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Phase II and Phase III Archeological Database and Inventory Site Number: 18CH94 Site Name: Port Tobacco Prehistoric Other Name(S) Historic

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Phase II and Phase III Archeological Database and Inventory Site Number: 18CH94 Site Name: Port Tobacco Prehistoric Other Name(S) Historic Phase II and Phase III Archeological Database and Inventory Site Number: 18CH94 Site Name: Port Tobacco Prehistoric Other name(s) Historic Brief Late Archaic,Early, Middle, & Late Woodland camps; 17th and 18th century Colonial town, Unknown Description: Contact trading post Site Location and Environmental Data: Maryland Archeological Research Unit No. 11 SCS soil & sediment code EwB,WoA,WoB2 Latitude 38.5177 Longitude -77.0136 Physiographic province Western Shore Coastal Terrestrial site Underwater site Elevation 15 m Site slope 0-10% Ethnobotany profile available Maritime site Nearest Surface Water Site setting Topography Ownership Name (if any) Unnamed tributary of Port -Site Setting restricted Floodplain High terrace Private Saltwater Freshwater -Lat/Long accurate to within 1 sq. mile, user may Hilltop/bluff Rockshelter/ Federal Ocean Stream/river need to make slight adjustments in mapping to cave Interior flat State of MD account for sites near state/county lines or streams Estuary/tidal river Swamp Hillslope Upland flat Regional/ Unknown county/city Tidewater/marsh Lake or pond Ridgetop Other Unknown Spring Terrace Low terrace Minimum distance to water is 0 m Temporal & Ethnic Contextual Data: Contact period site Y ca. 1820 - 1860 Y Ethnic Associations (historic only) Paleoindian site Woodland site ca. 1630 - 1675 Y ca. 1860 - 1900 Y Native American Y Asian American Archaic site MD Adena ca. 1675 - 1720 Y ca. 1900 - 1930 African American Y Unknown Early archaic Early woodland Y ca. 1720 - 1780 Y Post 1930 Anglo-American Y Other MIddle archaic Mid. woodland Y ca. 1780 - 1820 Y Hispanic Late archaic Y Late woodland Y Unknown historic context Unknown prehistoric context Unknown context Y=Confirmed, P=Possible Site Function Contextual Data: Historic Furnace/forge Military Post-in-ground Urban/Rural? Rural Other Battlefield Frame-built Domestic Prehistoric Transportation Fortification Masonry Homestead Multi-component Misc. ceremonial Canal-related Encampment Other structure Farmstead Village Rock art Road/railroad Townsite Slave related Hamlet Shell midden Mansion Wharf/landing Religious Non-domestic agri Plantation Base camp STU/lithic scatter Maritime-related Church/mtg house Recreational Rockshelter/cave Quarry/extraction Row/townhome Bridge Ch support bldg Cellar Midden/dump Earthen mound Fish weir Ford Burial area Cairn Production area Privy Artifact scatter Educational Cemetery Burial area Unknown Industrial Spring or well Commercial Sepulchre Other context Mining-related Trading post Isolated burial Unknown trading post? Quarry-related Store Other context Mill Bldg or foundation Tavern/inn Black/metalsmith Possible Structure trading post Interpretive Sampling Data: Prehistoric context samples Soil samples taken N Historic context samples Soil samples taken N Flotation samples taken N Other samples taken Flotation samples taken N Other samples taken Phase II and Phase III Archeological Database and Inventory Site Number: 18CH94 Site Name: Port Tobacco Prehistoric Other name(s) Historic Brief Late Archaic,Early, Middle, & Late Woodland camps; 17th and 18th century Colonial town, Unknown Description: Contact trading post Diagnostic Artifact Data: Prehistoric Sherd Types Shepard Keyser Projectile Point Types Koens-Crispin Marcey Creek Popes Creek Townsend 63 Yeocomico 3 Clovis Perkiomen Dames Qtr Coulbourn Minguannan Monongahela Hardaway-Dalton Susquehana Selden Island Watson Sullivan Cove Susquehannock Palmer Vernon Accokeek 18 Mockley 14 Shenks Ferry Kirk (notch) Piscataway Wolfe Neck Clemson Island Moyaone 240 Kirk (stem) Calvert Vinette Page Potomac Cr 138 Le Croy Selby Bay Historic Sherd Types Ironstone 154 Staffordshire 281 Stoneware Earthenware English Brown 67 Morrow Mntn Jacks Rf (notch) Jackfield 18 Tin Glazed 4821 Astbury Eng Dry-bodie Guilford Jacks Rf (pent) Mn Mottled 7 Whiteware 4409 Borderware Brewerton Madison/Potomac Nottingham 10 North Devon 4 Porcelain 913 Buckley 291 Rhenish 75 Otter Creek Levanna Pearlware 2532 Creamware 3255 All quantities exact or estimated minimal counts Wt Salt-glazed 1421 Other Artifact & Feature Types: Prehistoric Features Lithic Material Fer quartzite Sil sandstone Prehistoric Artifacts Other fired clay Mound(s) Storage/trash pit Jasper Chalcedony European flint Flaked stone 2130 Human remain(s) Midden Burial(s) Chert Ironstone Basalt Ground stone Modified faunal Shell midden Ossuary Rhyolite Argilite Unknown Stone bowls Unmod faunal Postholes/molds Unknown Quartz Steatite Other Fire-cracked rock 165 Oyster shell House pattern(s) Other Quartzite Sandstone Other lithics (all) 9 Floral material Palisade(s) Dated features present at site Ceramics (all) 527 Uncommon Obj. Hearth(s) Rimsherds Other glass trade Lithic reduc area beads Historic Artifacts Historic Features Tobacco related 528 Privy/outhouse Depression/mound Unknown Pottery (all) 22512 Activity item(s) 163 Const feature Well/cistern Burial(s) Other Glass (all) 17462 Human remain(s) Foundation Trash pit/dump Railroad bed Architectural 28244 Faunal material Cellar hole/cellar Furniture 18 Misc. kitchen 12826 Sheet midden Earthworks Hearth/chimney Arms 20 Floral material Planting feature Mill raceway Postholes/molds Clothing 97 Misc. 18863 Road/walkway Wheel pit Personal items 9 Other metal Paling ditch/fence All quantities exact or estimated minimal counts fragments, slag Radiocarbon Data: Sample 1: +/- years BP Reliability Sample 2: +/- years BP Reliability Sample 3: +/- years BP Reliability Sample 4: +/- years BP Reliability Sample 5: +/- years BP Reliability Sample 6: +/- years BP Reliability Sample 7: +/- years BP Reliability Sample 8: +/- years BP Reliability Sample 9: +/- years BP Reliability Additional radiocarbon results available Phase II and Phase III Archeological Database and Inventory Site Number: 18CH94 Site Name: Port Tobacco Prehistoric Other name(s) Historic Brief Late Archaic,Early, Middle, & Late Woodland camps; 17th and 18th century Colonial town, Unknown Description: Contact trading post External Samples/Data: Collection curated at Society for the Restoration of Port Tobacco Additional raw data may be available online Summary Description: The Port Tobacco site (18CH94) consists of the various archeological remains associated with the 17th and 18th century colonial town of the same name at the head of the Port Tobacco River in Charles County. A number of standing 18th century dwellings and other structures are situated throughout the town, which served as the seat of Charles County government from 1727 to 1895. The town is situated on the east bank of the river, an area that in colonial times was at the head of the navigable waterway. The river valley was broad and well-defined by moderately sharp rises on both sides of the floodplain. Due to extensive erosion and siltation due to historic farming practices, the historic port is entirely silted in today, a situation which cut off Port Tobacco from the Chesapeake Bay and led to the village’s steady decline. There are no obvious traces of period vegetation at the site, most of it having succumbed to town development and post-abandonment agriculture. Soils at the site are predominantly Woodstown sandy loams. As early as 1634, the English Settlers of Maryland had established a small settlement on the east bank of what was then called the “Potapoco” River, so named for the local Indian inhabitants of the area. The community eventually came to be known as “Chandler’s Town”, after one of the prominent landowners in the region. English settlement at the time was still largely de-centralized, with large tracts of land held as plantations for the culture of tobacco. The Lords Baltimore, proprietors of the Maryland colony, had long endeavored to erect towns throughout the colony. These central places would have encouraged tradesmen and promoted economic growth, as well as insure efficient collection of duties, fines, and other Proprietary revenues. Despite a series of laws passed between the 1660s and the early 1700s (the town acts), few towns were ever realized. The tobacco plant as a staple of the economy and the interests of the planters were ill-suited to the village and outfield system of Great Britain and Ireland. Many towns were platted, but never actually settled. Nevertheless, a few towns were established in the 17th century, most surviving only briefly. Port Tobacco was an exception. Prior to 1727, the county seat for Charles County was situated a little over 3 miles to the east on the Moore’s Lodge tract (see synopsis for 18CH777). Both areas are sometimes referred to in the early records of the colony as “Port Tobacco”, leading to considerable confusion. “Port Tobacco” was an anglicized version of Potapoco which also emphasized the major export commodity of the region at that time. During the waning decades of the 17th century, Chandler’s Town/Port Tobacco grew to become Maryland’s second-largest river port (after St. Mary’s City). By 1727, the Charles County magistrates had determined that the old courthouse at Moore’s Lodge was, “so far impaired, ruined, and decayed, that there is a Necessity for erecting a new One; and that the Place where the Court-house now stands, is so remote from any Landing, that the Charge of bringing Materials together, by Land Carriage, for that End, will be much greater than if the same was to be built at the Head of Port-Tobacco Creek, where they may be easily Waterborn…”. The Maryland Assembly soon passed legislation authorizing a new courthouse at Chandler’s Town, the purchase of 60 acres from William Chandler
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