I will offer the perspective of a scientific These publicly asserted claims also play reader. Now some people tell me that’s a an extremely important role in the alloca- vanishing species ! For anyone to say that, tion of resources, the ability of different even with some sense of irony, is an atroc- scientists to survive in the competition with ity. other legitimate claims for expenditures, for One of my main functions with my own support of laboratories, for positions at the laboratory group is that I try to be its prin- institutions, for space in the journals, for cipal reader. If something goes on in the the attraction of students and collaborators. world outside and none of us has heard All these rest on those claims, the evidence about it for two or three weeks, I‘m the for which in the end is in the public record. one who feels responsible. I want to be Both author and audience benefit from the alert to events that might have a very im- successful assertion of those claims: espe- portant bearing on the way we think about cially credibility, that one doesn’t have to our own research, our planning, of the data spend an inordinate amount of time reex- coming in, of the sources of error. amining every detail of an individual’s out- put if that person has established credibil- ity through prior publication and exposure. The Literature as Public Archive and Publication also results in a repository, Open Forum constructing the tradition of science. Up to Let me begin with a few truisms, just to this point it can hardly be anonymous in be sure that we are operating on a common order to perform the functions that I have ground of reverence for the publication pro- just indicated. But as time goes by, we have cess. Publication is, to start with, just that! the reassimilation of the content of scien- Public-ation.
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