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Caribbean Food Crops Society Thirtieth Annual Meeting CARIBBEAN FOOD CROPS SOCIETY 30 THIRTIETH ANNUAL MEETING 1994 ST. THOMAS, U.S.V.I. Vol. XXX ENTOMOPHAGOUS SPIDERS AS AGENTS FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PESTS OF COLE CROPS IN JAMAICA M. M. Alam1, A. Mansingh2 and W. Fielding3 'Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development Institute (CARDI) 2PPRG, Department of Zoology, UWI, Mona, Kingston 7 'Ministry of Agriculture. Boldes Agricultural Experimental Station ABSTRACT Fifteen species of spider belonging to eight different families have been found feeding voraciously on larvae of diamondback moths (DBM), Plutella xylostella; cabbage looper (CL), Trichoplusia nr, army-worms (AW's), Spodoptera latifascia: a pyralid (P), Pilemia periusalis and an unidentified noctuid (N). The population of spiders remained constant in unsprayed fields, ranging from 2/nr of L. atlantica, 4/m2 of L. fusca to 0.08/m2 of others. The spiders were generally most susceptible to diazinon > diaphenthiuron > prophenophos sprays. The spiders showed no preference for the host larvae in multiple-host species diet. Feeding activity that was generally cyclic-intense feeding for a couple days was followed by a similar period of little feeding. The spiders could consume daily about 0.8 to 18.3,0.1 to 1.7 or 0.1 to 1.7 mature larvae of DBM, CLor AW, respectively. Spraying with prophenophos, diazinon and diaphenthiuron reduced the field population of spiders by 43 to 82%, 80 to 100% and 55 to 97%, respectively. INTRODUCTION Potentials of biological control as an adjunct to integrated management of vegetable pests has never been explored in Jamaica, though Forbes and Mansingh (1988) had reported high incidences of parasitism in the field populations of diamondback moths (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.). In fact, they recorded the larval parasites, Diadegma insulare (Cresson) and a larval-pupal parasite, Oomyzus (=Tetrastichus) sokolowskii (Kurdj.) and a new species of a hyperparasite of Diadegma, Spilochalcis sp. for the first time in the Caribbean. Later, Alam (1992) found two more species of DBM parasites and three new species of hyperparasites in the island. Furthermore, three exotic specics of parasites, Cotesia plutellae (Kurdj.), Trichospilus diatraeae C. & M. and O. sokolowskii, which were introduced during 1988-89 were found fully established in Jamaica. Jamaica is also rich in other natural enemies of crucifer pests- eight species of insect predators, viz. Coleomegilla maculata (DeGeer), Cycloneda sanguinea (L.), Hippodamia convergens Guerin (Coccinellidae). Belonuchus gagates (Erichson) (Staphylinidae), Toxomerus dispar (F.),Toxomerus watsoni (Curran) and Pseudodoros clavatus (F.) (Svrphidae), Ceraeochrysa claveri Navas (Chrysopidae) and three species of parasitic fungi, Beauveria bassiana, Hirsutella sp. and Paecilomvces fumosoroseus (Alam, 1992). Further surveys of vegetable growing areas in Jamaica revealed the presence of 15 species of spiders predating on crucifer pests. The present report explores their population fluctuations, biological control potential and susceptibility to pesticides. MATERIAL AND METHODS Collections of spiders Spiders were collected from unsprayed experimental cabbage fields at Douglas Castle in central Jamaican (elevation, 610 m), Castle Kelly (elevation, 457 m), and Bodies Agricultural Experimental 289 Station (elevation 18 m), during 1992-94. Ground spiders were collected by disturbing the leaf litter in the field, orb weavers from either webs or the cabbage leaves and the jumping and crab spiders from the ground and cabbage plants. These spiders were directed gently into individual glass/plastic vials (2.5x10 cm) with a strip of cabbage leaf. The spiders were identified by Dr. G.B. Edwards (Curator, Arachnida and Myriopods, Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Division of Plant Industry, P.O. Box 1269, Gainesville, Florida 32602). Population fluctuations Populations of spiders in two unsprayed cabbage fields were recorded at four weekly intervals of three successive crops, between May 1993 and February 1994, al Douglas Castle. Fields were divided into the peripheral and middle zones and each zone was further subdivided into five randomized 1 m2 blocks for sampling populations. Food consumption The host preferences, the amount of food consumed and the patterns of food consumption by the spiders were studied by feeding all but four species individually in vials on single host species diet comprising of mature (last two instars) larvae of P. xylostella, T, ni,S. latifascia, P periusalis and an unidentified noctuid species, or on a multiple-hosl species diet, which included the larvae of the host species. Hentzia sp., C. pulcherrima, Habronathus sp., Oxyopes sp. and T. gonygaster, were always fed on the first two instars of the host larvae as they could not handle and feed on larger larvae. Each spider was provided with a pre-weighed diet of the host larvae, which was replaced every 24 hours for one week. The unconsumed larvae were weighed, the amount consumed during the preceding 24 hours was estimated. The daily pattern of food consumption was studied on five of the most common specics of spiders found in the field. Five individuals of each species were provided daily with pre-weighed diet of multiple host species. The experiments were conducted for 36 to 80 days, depending upon the survival of the species under captivity A biological control index (BCI) of each species was calculated by multiplying the mean population/ m2 by the mean number of larvae of DBM consumed by the spider per day Effect of Insecticides Preliminary observations in various fields/farms, which were regularly sprayed with insecticides, indicated very low populations of the most predominant species of spiders. A study was therefore undertaken to evaluate the effect of selecron (Profenofos)EC 500 at the rate of 3.1 mL/L; basudin (Diazinon) EC 60, at the rate of 0.51/ha; and pegasus (Phio urea) SC 500, at the rate of 3.7-5.01/ha in fields (about 0.5 ha) which were sprayed by farmers using a knapsack sprayer. Unsprayed fields were adjacent to each sprayed field. The treated and control fields were randomly divided into five 1 m2 plots and the population of spiders counted one week after spraying. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Spider species Fifteen species of spiders belonging to eight different families (Table 1) are quite widespread in Jamaica, as they were recorded from each of the three cabbage growing areas of the island. The orb- weaver (Araneidae) was the largest family with three species, followed by Lycosidae, Oxyopidae, Argiopidae, Theridiidae and Salticidae, with two species each, and Heterapodidae and Tetragnathidae, 290 with one species each. All these species are widespread also in the tropics and neotropics, including southern USA and Europe (Levi and Levi, 1990). Population fluctuation All but four species of spiders were always found in the study areas, distributed evenly in the peripheral and middle zones of the cabbage fields (Table 2). L. atlantica, L.fusca, T. gonygaster, A. trifasciata and Habronathus sp. were the most abundant species with a mean monthly population of 2.0, 2.0. 1.2, 1.03 and 1.02 spidcrs/m2. The mean monthly populations of seven other species ranged between 0.42 and 0.021 spiders/m2. Among the least abundant species was L regnyi (0.19/ m2). N. neothcis (0.15/m2), G. canceriformis (0.12/m2) and H. venatoria (0.06/m2). The last two species were conspicuous by their absence during post-rainy seasons, particularly during winter months. Generally the population of spiders, particularly the orb-weavers, in the field depended upon atmospheric dynamics (Greenstone et al.. 1991), vegetation, (MacArthur, 1969, Pianka, 1966), and the host population (Greenstone, 1984). Both these factors were constant in our study fields to account for difference in the populations of different species. Greenstone et al (1987) had found a correlation between mass of ballooning spiders and their frequency distribution in Missouri (USA) and New South wales (Australia); more than half of the spiders caught were 0.6mg and 85 to 94% were <1 mg in weight. Our data in Table 3 reveals no general mass frequency relationship. The heaviest spider, P. viridens and the lightest ones (Hentzia sp. and Oxyopes sp.) were always the least abundant species. Likewise, the moderately heavy species, L.fusca (0.15 g) and L. atlantica (0.01 g) were the most abundant spiders (2/m2), while A. argentata with smaller weight (0.11 g) was the least (0.2/m2) abundant species. The population densities of different species may be a phenomena of preying modes, and weight of the spider. Indeed, among the orb-weavers, .4. argentata, A. trifasciata and T. gonygaster, there was no overall correlation between spider weight and population (Table 3). Among jumping and hunting spiders, however, the heaviest (P. viridens) and the lightest (Oxyopes sp. and Hentzia sp.) appear to have the least, while the medium sized (0.01 and 0.15 g) have the maximum advantage in frequency distribution. It may be pointed out that because spiders have metabolic and anatomical adaptation (Greenstone, 1978; Greenstone and Bennett, 1964) which reduces their energy requirements and buffer them against energy availability, "the marginal scare resources become adequate" (MacArthur, 1969) and influence their frequency distribution. The orb-weaver population is dependent upon structural diversity of the habitats, which is required by spiders for physical support (MacArthur and MacArthur, 1969). Web spider density is highly correlated with vegetation and tip height diversity; prey availability is not a significant factor (Greenstone, 1984). Food preferences and consumption The spiders showed no preference when fed on multiple host diet. Apparently, the nearness and activity of the larvae prompted response from the predators. The spiders were more interested in satisfying their appetite and consuming a certain amount of food (Table 4), rather than discriminating among the host species. It is pertinent to note that some spiders do exercise preferential feeding on insects, depending upon developmental stage, size and odor of the prey. Two species of Lycosidae feed preferentially on insects in California (Greenstone, 1980).
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