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MIDDLE TENNESSEE STATE UNIVERSITY HILLBILLY SKITS TO BUFORD STICKS SUSTAINABLE HERITAGE TOURISM IN TENNESSEE DISSERTATION PRESENTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR PHD IN PUBLIC HISTORY BY HEATHER L. BAILEY MURFREESBORO, TN MAY 2010 UMI Number: 3411013 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMT Dissertation Publishing UMI 3411013 Copyright 2010 by ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This edition of the work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 HILLBILLY SKITS TO BUFORD STICKS SUSTAINABLE HERITAGE TOURISM IN TENNESSEE HEATHER L. BAILEY Approved: Carroll Van West, Director H. Joey G/ay," Reader ' U Susan Myers-Shirk, Reader C. Brenden Martin, Reader Amy gfry ward, Departrn^m Chair yU^C^u/ Michael D. Allen, Dean, College of Graduate Studies ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project would not have been possible without the large and dedicated support network of people who encouraged me, gave me food for thought, and saw me through all of the emotional ups and downs of graduate education. Each member of my committee gave me invaluable insights to different aspects of this work and guided me in ways that will continue to shape my career. Dr. Joey Gray challenged me to think about practical research questions and understand the world of leisure and recreations studies; Dr. Bren Martin informed my knowledge of southern tourism and public programming; and Dr. Susan Myers-Shirk gave me the theoretical background for an intellectual history of American road culture. Dr. Van West (director of my committee, of the Center for Historic Preservation at MTSU, and of the Tennessee Civil War National Heritage Area) taught me by example how to develop partnerships (big and small, personal and political, local and national), how to be a scholar, how to find the best places for local food and coffee anywhere you do fieldwork, and how to do all those things while also making time his family. While I am not sure that I will ever have the energy that he does, I now believe that it is possible to have it all. In terms of my coworkers, my assistantship with the Center for Historic Preservation at MTSU not only gave me an opportunity to implement my ideas for fieldwork and case studies, but it allowed me to work with a phenomenal group of professionals who taught me what a collaborative work environment could accomplish. Two fellow graduate students partnered with me when I started to write the dissertation and saw me through to the end. Liz Smith was my constant writing partner at the coffee shop, where we wrote and bounced ideas off of one another. Megan Akerstrom helped iii me think through heritage tourism in an experiential way during our Sunday road trips to rural Tennessee towns on our way to amazingly scenic hiking adventures. Surely other hikers were puzzled by our passionate discussions about heritage tourism and roadside architecture while we were out in the wilderness. My friendships from my time as an undergraduate at Tennessee Technological University continue to enrich my life. I was able to get advice from friends who had already completed their Ph.D.s elsewhere and initiated a race to the finish with other friends (Clark Downum, you beat me, but we both beat Matt Husband, if just barely). My undergraduate mentor, Dr. Connie Hood, constantly encouraged me to stick with graduate school and always believed in me. Finally, my family provided me with incalculable support and diversions (thanks Alex and Andrea, I love you). iv ABSTRACT This research frames the current Tennessee sustainable tourism initiative in the context of the increasingly overlapping fields of public history, folklore, and recreation. These fields often cover similar territory, but do not always engage in dialogue outside their disciplines. By delving into what each field has to offer, who can inform the development of the upcoming field of sustainable heritage tourism. Currently sustainable tourism is dominated by the "green" industry and ecological disciplines, but there is an increasing need for the insight that scholars of public history have to offer. Moving beyond an academic study, public historians need to move towards implementation and become a part of the larger discourse of best practices in tourism. While there is a growing body of literature on the history of tourism and the history of specific heritage tourism projects, cross-disciplinary works that incorporate the fields of public history, folklore, and recreation into a discussion on sustainable tourism currently exist only in the gray literature. Just as this study will help to define sustainable tourism in terms of more than just environmental sustainability, it will provide insight into how a state-wide program can successfully support a diverse range of projects using specific examples from divergent geographic and demographic areas of Tennessee. v CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES viii CHAPTER 1. REFRAMING HERITAGE TOURISM AS SUSTAINABLE TOURISM: BUILDING A CASE IN TENNESSEE 1 DEVELOPING TENNESSEE CASE STUDIES 2 MARKETING THE SOUTHERN EXPERIENCE AS HERITAGE TOURISM 4 POWER STRUGGLES IN SOUTHERN TOURISM 6 COMMODIFICATION AND AUTHENTICITY 11 SUSTAINABILITY 16 TENNESSEE TOURISM 21 2. AUTHENTICITY IN WALKING TALL COUNTRY: THE BUFORD PUSSER MUSEUM OF MCNAIRY COUNTY . 24 THE BUFORD PUSSER STORY 26 SHERIFF OF MCNAIRY COUNTY 32 THE TWELFTH OF AUGUST 37 WALKING TALL 41 MAKING OF A LEGEND 44 THE BUFORD PUSSER HOME AND MUSEUM 46 CREATING AN ECONOMIC PLAN 50 GUIDING THE EVOLUTION OF A HOUSE MUSEUM 54 PUTTING IT INTO PERSPECTIVE 61 3. AFRICAN AMERICANS IN APPALACHIA: COMPLICATING COCKE COUNTY'S HILLBILLY HERITAGE 64 vi HISTORY OF TANNER SCHOOL 68 MAKING A CASE FOR SIGNIFICANCE 78 HERITAGE TOURISM OPTIONS 89 ADAPTIVE REUSE PLAN FOR TANNER SCHOOL 94 SUSTAINING THROUGH RECLAIMING 98 4. KEEPING IT REAL: HERITAGE TOURISM AS AUTHENTIC PUBLIC HISTORY 99 LESSONS LEARNED AND GUIDANCE FOR THE FUTURE . 108 PERSONAL REFLECTIONS AND LEARNING EXPERIENCES .113 BIBLIOGRAPHY 117 APPENDIX 126 vii FIGURES Figure Page 2.1 Heather Bailey, Aunt Jemima Bottle Fan Tribute 25 2.2 Google Maps, McNairy County Map 28 2.3 Heather Bailey, Buford Pusser Home and Museum in February 2007 ... 47 2.4 Buford Pusser Home and Museum, Buford Pusser Museum rack card ... 48 2.5 Tennessee Department of Tourist Development, Travel Generated Sales in 2008 by Grand Division in Tennessee 50 2.6 Tennessee Department of Tourist Development, Travel Generated Sales in 2008 in West Tennessee, Comparing the Region, the Memphis-Shelby County Metropolitan Area, and McNairy County 51 2.7 Heather Bailey, Center for Historic Preservation at MTSU Student, Megan Akerstrom, Completing an Inventory of the Exhibit Cases in Buford's Den Area 56 2.8 Heather Bailey, Floodlights Installed in Buford's Bedroom had Melted Several 8-track Tapes Beneath Them 58 2.9 Heather Bailey, Sign at Adamsville City Limit in February 2007 62 3.1 Carroll Van West, Rural African American Cemetery in Cocke County. ... 66 3.2 Sanborn Fire Insurance Company, Newport Grammar School, 1927 .... 69 3.3 Sanborn Fire Insurance Company, Newport Graded School, 1927 71 3.4 Carroll Van West, Tanner School, 2008 77 3.5 Carroll Van West, Rear of Tanner School, 2008 78 3.6 Heather Bailey, Community Clothes Closet, Tanner School, 2008 79 3.7 Elizabeth Moore, Students from the Center for Historic Preservation and Cocke County Community Members Exploring Cocke County African American Resources, November 2008 80 3.8 Sanborn Fire Insurance Company, Residential Areas, Newport, Tennessee, 82 1920 viii 3.9 Sanborn Fire Insurance Company, Jones Hill Vicinity, Newport, Tennessee, 1930 84 3.10 Sanborn Fire Insurance Company, Newport, Tennessee, 1920 85 3.11 Sanborn Fire Insurance Company, White Side of Newport in 1930 .... 87 3.12 Sanborn Fire Insurance Company, Newport, Tennessee, 1930 88 3.13 US Census, Concentration of African American residents in the United States, 2000 91 3.14 Tennessee Department of Tourist Development, Local Sales Tax by Grand Division of Tennessee for 2008 93 3.15 Tennessee Department of Tourist Development, Local Sales Tax of Cocke County and East Tennessee for 2008 93 3.16 Carroll Van West, Exterior of Allen Chapel Baptist Church 95 3.17 Carroll Van West, Interior of Allen Chapel Baptist Church 95 4.1 Heather Bailey, Initial Model for Sustainable Tourism in Tennessee .... 115 ix 1 CHAPTER 1 REFRAMING HERITAGE TOURISM AS SUSTAINABLE TOURISM BUILDING A CASE IN TENNESSEE As heritage tourism becomes an ever more popular phenomenon, scholars and economic tourism professionals have an increased interest in understanding why this market is growing so quickly and successfully. Those in the tourism industry want to understand the process so that they can best capitalize upon and sustain that market. Historians and folklorists are interested in studying the evolution of culture and preserving the built and social environment. Local residents are interested in having a sustainable way of life while maintaining their sense of place. While each of these stakeholders brings much needed expertise to the practice of heritage tourism, each also struggles with the meaning and significance of heritage tourism. As communities look for ways to maximize their assets, they find a confusing array of advice from different types of experts. Rather than continuing with such a fragmented discourse, scholars have the opportunity to come together and synthesize their knowledge into a set of best practices through the growing field of sustainable tourism.
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