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Financial Support for the Development of These Album Pages Provided by Mystic Stamp Company America's Leading Stamp Dealer
SPACE ON STAMPS Created for free use in the public domain American Philatelic Society ©2010 • www.stamps.org Financial support for the development of these album pages provided by Mystic Stamp Company America’s Leading Stamp Dealer and proud of its support of the American Philatelic Society www.MysticStamp.com, 800-433-7811 Space on Stamps ou might say, it all started with the dream of flight and a desire to see the world as the birds do. For tens of thousands of years mankind has watched the stars Yand wondered what they might represent. Possibly the oldest constellation identified by humans as a permanent fixture in the night sky is Ursa Major, the Great Bear, the third largest of the constellations, and best known for the seven stars that make up its rump and tail: the Big Dipper (also known as the Plough or the Wagon). The most helpful of the sky maps, a line drawn though the two outside stars on the bowl of the “dipper” points directly to the North Star. Nothing successfully got human beings above the earth on a repeatable basis, however, until the age of ballooning. The first human to go aloft was a scientist, Pilatre de Rozier, who rose 250 feet into the sky in a hot air balloon and remained suspended above the French countryside for fifteen minutes in October 1783. A month later he and the Marquis d’Arlandes traveled about 5½ miles in the first free flight, using a balloon designed by the Montgolfier brothers. The first North American flight was made January 9, 1793, from Philadelphia to Gloucester County, New Jersey. -
Oxygen Exosphere of Mars: Evidence from Pickup Ions Measured By
Oxygen Exosphere of Mars: Evidence from Pickup Ions Measured by MAVEN By Ali Rahmati Submitted to the graduate degree program in the Department of Physics and Astronomy, and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ________________________________ Professor Thomas E. Cravens, Chair ________________________________ Professor Philip S. Baringer ________________________________ Professor David Braaten ________________________________ Professor Mikhail V. Medvedev ________________________________ Professor Stephen J. Sanders Date Defended: 22 January 2016 The Dissertation Committee for Ali Rahmati certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Oxygen Exosphere of Mars: Evidence from Pickup Ions Measured by MAVEN ________________________________ Professor Thomas E. Cravens, Chair Date approved: 22 January 2016 ii Abstract Mars possesses a hot oxygen exosphere that extends out to several Martian radii. The main source for populating this extended exosphere is the dissociative recombination of molecular oxygen ions with electrons in the Mars ionosphere. The dissociative recombination reaction creates two hot oxygen atoms that can gain energies above the escape energy at Mars and escape from the planet. Oxygen loss through this photochemical reaction is thought to be one of the main mechanisms of atmosphere escape at Mars, leading to the disappearance of water on the surface. In this work the hot oxygen exosphere of Mars is modeled using a two-stream/Liouville approach as well as a Monte-Carlo simulation. The modeled exosphere is used in a pickup ion simulation to predict the flux of energetic oxygen pickup ions at Mars. The pickup ions are created via ionization of neutral exospheric oxygen atoms through photo-ionization, charge exchange with solar wind protons, and electron impact ionization. -
Tianwen-1: China's Mars Mission
Tianwen-1: China's Mars Mission drishtiias.com/printpdf/tianwen-1-china-s-mars-mission Why In News China will launch its first Mars Mission - Tianwen-1- in July, 2020. China's previous ‘Yinghuo-1’ Mars mission, which was supported by a Russian spacecraft, had failed after it did not leave the earth's orbit and disintegrated over the Pacific Ocean in 2012. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is also going to launch its own Mars mission in July, the Perseverance which aims to collect Martian samples. Key Points The Tianwen-1 Mission: It will lift off on a Long March 5 rocket, from the Wenchang launch centre. It will carry 13 payloads (seven orbiters and six rovers) that will explore the planet. It is an all-in-one orbiter, lander and rover system. Orbiter: It is a spacecraft designed to orbit a celestial body (astronomical body) without landing on its surface. Lander: It is a strong, lightweight spacecraft structure, consisting of a base and three sides "petals" in the shape of a tetrahedron (pyramid- shaped). It is a protective "shell" that houses the rover and protects it, along with the airbags, from the forces of impact. Rover: It is a planetary surface exploration device designed to move across the solid surface on a planet or other planetary mass celestial bodies. 1/3 Objectives: The mission will be the first to place a ground-penetrating radar on the Martian surface, which will be able to study local geology, as well as rock, ice, and dirt distribution. It will search the martian surface for water, investigate soil characteristics, and study the atmosphere. -
Why Do We Explore?
Why Do We Explore? Lesson Six Why Do We Explore? About This Lesson Students will work in small teams, each of which will be given a different reason why humans explore. Each team will become the expert on their one reason and will add a letter and summary sentence to an EXPLORE poster using their reason for exploration. With all the reasons on the poster, the word EXPLORE will be complete. Students will be using the skills of working in cooperative learning teams, reading, summarizing, paraphrasing, and creating a sentence that will best represent their reason for exploration. Students will also be illustrating and copying other teams sentences so that each student will have a small copy of the large class- room poster for reference or extension purposes. The teacher will lead a discussion that relates the reasons humans explore to the planned and possible future missions to Mars. Objectives Students will: v review the seven traditional reasons why people explore v write a summary of their reason why humans explore v illustrate their exploration summaries v relate the reasons for exploration to the missions to Mars Background Students do not always realize that the steps in future exploration are built on a tradition of Why Do We Explore? exploration that is as old as humans. This lesson is intended to introduce the concept of exploration through the seven traditional reasons that express why humans have always been explorers. Social scientists know that everyone, no matter how young or old, is constantly exploring the world and how it works. Space exploration, including the possible missions to Mars, has opened up a whole new world for us to explore. -
Mars Exploration: an Overview of Indian and International Mars Missions Nayamavalsa Scariah1, Dr
Taurian Innovative Journal/Volume 1/ Issue 1 Mars exploration: An overview of Indian and International Mars Missions NayamaValsa Scariah1, Dr. Mili Ghosh2, Dr.A.P.Krishna3 Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi Abstract- Mars is the fourth planet from the sun. It is 1. Introduction also known as red planet because of its iron oxide content. There are lots of missions have been launched to Mars is also known as red planet, because of the mars for better understanding of our neighboring planet. reddish iron oxide prevalent on its surface gives it a There are lots of unmanned spacecraft including reddish appearance. It is the fourth planet from sun. orbiters, landers and rovers have been launched into mars since early 1960. Sputnik was the first satellite The term sol is used to define duration of solar day on launched in 1957 by Soviet Union. After seven failure Mars. A mean Martian solar day or sol is 24 hours 39 missions to Mars, Mariner 4 was the first satellite which minutes and 34.244 seconds. Many space missions to reached the Martian orbiter successfully. The Viking 1 Mars have been planned and launched for Mars was the first lander reached on Mars on 1975. India exploration (Table:1) but most of them failed without successfully launched a spacecraft, Mangalyan (Mars completing the task specially in early attempts th Orbiter Mission) on 5 November, 2013, with five whereas some NASA missions were very payloads to Mars. India was the first nation to successful(such as the twin Mars Exploration Rovers, successfully reach Mars on its first attempt. -
Electron Energetics in the Martian Dayside Ionosphere: Model Comparisons with MAVEN Data Shotaro Sakai1, Laila Andersson2, Thomas E
Electron energetics in the Martian dayside ionosphere: Model comparisons with MAVEN data Shotaro Sakai1, Laila Andersson2, Thomas E. Cravens1, David L. Mitchell3, Christian Mazelle4,5, Ali Rahmati1,3, Christopher M. Fowler2, Stephen W. Bougher6, Edward M. B. Thiemann2, Francis G. Eparvier2, Juan M. Fontenla7, Paul R. Mahaffy8, John E. P. Connerney8, and Bruce M. Jakosky2 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Malott Hall, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA 2Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, 1234 Innovation Drive, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA 3Space Science Laboratory, University of California, 7 Gauss Way, Berkeley, California 94720, USA 4Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, Toulouse, France 5CNRS, IRAP, 9 Av. Colonel Roche, BP 44346-31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France 6Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Space Sciences, University of Michigan, 2455 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA 7NorthWest Research Associates, 3380 Mitchell Ln, Boulder, Colorado 80301, USA 8NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA Corresponding Author: Thomas E. Cravens, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Malott Hall, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA ([email protected]) Main points * High electron temperatures (e.g., 3000 K) can be obtained in the Martian topside ionosphere without invoking solar wind heating. * The magnetic topology is a key factor in determining electron temperatures and photoelectron fluxes at Mars. This is the author manuscript accepted for publication and has undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process, which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record. -
Appendix 1: Venus Missions
Appendix 1: Venus Missions Sputnik 7 (USSR) Launch 02/04/1961 First attempted Venus atmosphere craft; upper stage failed to leave Earth orbit Venera 1 (USSR) Launch 02/12/1961 First attempted flyby; contact lost en route Mariner 1 (US) Launch 07/22/1961 Attempted flyby; launch failure Sputnik 19 (USSR) Launch 08/25/1962 Attempted flyby, stranded in Earth orbit Mariner 2 (US) Launch 08/27/1962 First successful Venus flyby Sputnik 20 (USSR) Launch 09/01/1962 Attempted flyby, upper stage failure Sputnik 21 (USSR) Launch 09/12/1962 Attempted flyby, upper stage failure Cosmos 21 (USSR) Launch 11/11/1963 Possible Venera engineering test flight or attempted flyby Venera 1964A (USSR) Launch 02/19/1964 Attempted flyby, launch failure Venera 1964B (USSR) Launch 03/01/1964 Attempted flyby, launch failure Cosmos 27 (USSR) Launch 03/27/1964 Attempted flyby, upper stage failure Zond 1 (USSR) Launch 04/02/1964 Venus flyby, contact lost May 14; flyby July 14 Venera 2 (USSR) Launch 11/12/1965 Venus flyby, contact lost en route Venera 3 (USSR) Launch 11/16/1965 Venus lander, contact lost en route, first Venus impact March 1, 1966 Cosmos 96 (USSR) Launch 11/23/1965 Possible attempted landing, craft fragmented in Earth orbit Venera 1965A (USSR) Launch 11/23/1965 Flyby attempt (launch failure) Venera 4 (USSR) Launch 06/12/1967 Successful atmospheric probe, arrived at Venus 10/18/1967 Mariner 5 (US) Launch 06/14/1967 Successful flyby 10/19/1967 Cosmos 167 (USSR) Launch 06/17/1967 Attempted atmospheric probe, stranded in Earth orbit Venera 5 (USSR) Launch 01/05/1969 Returned atmospheric data for 53 min on 05/16/1969 M. -
NUCLEAR SAFETY LAUNCH APPROVAL: MULTI-MISSION LESSONS LEARNED Yale Chang the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory
ANS NETS 2018 – Nuclear and Emerging Technologies for Space Las Vegas, NV, February 26 – March 1, 2018, on CD-ROM, American Nuclear Society, LaGrange Park, IL (2018) NUCLEAR SAFETY LAUNCH APPROVAL: MULTI-MISSION LESSONS LEARNED Yale Chang The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, 11100 Johns Hopkins Rd, Laurel, MD 20723 240-228-5724; [email protected] Launching a NASA radioisotope power system (RPS) trajectory to Saturn used a Venus-Venus-Earth-Jupiter mission requires compliance with two Federal mandates: Gravity Assist (VVEJGA) maneuver, where the Earth the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) Gravity Assist (EGA) flyby was the primary nuclear safety and launch approval (LA), as directed by Presidential focus of NASA, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), the Directive/National Security Council Memorandum 25. Cassini Interagency Nuclear Safety Review Panel Nuclear safety launch approval lessons learned from (INSRP), and the public alike. A solid propellant fire test multiple NASA RPS missions, one Russian RPS mission, campaign addressed the MPF finding and led in part to two non-RPS launch accidents, and several solid the retrofit solid propellant breakup systems (BUSs) propellant fire test campaigns since 1996 are shown to designed and carried by MER-A and MER-B spacecraft have contributed to an ever-growing body of knowledge. and the deployment of plutonium detectors in the launch The launch accidents can be viewed as “unplanned area for PNH. The PNH mission decreased the calendar experiments” that provided real-world data. Lessons length of the NEPA/LA processes to less than 4 years by learned from the nuclear safety launch approval effort of incorporating lessons learned from previous missions and each mission or launch accident, and how they were tests in its spacecraft and mission designs and their applied to improve the NEPA/LA processes and nuclear NEPA/LA processes. -
A New Model of the Crustal Magnetic Field of Mars Using MGS and MAVEN
RESEARCH ARTICLE A New Model of the Crustal Magnetic Field of Mars Using 10.1029/2018JE005854 MGS and MAVEN Key Points: 1 1 2 3 • MGS and MAVEN magnetic field Benoit Langlais , Erwan Thébault , Aymeric Houliez , Michael E. Purucker , 4 measurements are combined into a and Robert J. Lillis high-resolution magnetic field model • The new model extends up to SH 1Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, CNRS, UMR 6112, Nantes, degree 134, corresponding to 160-km France, 2Observatoire Royal de Belgique, Uccle, Belgium, 3Planetary Magnetospheres Laboratory, NASA Goddard horizontal resolution at the Martian Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA, 4Space Science Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA surface • It enables local studies, where geologic and magnetic features can be compared Abstract While devoid of an active magnetic dynamo field today, Mars possesses a remanent magnetic field that may reach several thousand nanoteslas locally. The exact origin and the events that have shaped the crustal magnetization remain largely enigmatic. Three magnetic field data sets from two spacecraft Supporting Information: • Supporting Information S1 collected over 13 cumulative years have sampled the Martian magnetic field over a range of altitudes •TableS1 from 90 up to 6,000 km: (a) Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) magnetometer (1997–2006), (b) MGS Electron Reflectometer (1999–2006), and (c) Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) magnetometer Correspondence to: (2014 to today). In this paper we combine these complementary data sets for the first time to build a new B. Langlais, model of the Martian internal magnetic field. This new model improves upon previous ones in several [email protected] aspects: comprehensive data coverage, refined data selection scheme, modified modeling scheme, discrete-to-continuous transformation of the model, and increased model resolution. -
Elemental Analysis of Lunar Meteorites Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
52nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2021 (LPI Contrib. No. 2548) 1729.pdf ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF LUNAR METEORITES USING LASER-INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY. A. J. Ogura1 ([email protected]), K. Yumoto1, Y. Cho1, T. Niihara2, S. Kameda3, and S. Sugita1, 1Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, 2School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 3College of science, Rikkyo University. Introduction: Laser-induced breakdown chromite-spinel, olivine, and pyroxene as phenocrysts spectroscopy (LIBS) is an elemental analysis method in the dark groundmass [9]. NWA11474 is based on the spectra from plasma generated by focused characterized with gray groundmass and white laser pulses. In-situ measurements with LIBS have feldspathic clasts (Fig. 1). All samples were measured already been conducted on planetary missions taking in a vacuum chamber maintained at < 3 × 10-2 Pa. advantages of multiple capabilities of LIBS, such as Data acquisition. We used an Nd:YAG laser (1064 high-spatial resolution (hundreds of microns), rapid, nm, 2 Hz repetition rate, 30 mJ pulse energy). The laser and remote analysis without sample pretreatment (>3 m spot diameter was 800 �m. The spectra were obtained distance in minutes) [1]. Such examples include at a distance of 1 m with an exposure time of 50 ms. 5- ChemCam on NASA’s Curiosity rover [1], SuperCam 9 spots were measured per sample and 100 spectra were on the Perseverance rover [2], and China’s Tianwen-1 obtained per laser spot. The lunar meteorite NWA 479 rover [3]. was measured at light-toned phenocrysts and darker LIBS would be a powerful tool for lunar groundmass. -
Mars Exploration - a Story Fifty Years Long Giuseppe Pezzella and Antonio Viviani
Chapter Introductory Chapter: Mars Exploration - A Story Fifty Years Long Giuseppe Pezzella and Antonio Viviani 1. Introduction Mars has been a goal of exploration programs of the most important space agencies all over the world for decades. It is, in fact, the most investigated celestial body of the Solar System. Mars robotic exploration began in the 1960s of the twentieth century by means of several space probes sent by the United States (US) and the Soviet Union (USSR). In the recent past, also European, Japanese, and Indian spacecrafts reached Mars; while other countries, such as China and the United Arab Emirates, aim to send spacecraft toward the red planet in the next future. 1.1 Exploration aims The high number of mission explorations to Mars clearly points out the impor- tance of Mars within the Solar System. Thus, the question is: “Why this great interest in Mars exploration?” The interest in Mars is due to several practical, scientific, and strategic reasons. In the practical sense, Mars is the most accessible planet in the Solar System [1]. It is the second closest planet to Earth, besides Venus, averaging about 360 million kilometers apart between the furthest and closest points in its orbit. Earth and Mars feature great similarities. For instance, both planets rotate on an axis with quite the same rotation velocity and tilt angle. The length of a day on Earth is 24 h, while slightly longer on Mars at 24 h and 37 min. The tilt of Earth axis is 23.5 deg, and Mars tilts slightly more at 25.2 deg [2]. -
Determination of Optimal Earth-Mars Trajectories to Target the Moons Of
The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School Department of Aerospace Engineering DETERMINATION OF OPTIMAL EARTH-MARS TRAJECTORIES TO TARGET THE MOONS OF MARS A Thesis in Aerospace Engineering by Davide Conte 2014 Davide Conte Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science May 2014 ii The thesis of Davide Conte was reviewed and approved* by the following: David B. Spencer Professor of Aerospace Engineering Thesis Advisor Robert G. Melton Professor of Aerospace Engineering Director of Undergraduate Studies George A. Lesieutre Professor of Aerospace Engineering Head of the Department of Aerospace Engineering *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School iii ABSTRACT The focus of this thesis is to analyze interplanetary transfer maneuvers from Earth to Mars in order to target the Martian moons, Phobos and Deimos. Such analysis is done by solving Lambert’s Problem and investigating the necessary targeting upon Mars arrival. Additionally, the orbital parameters of the arrival trajectory as well as the relative required ΔVs and times of flights were determined in order to define the optimal departure and arrival windows for a given range of date. The first step in solving Lambert’s Problem consists in finding the positions and velocities of the departure (Earth) and arrival (Mars) planets for a given range of dates. Then, by solving Lambert’s problem for various combinations of departure and arrival dates, porkchop plots can be created and examined. Some of the key parameters that are plotted on porkchop plots and used to investigate possible transfer orbits are the departure characteristic energy, C3, and the arrival v∞.