CONTRIBUTION OF AN OLYMPIAN TOWARDS PEACE-BUILDING THROUGH SPORTS: THE TEGLA LOROUPE PEACE FOUNDATION IN KENYA

By

Dr. Andanje Mwisukha and Dr. Elijah Gitonga Rintaugu, Department of Recreation Management and Exercise Science, School of Applied Human Sciences Kenyatta University, Kenya.

Final Report for the IOC Olympic Studies Centre Advanced Olympic Research Grant Programme 2015/2016 Award

June, 2016

1 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgements...... 4 Abstract ...... 5 Executive Summary...... 6 Background of the Study ...... 8 Objectives of the Study ...... 9 Hypotheses of the Study...... 9 Significance of the Study ...... 10 Relevance of the Study to IOC Priority Fields of Research ...... 10 Literature Review...... 11 Background of Ethnic Violence in Kenya ...... 18 Theoretical Framework of the Study...... 19 Methodology of the Study...... 20 Results of the Study...... 21 Conclusions...... 38 Recommendations ...... 39 Bibliography...... 40 APPENDIX I: CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE AS RESPONDENT...... 44 APPENDIX II: QUESTIONNAIRE ON TEGLA LOROUPE PEACE FOUNDATION ...... 45 SECTION B: VIEWS ON TEGLA LOROUPE PEACE FOUNDATION...... 45 Part 2: Peace Advocacy and Education/Awareness...... 46 Part 3: Respect for Human Rights and Rule of Law...... 46 Part 4: Disarmament Efforts ...... 47 Part 5: Rehabilitation of Warriors...... 47 Part 6: Cessation and/or Reduction in Conflicts ...... 47 Part 7: Humanitarian Support and Poverty Reduction ...... 48 Part 8: Peace Foundation as a Model...... 48 Part 9: Challenges Faced by the Peace Foundation ...... 48 Appendix III: Observation Check-list/Documentary Analysis...... 50 Appendix IV: Focus Group Discussions with Rehabilitated Warriors, Teachers and Staff of Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation...... 51

2 Appendix V: Ethical Approval Letter...... 52 Appendix VI: Research Permit (Receipt)...... 53

3 Acknowledgements We are deeply indebted to various people and organizations that supported us in one way or the other to enable us successfully carry out this piece of research. We want to unreservedly express our appreciation to the International Olympic Committee for awarding us the research grant under the advanced Olympic Research Grant Programme for the year 2015/2016; the financial support made it possible for us to meet the cost of conducting the research and disseminating its findings at the international conference of the African Sport Management Association held in June, 2016 in Abunja, Nigeria.

Our special word of thanks goes to the staff at the Olympic Studies Centre, specifically Nuria Puig and Laila Savary Gintzburger for keeping in touch with us through the numerous email correspondences and keeping us posted on issues relating to the research and the support they accorded us in accessing relevant resources at the IOC Olympic Studies Centre. We say, thank you in a big way.

We are also grateful to the staff at the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation in Kapenguria (West Pokot) County for the great support they gave in terms of volunteering relevant information and helping us to access various groups of respondents from whom we collected data. Our gratitude also goes to Mr. Joseph Alukulem, Mr. Thomas Mboya, Ms. Patricia Kakerel, Ms. Ekai Elibit Selly and Mr. Shadrack Ekuwam Echota for assisting with data collection. Mrs. Sophie Birosho and Mary Ndua, thanks a lot for your typing services. We appreciate all others whom we may not have mentioned herein but gave us support in one way or the other.

4 Abstract This study evaluated the sport-for-peace initiatives of the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation in Kenya. Data was collected from 990 respondents who included key stakeholders of the warring communities. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results revealed that the Foundation was effective in fostering friendship and reconciliation, peace advocacy, respect for human rights and rule of law, disarmament efforts, rehabilitation of warriors, reduction in conflicts and humanitarian support. Responses on all these peace-building variables yielded mean values higher than 2.5 on a 5-point likert scale. Responses on these factors significantly differed (p > 0.05) in relation to gender of the respondents. The Foundation had made significant peace-building impact on the female than male and on the people of West Pokot than Turkana County. Conclusively, the Foundation has contributed significantly towards peace-building in the region, and can be replicated elsewhere. The major challenge faced by the Foundation is inadequate financial support. The study recommends that more local and international agencies need to provide more financial support for its sports-for-peace efforts. The Foundation should strive to promote peace equitably across gender, age of the affected people and the counties in the North Rift region of Kenya.

5 Executive Summary

Internal ethnic-based violence has plagued Kenya over the years. The violence is triggered by competition for livelihood resources and politicized ethnicity. The conflicts have, over the years, adversely affected social-economic development as well as contributed to poverty among the communities that live in the conflict-prone North Rift region of the country. Among other peace-building initiatives, a renowned Kenyan Olympian, Tegla Loroupe, established the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation that organizes annual peace races to bring together, reconcile and foster peace amongst the warring communities in the North Rift region. The purpose of this study therefore, was to appraise the sport-for-peace initiatives of the Foundation. The study was based on the Social Control Theory propounded by Travish and Hirchi (Kempf-Leonard and Morris, 2012).

The study adopted the descriptive survey research design. Data was collected using a validated self-administered questionnaire, Focus Group Discussions and an observation protocol. A total of 990 randomly selected respondents in Turkana and West Pokot Counties of the North Region were involved in the study. The data that was collected was summarized in percentages, mean values and standard deviations. One-Way ANOVA and t-test were used as appropriate to test hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance.

The results of the study, indicated the following: 1. The Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation has effectively used the annual peace races to resolve conflicts and bring about peace amongst communities in the North Rift region of Kenya. Specifically, the Foundation has effectively used the peace races as forums to advocate for peace, educate people on human rights and respect for the rule of law, build friendship and reconcile the communities. 2. The Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation is acknowledged as being successful in assisting with disarmament efforts, rehabilitation of warriors, provision of humanitarian support to people affected by conflicts, poverty alleviation and promotion of access to education amongst the communities that have been involved in conflict in the North Rift region of Kenya. 3. Based on the mean values that accrued from the perceptions of the respondents, the view that the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation is a good example or model for peace-building through sport received highest ranking. Next in ranking is the view that the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation has been effective in using annual peace races as forums for peace advocacy and educating people on the importance of co-existence. 4. The female respondents significantly acknowledged the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation as being effective in all the various aspects of peace-building than the male. 5. Both West Pokot and Turkana Counties have benefitted in equal measure from the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation in two specific areas of peace-building, that

6 is, in terms of humanitarian support and poverty reduction as well as reduction in frequency of armed conflicts. 6. West Pokot County has significantly benefitted from the peace-building efforts of the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation annual peace races in the areas of fostering friendships and reconciliation, create awareness on the need to respect human rights and rule of law, as well as disarmament of warriors. 7. Turkana County had significantly gained from the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation’s peace-building initiatives than West Pokot County especially in terms of reduction in incidences of conflicts and peace advocacy and awareness through the annual peace races. 8. Older people (those over 40 years) had lower perceptions on the successes of Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation in promoting peace through the annual peace races in comparison to the younger ones (less than 39 years of age). 9. The staff at the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation highly and significantly rated the successes of Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation in comparison to community members, teachers, athletes, administrators, rehabilitated warriors and students. 10.The respondents with higher educational qualifications (post-secondary) significantly acknowledged (rated) the successes of the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation than those with relatively lower educational qualifications, 11.The main challenge faced by the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation in its peace interventions through the medium of peace races is inadequate financial support. The second most serious challenge relates to cultural practices that encourage conflicts that involve cattle rustling.

The following recommendations are made on the basis of the results of the study: 1. Arising from the effectiveness and successes realized by the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation in various areas of conflict resolution and peace-building through sport intervention, there is need for more local and international government and non-governmental agencies to provide more financial and material support to the Foundation to enable it achieve sustainable peace in the affected regions. 2. The Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation should continually strive to promote peace equitably across gender and the counties of the communities affected by conflicts. 3. People who are older than 40 years in West Pokot and the Turkana Counties need more sensitization to embrace the role of the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation in promoting peace through annual peace races. 4. There is need to underscore the successes of the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation in educational institutions in both counties. 5. Rather than predominantly hold the annual peace races in the North Rift region of Kenya and the neighbourhood, the peace races should be embraced and supported by the government and corporate sponsors as a notion-wide annual event in Kenya. 6. Other countries of the world that are prone to conflicts may adopt the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation’s sport-for-peace model in resolving such conflicts and promoting peace.

7 Background of the Study Internal ethnic violence has plagued Kenya over the years in spite of the various peace initiatives that have been undertaken by the government, non-governmental and religious organizations. The region of Kenya that has been plagued most by ethnic clashes is the North Rift Valley. Among the North Rift pastoralists, peace has been elusive for a long time due to illegal ownership of guns and increasing cattle rustling and banditry (Kochomay, 2007; Nyukuri, 1997). The people across the ethnic communities in this region live in an environment of hostility, mistrust and suspicion. In general, the ethnic conflicts in this region are resource-based as they relate to poverty, control of pastureland, water and distribution of natural resources; cultural practices like cattle rustling only serve to aggravate the situation (Kochomay, 2007). However, according to Wanjohi (2009), the main factor that causes the conflicts is politicized ethnicity; the fear of loss of political power and the consequences that may accompany such loss.

In general, these clashes have resulted in adverse effects on the social-economic development of the country. Other than deaths and displacement of people, the consequences of the ethnic conflicts include sexual and gender-based abuse, family breakages and disruption of education. The economic consequences have included labour disruption on farms, destruction of property, commercial disruption, resource diversion, unexpected expenditure, inflation and fluctuation of prices of commodities and food shortages due to drop in food production. The clashes not only dent the country’s reputation for stability but also keep away foreign investors and retards national development in general. In order to ameliorate the negative effects of the inter- ethnic violence, interventions for peace-building have been continuously explored. Given the social attributes of sport, it has been recognized as an important tool for promoting interaction, cultural understanding and reconciliation (Cardenas, 2013). It is in the light of this background that this study will be undertaken to appraise the contribution of sports peace initiatives being undertaken by the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation and potential application of its activities to peace building to the rest of the country. Tegla Loroupe, a three-time participant in three consecutive editions of the Olympic Games, as well as a world record holder in 20, 25 and 30 kilometer races, World Marathon and three-time World Half-Marathon Champion, hails from the North Rift Valley of Kenya where majority of Kenya’s middle and distance runners come from. The Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation established in the year 2003 organizes annual peace races among various warring pastoralist ethnic, rehabilitates reformed warriors and provides support for education for the affected communities within the affected region.

8 Objectives of the Study 1. To appraise the extent of success achieved by the Peace Foundation in reducing incidences of inter-ethnic raids. 2. To determine the perceptions of members of the warring communities of the contribution of the Peace Foundation towards peace-building. 3. To find out the successes of the peace foundation in its disarmament efforts. 4. To determine extent of effectiveness of the peace races as forums for: (i) Inter-ethnic interaction and understanding (ii) Advocacy for peace by leaders (iii) Reconciliation and education of members of warring communities on the importance of peace and co-existence. 5. To appraise the extent of success of the warrior rehabilitation activities undertaken by the peace foundation. 6. To determine challenges faced by the Tegla Peace Foundation in its peace-building initiatives 7. To determine suitability of the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation as a model for peace-building through sports in other ethnic conflict-prone regions of Kenya.

Hypotheses of the Study

H01 The rating of the extent of effectiveness of the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation in promoting peace among the warring communities in the North Rift Region of Kenya by the communities by selected representative respondents would not significantly differ in relation to their gender

H02 The perceptions of the key stakeholders of the warring communities of the extent of the effectiveness of the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation in promoting peace would not significantly differ across their counties.

H03 The rating by the representative subjects of the warring communities in the North Rift Region of Kenya of the degree to which the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation had succeeded in promoting peace would not significantly differ in relations to their age categories.

H04 The assessment of the key stakeholders of the warring communities in the North Rift Region of Kenya of the extent of success realized by the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation in promoting peace would not significantly differ in relation to their societal status.

H05 The rating of the respondent stakeholders of the conflict-affected communities in the North Rift region of Kenya of the effectiveness of the Tegla Loroupe Peace

9 Foundation in peace building would not significantly differ in relation to their levels of formal education.

Significance of the Study The findings of this study may further concretize the perceived and recognized role of sports in peace building. Such information may be useful to individuals and agencies involved in peace building efforts to incorporate sports in their interventions. The study has availed data that may be used by the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation and other organizations with similar objectives in fostering peace through sports initiatives in regions that are plagued by strife. The findings of the study may encourage other war- torn parts of the world to adopt the practical approaches of the sports for peace initiatives undertaken by the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation in building unity and harmony among pastoralist communities in the North Rift region of Kenya. This piece of research enriches available literature on sport and peace from an African perspective; consequently, future researchers in the same field may use it as reference material. Indeed, the need to quantify the actual contribution of sport to various facets of development has attracted the attention and interest of many researchers across the globe; the current study has used research methodologies that may be adopted by future researchers in this field. This may include the possibility of the study serving as the basis for developing models or frameworks for reviewing knowledge and undertaking studies in the sphere of Sport and Development. The present study may inform and/or catalyze the development of more rich theory that shows the link between sport interventions and conflict resolution. Given the paucity of literature on this topic in Africa and probably many other parts of the World, this study may encourage more research and related publications in the field. Publications made from this piece of research will further assist in publicizing the positive connection or relationship between sport and peace using empirical evidence as exemplified from the practical approaches adopted and employed by the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation in Kenya.

Relevance of the Study to IOC Priority Fields of Research The proposed study empirically evaluated the Sport-for-peace project that is undertaken by a Peace Foundation established by a prominent Kenyan athlete and three-time participant in the Olympic Games, Tegla Loroupe. The Foundation organizes annual peace races that bring together warring ethnic communities in the North Rift region of Kenya for purpose of bringing about peace among them.

The study is directly relevant to one of the goals of the Olympic Movement of promoting international peace through the staging of the Olympic Games that bring together people (athletes and spectators) from virtually all the corners of the world. The study is

10 also relevant to the International Olympic Committee priority field of research that focuses on how values can best be imported and reinforced through sport both at grassroots and elite levels of sports practice in different cultures.

As an Olympian who has been exposed to the Olympic Ideals, Tegla Loroupe set up the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation that uses sport to bring about peace amongst warring pastoralist communities in the North Rift region of Kenya. This project apparently supports and complements the effort of the Olympic Movement of promoting unity and development through sport, and is in tandem with the Olympic Movement’s focus on promoting the values of excellence, friendship and respect for others through sport participation. By organizing the annual peace races, the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation avails opportunities for the members of the communities that are hostile to one another to compete for success in a harmonious environment; the participants learn the value of excellence which they can translate to other productive activities of life. The events also serve as forums for education and creating awareness amongst participants on the need for co-existence and respect for themselves and for the lives of others. The peace races are held in the spirit of balanced competition based on enforcement of rules which, in turn, can inculcate the need for fair play and friendship in their interaction and encounters. The study therefore, sought to determine the extent of success that has been realized by the Peace Foundation in peace-building, being one of the goals of the Olympic Movement that is anchored on the values that have been highlighted in this section. Data was drawn from the perceptions of the stakeholders and targeted beneficiaries, as well as from observations made of the activities of the Peace Foundation. It is anticipated that the study has availed recommendations that will be used to further promote the activities of the Peace Foundation so as to effectively achieve its main objective of building enduring peace in the affected region and serve as one of the models of sport-for-peace initiatives in the other parts of the world affected by conflicts.

Literature Review The term peace-building first emerged over 30 years ago through the pioneering work of Johan Galtung which advocated for mechanisms that promote sustainable peace. Galtung (1998) emphasizes on reconstruction, reconciliation and resolution as hallmarks for peace-building. Paffenhoz and Spurk (2006) note that the aim of peace- building is to prevent large-scale violence or recurrence of violence immediately after wars or armed conflicts. The process encompasses a wide range of activities and outcomes that include negotiations, peacekeeping, trauma healing and poverty reduction. Tschirgi (2011) refers to peace-building as post-conflict action to identify and support structures which tend to strengthen and solidify peace in order to avoid a relapse into conflict. The features of such process include addressing the sources of the conflict, initiating socio-economic development, and political stability, rule of law, human rights and humanitarian support (Nyukuri, 1997; Tschirgi, 2011). In other words, peace-building must address root causes and effects of conflict through reconciliation,

11 institution-building and transformation (political and economic). Tschirgi further emphasizes that such interventions should be accompanied with relevant education to the disputing parties. Knight (2003) concurs with this position by noting that peace- building is a complex and multidimensional exercise that encompasses tasks ranging from the disarmament of warring factions to the rebuilding of political, economic, judicial and civil society institutions, involving the construction of a culture of peace that replaces a structure of violence.

Sport has been recognized worldwide as an important vehicle for promoting peace, tolerance and understanding. Through its power to bring people together across geographical boundaries, colour, cultures and religious, it can promote tolerance and reconciliation (Cwik, 2008; Jonathan, 2006). Sport events are ideal forums for advocacy for peace and co-existence (United Nations, 2005) as well as educating people on co- existence. Through participation in sports, people learn the virtues of tolerance, discipline, respect for opponents and accepting defeat without expressing anger (Onywera and Mwisukha, 2001). Specifically, sport is viewed as being ideal for creating space for dialogue, connecting individuals to communities, providing communications platforms and building relationships (Cwik, 2008; Keim, 2008). By observing the rules of play, participants are made to learn to obey the laws of the country.

Studies on Sport and Peace Carried out outside Kenya

Many review studies have highlighted the importance of sport in peace building. For instance, Reid (2006) reviewed literature on the relationship between sport and peace noting that the association between the two became stronger with the advent of the Modern Olympic Games. The author posits that one of the fundamental principles of Olympism as specified in the modern Olympic Charter focuses on the need to promote peace. According to the study, the promotion of international peace is based on the premise that Olympic sport cultivates attributes of peace and co-existence by promoting equality through application and enforcement of rules of play to all participants, availing time and space for ceasefire to any conflicts and offering opportunities to tolerate others and put aside any differences. Cwik (2008) also review literature on the role that football can play in peace building, noting that other than bringing people together across ethnic boundaries, football can also be used to diffuse conflicts based on direct, physical, psychological and emotional contact between hostile ethnic groups. An article by Keim (2008) gives insights into the opportunity that South Africa had to raise awareness of challenges to social transformation and peace building through the hosting of the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Cardenas (2013) reviewed the role of sport as an instrument for development and peace. The paper highlights the broad area of sport for Development and Peace, as well as the characteristics of sport that makes it a potent tool for peace and development, however, with specific focus on related initiatives undertaken in

12 Colombia. Given that the studies by Reid (2006), Cwik (2008), Keim (2008) and Cardenas (2013) were based on review of related literature, they do not avail empirical evidence to support the actual impact of sport on development and peace; this is a gap that was explored in the current study that was carried out in Kenya.

Use of Sports to foster peace among warring communities has been reported elsewhere. For example, in a one week event (Friendship Games in Israel involving Basketball College players from Europe, Jordan, Palestine, Jewish and Arab players in 2012 and 2013) revealed that the Friendship Games promoted peace and co-existence through sports among Jews and Arabs (Michael, Yair & Pini, 2014). In support of this fact, Kidd (2008) quotes the former United Nations Secretary General Koff Annan assertions that.” Sport is a universal language. At its best it can bring people together, no matter what their origin, background, religious beliefs or economic status. And when young people participate in sports or have access to physical education, they can experience real exhilaration even as they learn the ideals of team work and tolerance. That is why the United Nations is turning more and more to the world of sport in our work for peace and our efforts to achieve the millennium development goals (Annan, UN Press release/SG/SM/9579, 2004).

A football tournament named “Open Fun Football” is organized as a humanitarian sport project in Bosnia-Herzegovina and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. The tournament is meant for children aged between 8 and 14 years as a strategy to bring teachers, instructors, trainers and children from different backgrounds to work together for the sake of fellowship, cooperation and promoting social cohesion. This case makes a strong assertion on the role of sports not only for peaceful co-existence but also for reconciliation. The issue of reconciliation is a major focus of Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation (Kvalsund, Nyheim & Telford, 2004).

Football and basketball tournaments have been used in Israel to reduce the conflict between Palestine and Israel. The “Twinned” peace sport schools involve young people aged between 10 and 14 years to foster conciliation and co-operation (Peres, 2002). The tournament has succeeded in imparting the values of peace and tolerance, acceptance of cultural differences and improvement of sport skills and excellence in competition (Sugden, 2008). These case studies support the assertions that sports can be utilized for building relationships, connecting individuals to communities, as a communication platform and creating space for dialogue (Njororai, 2014).

The Asian-German Sport Exchange Programme (AGSEP) has successfully conducted sport events for development in Sri Lanka. They have focused on youth integration projects in the war-affected northern part of the country. A study conducted on the role of the above Non-Governmental Organizations in reconciliation found that sport events allow for interpersonal friendships and creation of social identities, common interests and breaking barriers (Schulenkort, 2010).

13 Amusa, Toriola and Goon (2013) reviewed literature on the disconnect between actual practices in sport and the perceived role of sport in peace – building. They highlight the shortcomings encountered in using sport interventions in promoting peace. They argue that incidences of violence and hooliganism, use of performance-enhancing substances, discrimination on the basis of race and other biases, as well as other forms of vices in sports tend to compromise sports as a tool for promoting dialogue and friendship that are crucial variables in peace-building. They note that the way sports are conducted does not make it ideal for conflict resolution and creation of peace in the modern world.

Shahid (2015) traces the role played by the game of cricket in efforts geared towards building peace between Pakistan and India. The source and chronology of armed conflict began way back in 1947 after the partition of the two countries and subsequent occupation of Kashmir by India, a territory that Pakistan also claims ownership. Given that Cricket has been a popular game in the two countries over the years, it has proved to be a potent tool for bringing together citizens of these two countries and provided forums for advocating for peace. In order to ease tension and hostilities, cricket matches between the two countries have been organized on regular bases and attended by political leaders from both sides thereby, creating opportunities for their interaction and friendship. Cricket has been used for this initiative due to its popularity not only in the two countries but across the entire of South Asian Countries. As a game that is loved across the two countries, cricket has rightly served as a common symbol that binds them together and gives them identity as Asian people.

A meta-analysis focusing on the effect of youth sports programs on the attitudes of Arab and Jewish youth towards one another was conducted in Israel (Pini and Leitner, 2016). The youth sports programs researched on included “ Friendship Games”, Mifalot’s soccer programs and the Peres Center for Peace Sport Programs. Findings indicated that the attitudes of both Jews and Arabs improved after they participated in the youth sports programs. The study concluded that participation in youth sports can improve the altitudes of Jews and Arabs and promote peaceful co-existence.

Keim (2003) opines that sport was one of the fronts used during the struggle against apartheid in South Africa. This was marshaled through international boycotts of sport events and during the post-apartheid era, sports were used to encourage racial integration and unity in South Africa through the formation of national teams in a number of sports by including both black and white South Africans.

Anneke (2010) observes that during the civil war in Sierra Leone, many people had their legs amputated during fighting or retaliatory fighting groups which used amputation as means of punishment for opposing groups. After the civil war, there emerged single leg amputee football for those people who had lost their limps. Currently, amputee football is very popular in Sierra Leone as it brings back human dignity for the amputees,

14 recognition, peace-making projects and rehabilitation program for ex-fighters and reconstruction of social identities. Anneke (2010) observes that “sport can thus be a very good means to an end, as an instrument for reintegration, for rehabilitation and for exploring on new ways of social understanding among former enemies”. P. 57.

Naughton (2011) contends that football clubs in Liberia have been instrumental in building relationships and peaceful co-existence in the country. For example, the Millennium Stars Football Club in Liberia brings together youth to agitate and campaign for reconciliation. The team has also been used for rehabilitation and reintegration of former child soldiers.

Oyeniyi, Olanipekun and Akindutire (2016) reviewed literature on the role that sports can play in curbing crime among the youth in Nigeria. They posit that participation in sporting activities is a potent tool for keeping them busy during their free time so that they are denied the risk of using their leisure to engage in criminal activities. They argue that by engaging in sporting activities that involve heavy physical exertion, youth expend physical energy that they would otherwise use in committing crimes. Consequently, the authors advocate for the development of sports facilities and strong youth sports programmes to encourage sports participation in order to curb anti-social activities among the young people.

Ameafule and Ikuajamoye (2016) note that in spite of the democratization efforts that have been made by the successive governments in Nigeria, peace has remained elusive in some of the regions of the country over the years. They emphasize that there is need therefore to continually explore the use of sport intervention in bringing about unity and tranquility in the country. Given the popularity and love for sport in Nigeria, sports managers and administrators are challenged to run sports programmes that bring together people from diverse backgrounds.

Owing to the cohesive nature of sport in terms of bringing people together, Ekuwotsi (2016) underscores the relevance of sports education and participation to peace building initiatives. In a review of literature on sports and peace, Ekuwotsi points out that sports education and participation are useful in advancing knowledge and practice of peace because team sports, for instance encourage mutual cooperation, unity of purpose and co-existence which in turn lead to peaceful behavior

Studies on Sport and Peace Conducted in Kenya

Kochomay (2007) found that the annual peace races organized by the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation are challenged by the infancy of the concept and practice, non- talented communities in athletics cost of holding the peace races and state interventions of conflict situations interrupting civilian efforts and undoing the gains of Tegla Loroupe

15 Peace Foundation. On the other hand, according to Kochomay, the successes of the annual peace races include: - Creation of a forum for advocacy on pastoral issues. - Opportunities for show casing sports as an alternative livelihood. - Delivery of the warriors from their war-like attitudes, behaviors and activities. - Talent identification and development in athletics especially in the long distance running. - Cross-cultural interactions. - Increased communication and interaction among participants. - Bringing the world to the warring communities and exposing the communities to the world. - Boosting grass root efforts of local leaders and peace organizations. - Boosting self-esteem of the individual peace workers such athletes and organizers. - Cross-cultural exposure tours. - Relative peace episodes attributable to the annual peace races. - Reduction in incidence and magnitude of raids. - Individual changes in attitude towards members of other ethnic communities (Njororai, 2014; Kochomay, 2007).

Nyukuri (1997), on the other hand, analyses the impact of past and potential ethnic conflicts on Kenya’s stability and development, and only mentions sport as an interruption in diffusing the conflict. Further, Wilson, Van Luijk and Boit (2013) found that elite athletes played a fundamental role in the organization of reconciliation events after post-election violence in the late 2007 and early 2008 in Kenya. However, the findings by Wilson, Van Luijk and Boit need to be interpreted with caution based on the small sample size (Interviewed only 7 elite athletes). It was possibly based on the small sample size that the authors recommended that the role of elite athletes in Peace Promotion be unearthed hence, paving the way for this study. Similarly Serena (2008) explored the role of sports in the process of peace and reconciliation in Kenya after the post 2007 election violence especially in the hotbed of Rift Valley province. She indicates that sport was used for social inclusion, reconciliation, building confidence and trust, encouraging resiliency and returning to normal ways of life. This was championed by numerous Non-governmental Organizations and Community-Based Organizations with resounding success.

Munro (2009) Presents case studies of Mathare Youth Sports Association and the Kakuma Refugee camp in Kenya through which sport has been used to positively mould the character of the youth to embrace one another and as a tool promoting peace. According to him, multi-ethnic team sports have the potential of minimizing ethnic-based biases and related forms of discrimination. Sports activities for the ethnically diverse youth in the slums of Mathare in Nairobi city where the Mathare Youth Sports Association is based, as well as for the refugees at the Kakuma Refugee Camp were found to be ideal in inculcating virtues that are crucial to encouraging and maintaining co-existence. These virtues that are inherent in sport include adherence to rules of the

16 sport, learning to lose without bitterness, self - control and restraint after victory, fairness, justice to others and self – discipline. Munro also notes that the sports programme organized by the Kakuma sports association was quite useful in promoting healing from the trauma of war and in reconciliation efforts.

Mganda (2003) examined the contribution of Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation in cross border conflict mitigation in the Kenya and Uganda border region. The methods of data collection included face to face interviews with the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation officials, telephone interviews with reformed warriors among others. Findings indicated that the strategies used to mitigate conflict included rehabilitation centers for the warriors, peace races education and introduction of alternative livelihoods. The study concluded that Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation has used sports to transform a volatile region to peace and stability.

Pkalya, Adan and Masinde (2004) while examining the causes of violent conflicts of pastoralists in Northern Kenya opined that there was need to promote youth interactions between the warring communities. This could be done through activities such as youth clubs, sports, music and drama or theatre activities in order to reduce tension and have peaceful co-existence. The current study therefore, underscored the need to evaluate the successes of Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation in fostering peaceful coexistence in the two counties of West Pokot and Turkana.

Serena (2008) explored the role of sports in the process of peace and reconciliation in Kenya after the post-election violence in the year 2007 especially in the hotbed of Rift Valley province. She indicates that sport was used for social inclusion, reconciliation, building confidence and trust, encouraging resiliency and restoration of normal ways of life. This was championed by numerous NGO’s and CBO’s with resounding success.

Gaps in Literature that Justified the Current Study Since some of the reviewed studies were neither carried out in Kenya nor focused on Kenya, their findings and recommendations may not have direct implications on the sport for peace initiatives in the country. Hence, opened up the need for this study that was undertaken in Kenya. It is also worth noting that most of the studies carried out locally (in Kenya) were review studies which lack empirical evidence and rigorous analysis of data to support the conclusions and recommendations made. It is in this light that this study focused on availing empirical data on the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation that uses practical sport events in the efforts directed towards bringing peace in the North Rift region of Kenya.

17 Background of Ethnic Violence in Kenya Kenya is one of the developing countries in Africa that has produced many world-class athletes over the years. Having attained independence from the British rule in 1963, the democratization process in the country, like many other African countries, has continued to evolve arduously with economic difficulties, insecurity and internal ethnic conflicts (Murphy, 2003). Indeed, clashes between different ethnic groups in the country have not been uncommon. A chronology of the ethnic conflicts that have occurred in the country include the following: In 1990, violence in the Enoosopukia region of Narok District which resulted in the death of 33 people and over 30,000 being displaced (Wanjohi, 2009); the political ethnic clashes of 1992 to 1995 which culminated in a total of about 3,000 deaths, 654 injured and 350,000 displaced persons (Murphy, 2003; Nyukuri, 1997); the second generation of politically-linked ethnic clashes occurred in the period 1997 to 1998 mainly in the Rift Valley region, leading to over 100 people being killed and several thousands displaced (Brown, 2003). The most devastating ethnic- based violence in the country was witnessed after the 2007 general elections in which the results of the presidential elections were disputed; over 1,500 died and an estimated 350,000 Kenyans were displaced from their homes. The persistent ethnic conflicts amongst pastoralist communities in the North rift Valley are mainly triggered by cattle rustling and control of pastureland which constitute the source of their livelihood. It is due to the frequent conflicts amongst these communities that Tegla Loroupe established the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation in 2003 that uses sports for peace- building amongst the ethnic communities in the North Rift region of Kenya, Southern Sudan, Western Uganda and southern parts of Somalia.

Tegla Loroupe, who participated in three successive editions of the Olympic Games and posted impressive performances, as well as a world record holder in 20, 25 and 30 kilometer races, World Marathon and three-time World Half–Marathon Champion, hails from the North Rift Valley parts of Kenya where majority of Kenya’s middle and distance runners come from. Due to her outstanding achievements in sport at national and international levels, coupled with her initiatives of building peace amongst warring communities in the North Rift Region of Kenya, she was named a United Nations Ambassador of Sport in 2006 by the United Nations Secretary – General. She is also an international Sports Ambassador for the International Association of Athletics Associations and UNICEF. In the year 2007, she was named the Oxfam Ambassador of Sport and Peace to Darfur (in the wider Sudan) to assist bring to an end to violence in that region, and was honored with the Jean Borotra World Fair Play Award in 2011. Her sports for Peace Foundation relies on sponsorships from friends and well-wishers to undertake its peace and development activities which include organizing of annual peace races among various warring pastoralist ethnic communities, rehabilitation of

18 reformed warriors and providing support for education programmes in schools within the North Rift Valley Region.

Theoretical Framework of the Study This study was based on the Social Control Theory propounded by Travish Hirchi in 1969 (Kempf-Leonard and Morris, 2012). The theory highlights the root source and solution to conflicts in society. It sheds light on the view that people get inclined to resorting to criminal activity as a result of getting detached from their communities. However, tendencies towards committing crimes can be minimized based on an individual’s beliefs, values, moral commitments and attachments to other people. It is argued that people who posses these attributes are able to exercise self control thereby, desist from engaging in conflict with other people. In other words, when an individual involves oneself in acceptable social behavior and gets attached to other people, the chances for him/her to commit crimes are minimized. Furthermore, a person’s belief system that encourages him/her to be moral, honest and fair in his dealings and interaction with other people makes him/her refrain from engaging in criminal activity. The interrelations of the variables in the Social Control Theory in terms of how they can deter or encourage criminal activity are presented in figure 1 below.

Peaceful behavior (Absence of

Commitment to Attachment to Personal Involvement other people. activities that lead beliefs Being moral in social Fostering to success in life - - Being fair activities friendship and e.g. education, employment/ - Respect for closeness to others others career etc

Criminal (Conflict) activity)

19 Figure 1: An adaptation of Hirchi’s Social Control Theory (Kempf-Leonard and Morris, 2012).

It is evident from the illustration of Hirchi’s Social Control Theory that peace is promoted by a social environment characterized by people’s attachment to others, personal beliefs of being moral, fair and respectful to others commitment to successful lives and involvement in social activities. However, the absence of these social attributes can lead to conflict.

Methodology of the Study The study adopted the descriptive survey research design as it is the most appropriate in availing the views and insights of the population that was targeted to give insights on the phenomena that was investigated. The study was carried out in the North Rift Valley region of Kenya, and specifically in West Pokot and Turkana Counties that are occupied by the Turkana and Pokot ethnic groups that have organized cattle raids against each other over the years. The conflicts between the two communities are predominantly triggered by livestock thefts. Turkana is the largest county in Kenya with an area of 77,000 Km2 and a population of 855,399, while West Pokot County has an area of 8,418.2 Km2 and a population of 512,690.

The target population or respondents included participants (athletes) in the annual peace races organized by the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation, the Counties’ public officers (who also included county administrative officers), teachers of secondary schools in the two counties, students in the tertiary institutions in the two counties, members of the ethnic communities, employees of the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation and rehabilitated warriors. Both stratified and simple random sampling techniques were used to obtain representative samples from the identified groups of respondents. A self-administered questionnaire was the main tool for data collection. The questionnaire was constructed on the basis of the research objectives, and expert opinion was sought to determine its content validity. The Focus Group Discussions were conducted to avail data that was crucial to complementing the data that was gathered using the questionnaire. An observation checklist was used to collect information on humanitarian support and warrior rehabilitation activities. The findings are summarized in frequencies and percentages, mean values, standard deviations, and presented in tables. In order to determine any significant differences in the responses across the respondents’ counties, gender, formal education levels and age categories, the One-Way Analyses of Variance and t-tests were computed as appropriate at 0.05 level of significance.

A research permit was sought from the National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation (NACOSTI) of Kenya (Appendix VI). Ethical clearance to conduct the

20 study was sought and secured from the Kenyatta University Ethics Review Committee (Appendix V). Only subjects who voluntarily accepted to take part in the study were allowed to participate as respondents. To indicate their acceptance to take part in the study, they were required to sign an informed consent form (Appendix I). The information gathered from each of the respondents was be treated with utmost confidentiality and was used only for the purpose of the study.

Results of the Study

Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents

A total of 990 subjects were randomly selected as respondents in the study. Out of this number, 451 (45.56%) were from West Pokot County and 539 (54.44%) from Turkana County. Their distribution in terms of gender was 382(38.59%) female and 608 (61.41%) male. The age categories of the respondents are presented in Table 1 below.

Table 1: Age Categories of the Respondents Age (in years) Number Percentage 1-20 184 18.58 21-30 412 41.61 31-40 230 23.23 41-50 46 11.91 Over 50 46 4.65 Total 990 100.00

It is evident from table 1 that a higher number of the respondents (412, 41.61%) were in the age category of between 21 and 30 years, followed by those who were 20 years and below (184, 18.58%). The least proportion of them were those above 50 years of age (46, 4.65%), followed by those between 41 and 50 years (118, 11.91%) and those in the 31 to 40 years bracket (230, 23.23%).Table 2 below shows the respondents’ levels of formal education.

Table 2: Respondents’ Levels of Formal Education Education Level No. Percentage No Formal Education 36 3.64 Primary School 125 12.62 Secondary School 144 14.54 Post-Secondary Certificate 113 11.41 Diploma 320 32.32 Bachelors Degree 230 23.23 Postgraduate 22 2.22 Total 990 100.00

The highest proportion of the respondents (320, 32.32%) had attained Diploma level of Education, followed by a proportion of 230 (23.23%) who had obtained Bachelor’s

21 degree qualification, while the least of them (22, 2.22%) had attained postgraduate degrees. A breakdown of the respondents’ demographic information in terms of their societal status is presented in Table 3.

Table 3: Societal Status of the Respondents Societal Status No. Percentage Athletes 137 13.8 Students 272 27.5 Teachers 255 25.8 County public Officers 131 13.2 Reformed Warriors 81 8.2 Telga Loroupe Peace Foundation 5 0.5 Officials Community Members 109 11.0 990 100.00

Table 3 shows that the largest proportion of the respondents (272, 27.5%) were students in the tertiary institutions located in the study areas, followed by teachers (255, 25.8%), athletes (137, 13.8%) who had previously participated in the annual peace races organized by the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation and the administrative officers from the two counties were 131 (13.2%). Other respondents included members of the communities in the study areas (109, 11.0%), reformed warriors (81, 8.2%) and officials of the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation who were based in Kapenguria Town of West Pokot County (5, 0.5%).

Given that the Peace Races held in the year 2014 attracted a total of about 1,000 athletes, a random sample size of 137 who took part in the study therefore constituted 13.75% of the targeted number of the athletes. West Pokot has an enrolment of 9,897 students in secondary schools and teacher to learner ratio of 1: 36, while Turkana County has a population of 48,004 students and teacher to learner ratio of 1: 27. This translates to a total of about 274 teachers in West Pokot and 1778 in Turkana County. A sample of 255 teachers who took part in the study therefore constituted a proportion of 12.5% of the average grand total.

EXTENT OF SUCCESS OF THE TEGLA LOROUPE PEACE FOUNDATION IN PEACE-BUILDING THROUGH ANNUAL PEACE RACES

The respondents were required to provide their responses on the extent to which the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation had succeeded in peace-building in the West Pokot and Turkana counties through the annual peace races. The areas that are pertinent and crucial to peace-building to which the respondents’ views were sought included: (i) Promotion of friendship and reconciliation. (ii) Peace advocacy and creation of awareness on the need for co-existence. (iii) Education and promotion of respect for human rights and rule of law. (iv) Disarmament of combatants (warriors).

22 (v) Rehabilitation of warriors. (vi) Reduction and/or cessation in incidences of conflicts. (vii) Humanitarian support and poverty reduction among communities affected by conflicts. (viii) Effectiveness of the model adopted in addressing conflict situation.

Effectiveness of the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation in Promoting Friendship and Reconciliation.

The respondents’ perceptions on the extent to which the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation (TLPF) had succeeded in promoting friendship and reconciliation among the warring communities in Turkana and West Pokot Counties were sought. Descriptive statements that reflect friendship and reconciliation were presented to the respondents, and the results that emanated from their responses are presented in Table 4 below.

Table 4: Descriptive Results on Effectiveness of the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation in Promoting Friendship and Reconciliation

Peace Advocacy and Awareness Statement Mean SD The Peace Foundation has been effective in promoting interaction 4.05 0.96 and friendship among warring communities. The peace races have been effective in promoting understanding 3.92 1.00 and co-existence among warring communities. Participants in the Peace Races learn to be more tolerant of 3.88 1.39 participants from other communities. The Peace Races have succeeded in instilling discipline among the 3.93 1.00 participants. Participants in the peace races learn the virtue of accepting loss or 3.67 1.19 defeat by members of other communities without bitterness or anger. Participants in the Peace Races learn the need to respect opponents 3.81 1.10 from other hostile communities. The Foundation has succeeded in using annual peace races to 3.93 1.08 reconcile communities that have been involved in conflict.

The summary of the responses in Table 4 show relatively high mean values exceeding the mid-point of the 5-point likert scale on which the data was collected; this indicates high rating of the effectiveness of the peace foundation in its efforts of promoting friendship and reconciliation among the warring communities. Comparatively, the friendship and reconciliation statement that attained the highest mean (m = 4.05, SD = 0.96) arising from the responses is on the effectiveness of the peace foundation in promoting interaction and friendship, followed by success in using the annual peace races to reconcile communities that have been involved in conflict (m = 3.93, SD = 1.08) and effectiveness of the peace foundation in instilling discipline among the people (m = 3.93, SD = 1.00). On the other hand, the statement on the extent to which the annual peace races organized by the peace foundation availed opportunities for the people to learn the virtue of accepting loss or defeat without bitterness or anger had the lowest

23 mean (m = 3.67, SD = 1.19) followed by the mean of responses on extent to which the peace races served as forums for the people to learn to be more tolerant of others (m = 3.88, SD = 1.39).

The above findings are supported by information gathered from the FGD’s where reformed warriors hold dialogue meetings before the athletic races. They said that “most of the times the dialogue meetings are attended by different administrators including governors, county administrators and officials of TLPF and church leaders. In these meetings they discuss about forgiveness, friendship and reconciliation. Indeed, one of the reformed warriors who is an ordained pastor had this say.” I used to get guns from Uganda and would use them to kill and get livestock. In one of the raids, we stormed into a church and ordered all the people in the church to lie down. We ransacked them for valuables and took their bibles as well. We even took away from the priest of all offerings of the day. With laughter the reformed warrior (pastor) said that God must have forgiven him by now. After being reformed as a warrior, through the efforts of TLPF, he enrolled for theological courses and now he is an ordained pastor leading a vibrant church. His church preaches about peace, friendship and reconciliation. Most of the elders in his church are reformed warriors.

Peace Advocacy and Creation of Awareness on the Need for Co-Existence.

The study also sought to determine the extent to which the annual peace races organized by the peace foundation effectively served as forums for peace advocacy and creating awareness on the need for co-existence. The descriptive results are presented in Table 5.

Table 5: Descriptive Results of Responses on Effectiveness of the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation Peace Races as Forums for Peace Advocacy and Awareness

Peace Advocacy and Awareness Statement Mean SD The Peace Foundation has been effective in promoting 4.01 0.96 interaction and friendship among warring communities. The Peace Races are ideal forums for educating and creating 4.07 0.93 awareness on peace among participants from warring eommunities. The Foundation is a major advocate for peace in the North 3.98 1.03 Rift region.

It is evident from table 5 that the responses to all the factors relating to effectiveness of the peace foundation and the peace races as forums for advocating for peace and creating awareness on the importance of peace yielded mean values that were above midpoint of 2.5 and closer to the maximum mean of 5. However, in terms of ranking on the basis of mean values, the factor that attained the highest mean was on the perception that the peace races were ideal forums for educating and creating awareness on peace among members of the warring communities (m = 4.07, SD = 0.93) whereas the lowest mean was recorded in terms of responses relating to the view

24 that the peace foundation was a major advocate for peace in the North Rift Region of Kenya. In one of the FGD’s it was opined that athletic races have been used as forums for advocacy of peaceful co-existence among athletes from diverse communities. Indeed, one of the reformed warriors revealed that “We were taken by TLPF to Tana River in the coastal region of Kenya (far away the conflict zone in Kenya) to preach about peace and need for co-existence. He noted that after one week of massive education to the locals in Tana River, there was cessation of hostilities between the communities.

Promotion of Respect for Human Rights and the Rule of Law

A summary of results of responses on the level success of the peace races in educating and promoting respect for human rights and the rule of law is presented in table 6 below.

Table 6: Descriptive Results on Responses on Extent of Success of the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation Peace Races in Promoting Respect for Human Rights and the Rule of Law

Statement on Promotion of Respect for Human Rights and the Mean SD Rule of Law The Foundation has been effective in educating participants in its 3.80 1.05 races to respect human rights. Participants in the Peace Races have learned to respect the rule of 3.74 1.07 law instead engaging in conflict whenever aggrieved. The Peace Races have been effective in promoting equality among 3.84 1.12 participants and warring communities.

The results in Table 6 show relatively high ratings by the respondents on variables relating to the magnitude of success by the TLPF in educating and promoting respect for human rights and rule of law amongst the communities involved in conflicts in the North Rift region of Kenya. The variable on peace that registered the highest mean is that which acknowledged that the peace races organized by the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation were effective in promoting equality amongst participants and warring communities (m = 3.84, SD = 1.05). This was followed by the respondents’ rating of effectiveness of TLPF in terms of educating the conflict-affected communities on the need for them to respect human rights and rule of law.

It emerged from the FGD’s that athletic races were utilized as a means of educating the communities on the need for respect for human rights and the rule of law. Indeed one of the reformed warriors said that “I am remorseful for having killed innocent people”. The reformed warriors lamented that they did not enjoy any liberties while in the forest as warriors (They used to fear arrest by the Police any time). However, they were grateful that they got back their human rights, freedom of expression and took part in the national general elections. One of reformed warriors contemplated “running for an elective position in his ward but was worried about his poor educational background.”

25 Disarmament of Combatants (Warriors)

Efforts towards cessation of conflict can only succeed if weapons used in the conflict are surrendered by combatants or seized by the law enforced agencies or those involved in peace-building. It is in the light of this position that the respondents were required to rate the extent to which the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation had been effective in its disarmament efforts. As summary of the results are presented in Table 7 below. Table 7: Descriptive Results of Responses on Extent of Effectiveness of the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation in its Disarmament Efforts

Statement on Disarmament of Combatants (Warriors) Mean SD The Foundation has been involved in disarmament efforts among 3.66 1.15 communities in the North Rift. The Foundation uses effective strategies in its disarmament efforts 3.60 1.16 among warring communities. The Foundation has been effective in its disarmament efforts. 3.59 1.22

The responses on all the statements relating to the role and effectiveness of the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation in disarmament of warriors amongst communities in the North Rift region of Kenya yield mean values exceeding 2.5 on the 5 – point likert scale. This implies that the foundation was highly acknowledged for its role, strategies and contribution towards disarmament efforts in the region.

From one of FGD’s with reformed warriors and workers of TLPF, it emerged that TLPF had established 24 Coordination Centers (cells) headed by reformed warriors. These cells were effectively utilized in disarmament efforts in different communities and guns and bullets have been surrendered. One of the reformed warriors observed that the methods used in disarmament efforts by TLPF had succeeded where Government efforts had failed. They observed that: “TLPF used a different approach to get the reformed warriors as opposed to governmental approaches”. This was because TPLF penetrated the communities through the church cells, elders and reformed warriors. One of reformed warriors confessed that TPLF has really assisted the communities of Marakwet, Sebei and Turkana who reside in the North Rift of Kenya.

Rehabilitation of Warriors

Peace-making approaches must involve efforts directed towards changing the lifestyles of those who voluntarily give up their war-like ways of life. Peace-building measures therefore, need to target warriors who have put down their weapons for rehabilitation. The respondents were therefore required to express their perceptions on the role and extent of success of the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation in rehabilitation of warriors. The results are summarized in Table 8 below.

26 Table 8: Descriptive Results Relating to Responses on Magnitude of Success of the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation in Rehabilitation of Reformed Warriors

Statement on Rehabilitation of Warriors Mean SD The Foundation is involved reforming and rehabilitating warriors. 3.72 1.13 The Foundation has been successful in reforming/rehabilitating 3.80 1.09 warriors. Reformed warriors under the Peace Foundation have been good 3.89 1.09 advocates for peace.

The responses to all the statements on the contribution of the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation towards rehabilitation of reformed warriors yielded relatively high mean values that were closer to the maximum mean of 5. The respondents highly acknowledged that the Foundation had been involved in reforming and rehabilitating warriors (mean = 3.72, SD = 1.13). Comparatively, the rating of the respondents on the statement that the reformed warriors under the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation were good advocates for peace was highest (mean = 3.89, SD = 1.09), followed by the responses on the view that the Foundation had been successful in rehabilitating warriors (mean = 3.80, SD = 1.09).

It emerged from the FGD’s that the reformed warriors had immensely benefitted from the efforts of TLPF. Some reformed warriors had bought their own pieces of land and embraced modern methods of farming. Some of the reformed warriors had gone back to school to continue with their education. Indeed, one of them, “John”, is currently was a student in form three at the age of 26 years. He said that “I regret having had to abandon school to become a powerful cattle rustler”. Quite a good number of THE reformed warriors are engaged in cattle trade (as opposed to cattle rustling). Indeed, their engagement in cattle trade (this cuts across a number of communities) has made them acceptable in communities. Some of the reformed warriors had been taken for vocational training such as wood-work, masonry, mechanics and driving. It emerged that one of the reformed warriors owns a motor garage in Kapenguria Town. He has subsequently trained and employed other reformed warriors to be mechanics. It was also revealed that the reformed female warriors were engaged in activities of saloon parlours and catering services. It is notable also that the first undertaking of the TLPF was to have the reformed warriors become elite athletes. However, those who could not make good athletes were channeled into other forms of vocational training. One of them was a successful long distance runner and is considered a good role model to both young athletes and reformed warriors. In terms of education, it emerged from the FGD’s that some of the children of the reformed warriors and orphans (resulting from the conflict) are taken to attend school at the TLPF Academy. It is notable that the TLPF Academy was hitherto a training camp but was transformed into a school.

Reduction and/or Cessation in Incidences of Conflicts

The respondents were required to provide their responses on whether the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation had contributed to reduction or cessation of incidences of

27 armed conflicts amongst the affected communities through the annual peace runs. The descriptive results are summarized in Table 9.

Table 9: Descriptive Results Relating to Responses on Contribution of the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation towards Reduction or Cessation of Conflicts amongst Communities in the North Rift Region of Kenya

Statement onReduction and/or Cessation in Incidences of Mean SD Conflicts The Foundation has made significant contribution towards reducing 3.94 1.02 incidences or frequency of inter-ethnic raids amongst the communities. The peace-building efforts by the Foundation have significantly 3.99 1.94 prevented large-scale conflicts amongst the communities. The Foundation has significantly contributed towards promotion of a 3.95 1.03 culture of peace amongst the communities.

The ratings by the respondents were made on a five-point likert scale and the resultant mean value of the responses to all the three statements on reduction or cessation of conflicts as shown in Table 9 are relatively high (above average mean of 2.5). The contribution of the Peace Foundation towards reduction in preventing large-scale inter- ethnic raids yielded highest mean of 3.99 and standard deviation of 1.94, promotion of culture of peace amongst the communities (mean = 3.95, SD = 1.03) and reduction in frequency or cessation of conflicts (mean = 3.94, SD = 1.02).

Following the FGD’s, it was revealed that reformed warriors had been working with local administrators and church leaders to preach peace among the warring communities. Secondly, the reformed warriors, together with the elders were involved in disarmament and, at times, they were send to the forest to talk to current warriors to surrender. From the FGD’s it was evident that reformed warriors were utilized as ambassadors of peace even in far flung counties in the country such as Tana River (where there were massive conflicts between the Oromo and the Pokomo communities over grazing lands resulting to destruction of property, loss of lives and anarchy in the region).

Humanitarian Support and Poverty Reduction among Communities Affected by Conflicts

Given that conflicts often lead to human suffering in terms of injuries, deaths, destruction of property, displacement of people, disruption of social and economic activities and lead to poverty and human suffering, this study sought to determine the role that the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation played in providing humanitarian support and alleviating poverty amongst the warring communities in the North Rift region of Kenya. The descriptive results that highlight the respondents’ perceptions are presented in Table 10.

28 Table 10: Descriptive Results of Responses on Contribution of the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation towards Humanitarian Support and Poverty Reduction amongst Warring Communities in the North Rift Region of Kenya

Statement onHumanitarian Support and Poverty Reduction Mean SD among Communities Affected by Conflicts The annual Peace Races have been effective in encouraging the 4.01 1.01 promotion of sport in the North Rift region. Education support by the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation has 3.83 1.98 assisted in improving access to education and standard of education for the warring communities. The Foundation has been effective in encouraging and supporting 3.70 1.98 the economic self-reliance and development of the communities in the North Rift. The Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation has played a crucial role in 3.59 0.98 poverty reduction.

The variable on humanitarian support and poverty alleviation that received highest rating by the respondents was on the extent of effectiveness of Peace Foundation in encouraging the promotion of sport in the region (mean = 4.01, SD = 0.01). The next attribute with an accruing mean value of 3.83 and Standard Deviation of 1.98 was about the assistance of the Peace Foundation in improving access and standard of education for the communities. The Foundation’s magnitude of effectiveness in supporting economic self-reliance and poverty reduction yielded mean value of 3.70 (SD = 1.98) and 3.59 (SD = 0.98) respectively.

To triangulate the data that was collected using questionnaires on role and effectiveness of the Foundation in providing humanitarian support and poverty reduction, observation techniques, interviews and Focus Group Discussions were conducted involving the reformed warriors, staff at the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation located in West Pokot and athletics managers/coaches at some of the Athletics Training Camps in the region (Please see picture of one of the former Tegla Loroupe Athletics Training Camp below in Kapenguria).

29 Former Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation AthleticsTraining Camp

It was observed that in the bid to promote sport as a source of livelihood for talented youth, including some of the reformed warriors, the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation had set up athletics training camps in some parts of the North Rift region where athletes underwent year-round training. Additionally, one of the interviewees, a coach at one of training camps observed that “some of the warriors who have participated in the peace races are identified for employment especially in the disciplined forces.” In order to address the problem of poverty arising from the conflicts, it was reported by the discussants that “through sponsorships, such as the one received from Oxfam in 2009, 2010 and 2011, the Foundation assisted in procuring livestock and restocking families that had lost their livestock through the inter-ethnic raids”. The Foundation also “sponsored skill training in motor vehicle driving, mechanics and business skills for reformed warriors.” It was also noted from the FGD’s that as a way of assisting warriors to turn away from livestock rustling as a means of their livelihood, “some of the prizes given to participants (including reformed warriors) during the annual peace races include cows, goats, planting seeds and cash.”

Based on the mean values accruing from the respondents’ views, the contribution of the Foundation towards improving access and standard of education in the conflict-prone region was second highest (Table 10). Towards this end, it was observed that the sponsorship received by the Foundation from various foreign donors, the Tegla Loroupe Foundation had set up the Tegla Loroupe Peace and Educational Centre (Please see a picture of a section of the Education Centre below). The Centre is essentially a primary school that admits children from the neighbourhood and conflict-orphaned children from communities from various parts of the country, including the Sebei, Pokot, Turkana, Marakwet and other communities from Tana River at the coastal region. From the partial support from the Government of Kenya and foreign sponsors, the school has developed modern boarding facilities. Besides establishing and managing this school,

30 the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation, as noted from the interviews, also “uses the sponsorships that it is able to secure from well-wishers to support university education of children from the region.”

A Section of the Tegla Loroupe Peace and Education Centre

Effectiveness of the Model Adopted By the Tegla Loropue Peace Foundation in Addressing Conflict Situation

To determine if the conflict resolution and peace-building model adopted by the Tegla Loroupe Foundation an effective and ideal one in addressing conflict situations, the respondents were asked to rate the Foundation on the same. The results are summarized in Table 11.

Table 11: Descriptive Results of Responses on whether the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation is an Ideal Model for Conflict Intervention Using Sport.

Statement onEffectiveness of the Model Adopted By the Tegla Mean SD Loropue Peace Foundation in Addressing Conflict Situation The peace-building strategies used by the Foundation are ideal in 3.98 0.98 resolving conflicts and bringing about peace.

31 The Foundation is a good example or model that can be used to 4.09 1.02 build peace in other conflict-prone areas.

The results in Table 11 show very high rating of the Foundation as a good example or model that can be used in peace resolution and peace-building in other conflict-prone areas (mean = 4.09, SD = 1.02) and that its peace-building strategies are ideal in bringing about peace (mean = 3.98, SD = 0.98).

As reported elsewhere in this document, it was revealed from the FGD’s that the reformed warriors were utilized as ambassadors for peace in the region. Furthermore, they were also engaged in preaching peace within and outside their counties own counties. Descriptive results accruing from responses on the extent of success of TLPF in the selected peace-building impact areas are shown in Table 12 below.

Table 12: Descriptive Results on Responses on the Extent of Success of TLPF in the Selected Peace-Building Impact Areas.

S/No. Statement of Peace-Building Impact ± SD Rank based on Area mean values 1. Friendship and Reconciliation 3.89 0.78 4 2. Peace Advocacy and Education 4.02 0.82 2 Awareness 3. Respect for Human rights and rule of 3.79 0.88 6 Law 4. Disarmament efforts 3.62 1.04 8 5. Rehabilitation of warriors 3.81 0.96 5 6. Cessation and/or reduction in conflicts 3.96 1.06 3 7. Humanitarian support and poverty 3.78 1.08 7 reduction 8. Peace Foundation as a model 4.04 0.92 1

The study sought to determine the overall success of the Foundation in various aspects of peace-building. Results in the above table show that the Foundation is a model that can be embraced in other conflict-prone areas (m=4.04 ± 0.92) followed by the fact that the Foundation has succeeded in peace advocacy and education awareness (m=4.02 ± 0.82) and the view that the Foundation had succeeded in reducing incidences of conflicts (m=3.96 ± 1.06). Other areas of success include enhancement of friendship and reconciliation (m=3.89 ± 0.78), rehabilitation of reformed warriors (=3.81 ± 0.96) and improvement on respect for human rights and rule of law (m=3.79 ± 0.88). Further, all the other aspirations of the Foundation yielded mean values that were higher than the mid-point of the 5-point-likert scale; these include humanitarian support and poverty reduction (m=3.78 ± 1.08) and disarmament efforts (m=3.62 ± 1.04).

Extent of Success of TLPF on Various Areas of Peace-Building in Relation to the Gender of the Respondents

32 The t-test results relating to the extent of success of the TLPF on various areas of peace-building in relation to the gender of the respondents are presented in Table 13 below.

Table 13: Means, Standard Deviations and t-test Results Relating to the Extent of Success of TLPF on Various Areas of Peace-Building in Relation to the Gender of the Respondents

S/No. Statement of Peace- Gender n ± sd t df sign Building Impact Area 1. Friendship and Female 382 4.01 0.57 3.44 988 0.01 Reconciliation Male 608 3.82 0.86 2. Peace Advocacy and Female 382 4.12 0.62 2.56 988 0.01 Education Awareness Male 608 3.97 0.91 3. Respect for Human Female 382 3.89 0.76 2.74 988 0.01 rights and rule of law Male 608 3.73 0.95 4. Disarmament efforts Female 382 3.78 0.87 3.59 988 0.00 Male 608 3.52 1.13 5. Rehabilitation of Female 382 3.98 0.73 4.60 988 0.00 warriors Male 608 3.68 1.06 6. Cessation and/or Female 382 4.08 0.68 2.55 988 0.01 Reduction in Conflicts Male 608 3.90 1.25 7. Humanitarian Support Female 382 3.95 1.04 3.57 988 0.00 and Poverty reduction Male 608 3.67 1.15 8. Peace Foundation as Female 382 4.21 0.69 4.36 988 0.00 Model Male 608 3.94 1.01

Results in table 13 reveal that there were significant differences between the perceptions of male and female respondents with regard to the successes of the Foundation in all the aspects of peace-building; the female respondents had higher mean values than the male. This may not be strange as female are widely known to experience more loses/and/or affected most whenever there are conflicts. Additionally, it is the female who may wish to experience the cessation of conflicts due the adverse effects such as sexual harassment that they encounter with their children than men.

Effectiveness of the TLPF in Peace-Building in Relation to the Counties of the Respondents The t-test results on the responses on the extent of effectiveness of the TLPF on various areas of peace-building based on respondents’ counties are presented in Table 14 below

33 Table 14: Summary of t-test Results of the Responses on Effectiveness of the TLPF in Peace-Building in Relation to the Counties of the Respondents

S/No. Statement of Peace- County n ± sd t df sign Building Impact Area 1. Friendship and West Pokot 451 3.95 0.89 2.16 988 0.03 Reconciliation Turkana 539 3.84 0.68 2. Peace Advocacy and West Pokot 451 3.92 0.97 - 988 0.001 Education Awareness Turkana 539 4.10 0.67 3.35 3. Respect for Human West Pokot 451 3.86 0.96 2.08 988 0.03 rights and rule of law Turkana 539 3.73 0.82 4. Disarmament efforts West Pokot 451 3.74 1.06 3.20 988 0.01 Turkana 539 3.52 1.03 5. Rehabilitation of West Pokot 451 3.88 1.01 2.24 988 0.02 warriors Turkana 539 3.74 0.93 6. Cessation and/or West Pokot 451 3.93 1.30 0.64 988 0.52* Reduction in Conflicts Turkana 539 3.98 0.83 7. Humanitarian Support West Pokot 451 3.79 1.01 0.27 988 0.78* and Poverty reduction Turkana 539 3.77 1.16 8. Peace Foundation as West Pokot 451 3.96 1.02 - 988 0.01 Model Turkana 539 4.11 0.83 2.48

*Not significant

The study sought to in establish whether the impact of the Foundation was balanced in the affected counties of West Pokot and Turkana. Results in Table 10 reveal significant differences in the perceptions of the respondents from both counties in all the items with the exception of cessation and/or reduction in conflicts (t=0.64 df 988, p˂0.52) and humanitarian support and poverty reduction (t=0.27 df 988, p˂0.78). With regard to the items which did not yield significant differences, the respondents from West Pokot had higher means than those from Turkana on the following items: friendship and reconciliation, respect for human rights and rule of law, disarmament efforts, rehabilitation poverty reduction. However, respondents from the Turkana County had higher means than their counterparts from West Pokot in the following items of peace- building: advocacy and education awareness, cessation and/or reduction in conflicts and Peace Foundation as a model which can be embraced in other conflict areas. From the analysis of the responses, it is evident that the sports-for-peace initiatives of the TLPF had made more impact in West Pokot County than the Turkana County.

Magnitude of Success of Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation on various Aspects of Peace Building in Relation to the Age Categories of the Respondents One –Way ANOVA was used to assess the magnitude of success of the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation on various aspects of peace-building in relation to the age categories of the respondents. The results are presented in Table 15.

34 Table 15: Summary of ANOVA Results of Responses on Successes of Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation on various Aspects of Peace Building in Relation to the Age Categories of the Respondents

S/No. Statement of Peace-Building Impact Area F Sign 1. Friendship and Reconciliation 3.41 0.009

2. Peace Advocacy and Education Awareness 9.42 0.00

3. Respect for Human rights and rule of law 2.75 0.02

4. Disarment efforts 2.45 0.04

5. Rehabilitation of warriors 1.85 0.11

6. Ceasation and/or Reduction in Conflicts 9.57 0.00

7. Humanitarian Support and Poverty reduction 5.24 0.00

8. Peace Foundation as Model 8.48 0.00

Results in Table 15 reveal that there were significant differences between perceptions of respondents based on their age categories and the successes of the Foundation with the exception on the issue of rehabilitation of warriors. Post hoc tests revealed that the respondents who were of age over 50 years and those between 41 – 50 years of age differed significantly from the other age categories: they had the lowest means on the aspect of the success of Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation on friendship and reconciliation, peace advocacy and education awareness, respect for human rights and the rule of law, cessation and/or reduction in conflicts, humanitarian support and poverty reduction and the rating of the peace foundation as model to be replicated elsewhere. Therefore, it appears that the older respondents had low perceptions of the successes of the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation. This can be attributed to their attachment to cultural practices which breed conflict and do not embrace changes pioneered by the Foundation.

35 Summary of ANOVA Results of Responses on Successes of Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation to the Age Categories of the Respondents The results of One-Way ANOVA of the perceptions on the successes of TPLF based on the respondents’ positional/societal status in are presented in Table 16.

Table 16: Summary of ANOVA of Responses on the Extent of success of the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation on various Aspects of Peace-Building in Relation to Positional/Societal Status of the Respondents

S/No. Statement of Peace-Building Impact Area F Sign 1. Friendship and Reconciliation 2.79 0.01

2. Peace Advocacy and Education Awareness 3.37 0.003

3. Respect for Human rights and rule of law 1.52 0.16

4. Disarmament efforts 4.83 0.00

5. Rehabilitation of warriors 3.80 0.001

6. Cessation and/or Reduction in Conflicts 4.21 0.00

7. Humanitarian Support and Poverty reduction 1.47 0.18

8. Peace Foundation as a Model 4.11 0.00

*Not significant at 0.05 Results in Table 16 reveal that the perception of the respondents based on their positional/societal status in relation to extent of success of the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation in peace-building yielded significant differences on all the aspects with the exception of respect for human rights and rule of law (F6, 954) = 1.52, p > 0.16) and humanitarian support and poverty reduction ((F6, 954) = 1.47, p > 0.18). In all the aspects where significant differences are noted, the staff of the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation had the highest means. For example, on variable relating to promotion of friendship and reconciliation, staff of the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation differed significantly from the rest of the respondents and they had highest means followed by community members, teachers, athletes, county administrators, rehabilitated warriors and the students. The same was replicated on role perceived role of the Foundation in peace advocacy and education awareness where staff of TPLF had highest mean values followed by community members, students, rehabilitated warriors, teachers and county administrators. The other aspects of peace-building followed the same pattern with the officers of the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation having the highest mean values. Even on items which did not yield significant differences, officers of the Tegla

36 Loroupe Peace Foundation had the highest means while county administrators had the lowest means.

Extent of Effectiveness of the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation in Relation to the Respondents’ Academic Status One-Way ANOVA was computed to determine extent of effectiveness of the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation in relation to the respondents’ academic status. The results are presented in Table 17.

Table 17: Summary of ANOVA on Extent of Effectiveness of the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation in Relation to the Respondents’ Academic Status S/No. Statement of Peace-Building Impact Area F Sign 1. Friendship and Reconciliation 1.51 0.16

2. Peace Advocacy and Education Awareness 3.39 0.003

3. Respect for Human rights and rule of law 0.52 0.79

4. Disarment efforts 2.48 0.02

5. Rehabilitation of warriors 0.95 .45

6. Cessation and/or Reduction in Conflicts 6.41 .00

7. Humanitarian Support and Poverty reduction 0.65 0.68

8. Peace Foundation as Model 3.66 0.001

Results in Table 17 show that there were significant differences in the perceptions of the respondents of the successes of the TPLF in relation to the academic levels of the respondents. Those peace-building aspects that yielded significant differences included peace advocacy and education awareness, disarmament efforts, cessation and/or reduction in conflicts and the perception of the peace foundation as a model which can be replicated elsewhere. In these factors, the respondents with higher education qualifications, that is, post-secondary (Diploma, Bachelors and Masters Degrees) had higher means that those who had primary and secondary education. This can be attributed to the fact that those with higher academic qualifications were more exposed to issues of peace-building in relation to the objectives and activities of the TLPF or some might have been direct beneficiaries of the Foundation the TLPF.

Challenges Faced By the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation

The respondents were requested to outline one of the challenges faced by the foundation as it explored the underlying objectives. Their responses are presented in table 18 below:

37 Table 18: Challenges Faced By the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation Item Response (Yes)

± % Inadequate moral support by the communities 153 15.68 Little support by political leaders 185 18.94 Cultural practices that encourage conflict 206 21.13 Inadequate financial support 256 26.12 Ineffective or lack of administrative structures 132 13.54 Little support by Athletics Kenya 58 5.95 Poor administration 13 1.31 Corruption is high and self-enriching 7 0.70 Organization is dominated by Family members 8 0.80 1018 104%

Results in table 15 reveal that the Foundation faces many challenges. However, the greatest challenges are inadequate financial support (256, 26.12%), cultural practices that encourage conflicts (206, 21.13%) and little support by political leaders (185, 18.94%).

Conclusions Arising from the results of the study, the following conclusions are drawn. 12.The Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation has effectively used the annual peace races to resolve conflicts and bring about peace amongst communities in the North Rift region of Kenya. Specifically, the Foundation has effectively used the peace races as forums to advocate for peace, educate people on human rights and respect for the rule of law, build friendship and reconcile the communities. 13.The Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation is acknowledged as being successful in assisting with disarmament efforts, rehabilitation of warriors, provision of humanitarian support to people affected by conflicts, poverty alleviation and promotion of access to education amongst the communities that have been involved in conflict in the North Rift region of Kenya. 14.Based on the mean values that accrued from the perceptions of the respondents, the view that the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation is a good example or model for peace-building through sport received highest ranking. Next in ranking is the view that the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation has been effective in using annual peace races as forums for peace advocacy and educating people on the importance of co-existence. 15.The female respondents significantly acknowledged the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation as being effective in all the various aspects of peace-building than the male.

38 16.Both West Pokot and Turkana Counties have benefitted in equal measure from the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation in two specific areas of peace-building, that is, in terms of humanitarian support and poverty reduction as well as reduction in frequency of armed conflicts. 17.West Pokot County has significantly benefitted from the peace-building efforts of the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation annual peace races in the areas of fostering friendships and reconciliation, create awareness on the need to respect human rights and rule of law, as well as disarmament of warriors. 18.Turkana County had significantly gained from the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation’s peace-building initiatives than West Pokot County especially in terms of reduction in incidences of conflicts and peace advocacy and awareness through the annual peace races. 19.Older people (those over 40 years) had lower perceptions on the successes of Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation in promoting peace through the annual peace races in comparison to the younger ones (less than 39 years of age). 20.The staff at the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation highly and significantly rated the successes of Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation in comparison to community members, teachers, athletes, administrators, rehabilitated warriors and students. 21.The respondents with higher educational qualifications (post-secondary) significantly acknowledged (rated) the successes of the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation than those with relatively lower educational qualifications, 22.The main challenge faced by the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation in its peace interventions through the medium of peace races is inadequate financial support. The second most serious challenge relates to cultural practices that encourage conflicts that involve cattle rustling.

Recommendations The following recommendations are made on the basis of the results of the study. 7. Arising from the effectiveness and successes realized by the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation in various areas of conflict resolution and peace-building through sport intervention, there is need for more local and international government and non-governmental agencies to provide more financial and material support to the Foundation to enable it achieve sustainable peace in the affected regions. 8. The Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation should continually strive to promote peace equitably across gender and the counties of the communities affected by conflicts. 9. People who are older than 40 years in West Pokot and the Turkana Counties need more sensitization to embrace the role of the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation in promoting peace through annual peace races. 10.There is need to underscore the successes of the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation in educational institutions in both counties. 11.Rather than predominantly hold the annual peace races in the North Rift region of Kenya and the neighbourhood, the peace races should be embraced and supported by the government and corporate sponsors as a notion-wide annual event in Kenya.

39 12.Other countries of the world that are prone to conflicts may adopt the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation’s sport-for-peace model in resolving such conflicts and promoting peace.

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43 APPENDIX I: CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE AS RESPONDENT 1. This is a research study. Through sampling procedures you are included in this study. 2. You may choose to or not to participate in this study. 3. You are requested to respond to all questions. 4. This is not an examination and therefore any response you give will be correct. 5. Respond to the questionnaire items appropriately by filling in or ticking against a give option. 6. You are free to ask the researcher for any clarification in case you do not understand a question. 7. All information will be treated with confidentiality. Consent for participation Sign…………………………….. Date …………………………. Thank you in advance for participating in this study. Yours faithfully,

DR. ANDANJE MWISUKHA

44 APPENDIX II: QUESTIONNAIRE ON TEGLA LOROUPE PEACE FOUNDATION Name of County……………………………………… SECTION A: DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION OF RESPONDENTS 1. Indicate your Gender (please tick) A. Male B. Female 2. Your age category: A. 1 – 20 years B. 21 – 30 years C. 31 – 40 years D. 41 – 50 years E. Over 50 years 3. Your academic level; A. Primary School level B. Secondary School level C. Post-secondary certificate training D. Diploma E.Bachelors Degree F. Masters/PhD 4. Your position/status: A. Athlete B. Student C. Teacher D. County Administrative officer E. Rehabilitated warrior F. Staff at Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation

SECTION B: VIEWS ON TEGLA LOROUPE PEACE FOUNDATION The Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation has been involved in building peace by holding annual peace races. Indicate the extent to which you agree/disagree with the statements in the parts below. The options are: Strongly Disagree, Disagree, Undecided, Agree and Strongly Agree.

Part 1: Friendship and Reconciliation 1. The Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation has been effective in promoting interaction and friendship among communities in the North Rift through the Peace Races. A. Strong Disagree B. Disagree C. Undecided D. Agree E. Strongly Agree 2. The Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation peace races have been effective in promoting understanding and co-existence among communities in the North Rift. A. Strongly Disagree B. Disagree C. Undecided D. Agree E. Strongly Agree 3. Participants in the Tegla Loroupe Peace Races learn to be more tolerant of participants from other communities. A. Strongly Disagree B. Disagree C. Undecided D. Agree E. Strongly Agree 4. The annual Peace Races organized by the Tegla Loroupe Foundation have succeeded in instilling discipline among the participants A. Strongly Disagree B. Disagree C. Undecided D. Agree E. Strongly Agree 5. Participants in the Tegla Loroupe annual peace races learn the virtue of accepting loss or defeat by members of other communities without bitterness or anger. A. Strongly Disagree B. Disagree C. Undecided D. Agree E. Strongly Agree

45 6. Participants in the Tegla Loroupe Peace Races learn the need to respect opponents from other warring/hostile communities. A. Strongly Disagree B. Disagree C. Undecided D. Agree E. Strongly Agree 7. The Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation has succeeded in using annual peace races to reconcile communities that have been involved in conflict. A. Strongly Disagree B. Disagree C. Undecided D. Agree E. Strongly Agree

Part 2: Peace Advocacy and Education/Awareness 1. The annual Peace Races organized by the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation have effectively served as forums for addressing sources of conflicts among communities in the North Rift. A. Strongly Disagree B. Disagree C. Undecided D. Agree E. Strongly Agree 2. The Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation Peace Races are ideal forums for educating and creating awareness on peace among participants from communities in the North Rift. A. Strongly Disagree B. Disagree C. Undecided D. Agree E. Strongly Agree 3. The Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation is a major advocate for peace in the North Rift region of Kenya. A. Strongly Disagree B. Disagree C. Undecided D. Agree E. Strongly Agree

Part 3: Respect for Human Rights and Rule of Law 1. The Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation has been effective in educating participants in its annual races to have strong regard for human rights. A. Strongly Disagree B. Disagree C. Undecided D. Agree E. Strongly Agree 2. Participants in the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation annual Peace Races have learned to respect the rule of law instead of resorting to conflict whenever they are aggrieved. A. Strongly Disagree B. Disagree C. Undecided D. Agree E. Strongly Agree 3. The annual Peace Races that are organized by the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation have been effective in promoting equality among participants and communities in the region.

46 A. Strongly Disagree B. Disagree C. Undecided D. Agree E. Strongly Agree

Part 4: Disarmament Efforts 1. The Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation has been involved in disarmament efforts among communities in the North Rift. A. Strongly Disagree B. Disagree C. Undecided D. Agree E. Strongly Agree 2. The Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation uses effective strategies in its disarmament efforts among communities in the North Rift A. Strongly Disagree B. Disagree C. Undecided D. Agree E. Strongly Agree 3. The Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation has been effective in its disarmament efforts. A. Strongly Disagree B. Disagree C. Undecided D. Agree E. Strongly Agree

Part 5: Rehabilitation of Warriors 1. The Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation is involved in reaching out to warriors in the communities in the North Rift and rehabilitating them. A. Strongly Disagree B. Disagree C. Undecided D. Agree E. Strongly Agree 2. The Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation has been successful in reforming/rehabilitating warriors. A. Strongly Disagree B. Disagree C. Undecided D. Agree E. Strongly Agree 3. Reformed warriors under the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation have been good advocates for peace. A. Strongly Disagree B. Disagree C. Undecided D. Agree E. Strongly Agree

Part 6: Cessation and/or Reduction in Conflicts 1. The Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation has made significant contribution towards reducing incidences or frequency of inter-ethnic raids among communities in the North Rift. A. Strongly Disagree B. Disagree C. Undecided D. Agree E. Strongly Agree 2. The peace-building efforts by the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation have significantly assisted in preventing large-scale conflicts among communities in the North Rift.

47 A. Strongly Disagree B. Disagree C. Undecided D. Agree E. Strongly Agree 3. The Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation has significantly contributed towards promotion of a culture of peace among communities in the North Rift. A. Strongly Disagree B. Disagree C. Undecided D. Agree E. Strongly Agree

Part 7: Humanitarian Support and Poverty Reduction 1. The annual Peace Races organized by the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation have been effective in encouraging the promotion of sport in the North Rift region of Kenya. A. Strongly Disagree B. Disagree C. Undecided D. Agree E. Strongly Agree 2. Education support offered by the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation has assisted in improving access to education and standard of education for the communities in the North Rift region of Kenya. A. Strongly Disagree B. Disagree C. Undecided D. Agree E. Strongly Agree 3. The Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation has been effective in encouraging and supporting the economic self-reliance and development of the communities in the North Rift. A. Strongly Disagree B. Disagree C. Undecided D. Agree E. Strongly Agree 4. The Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation has played a crucial role in poverty reduction. A. Strongly Disagree B. Disagree C. Undecided D. Agree E. Strongly Agree

Part 8: Peace Foundation as a Model 1. The peace-building strategies used by the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation are ideal in resolving conflicts and bringing about peace. A. Strongly Disagree B. Disagree C. Undecided D. Agree E. Strongly Agree 2. The Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation is a good example or model that can be used to build peace in other conflict-prone area. A. Strongly Disagree B. Disagree C. Undecided D. Agree E. Strongly Agree

Part 9: Challenges Faced by the Peace Foundation 1. In your view, which one of the following is the greatest challenge faced by the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation? Tick only one.

48 A. Inadequate moral support by the communities in the North Rift. B. Little support by political leaders in the region. C. Cultural practices that encourage conflicts. D. Inadequate financial support. E. Ineffective or lack of administrative structures of the Foundation for peace-building. F. Little support by Athletics Kenya. G. In any other, please specify…………………………………………………………………….

49 Appendix III: Observation Check-list/Documentary Analysis 1. Nature of the warrior rehabilitation activities undertaken by the foundation. 2. Number of warriors who have been rehabilitated at the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation. 3. Number of firearms that have been surrendered by the warriors. 4. Number of schools/learners that have benefited from the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation. 5. Nature of support or economic activities undertaken by the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation towards poverty reduction and promotion of education.

50 Appendix IV: Focus Group Discussions with Rehabilitated Warriors, Teachers and Staff of Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation 1. What have been the sources of conflicts among communities in North Rift region of Kenya? 2. What is the nature of peace-building information shared with participants in the annual peace? 3. Races organized by the Tegla Loroupe Foundation? 4. Who are the key advocates for peace during the annual peace races? 5. Has the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation assisted in reducing frequency of inter-ethnic raids? 6. What strategies are used by the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation to disarm warriors? 7. Has there been significant success in these disarmament efforts? 8. What is the nature of support provided by the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation towards poverty reduction and promotion of education? 9. What are the challenges faced by the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation in pursuing its objectives? 10.What is the current perception of the warring communities towards one another?

51 Appendix V: Ethical Approval Letter

52 Appendix VI: Research Permit (Receipt)

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