International Songbook

*Seminar Coordinators

Seminar participants are responsible for the overall scheme of the book, selection of materials, layout, transcriptions of the songs, introductory material, and some of the material on individual countries (including essays, translations, song descriptions, calligraphy, and illustrations). Additional contributors for individual countries are listed on the back cover.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:

Rose S. Nakamura (advisor) Dr. Ricardo D. Trimillos (advisor) Miriam Gould (editor) Bertrand Moon frnusicaZ notation) Beverly Mukai (pricipal ilZustrator) Media Production Services East-West Center Print Shop Office of Public Affairs Participant Resources and Open Grants Staff

Published by: Open Grants, East-West Center 1777 East-West Road Honolulu, Hawaii 96848 INTERNATIONAL SONGBOOK

THE EAST-WEST CENTER 1777 EAST-WEST ROAD HONOLULU, HAWAII 96848 A NOTE ON THE MUSIC AND SONG TEXTS The reader should be 'aware that the version of the text and melody given here is often only one of many possible variations. The tempo and register (pitch level) may also vary considerably. Western staff notation can only approximate many of the subtleties of these songs: microtonal intervals, ornamentation, and voice quality (timbre) are importan't aspects of many songs from around the world. The reader is urged to seek out recordings from the countries included here to get a better idea of the singing styles as well as the kinds of instrumental xccompaniment used.

We have attempted to use standard romanization systems for foreign languages. The number of languages included made a separate pronunciation guide for each unfeasible. A reliable language text, dictionary, or (best of all) native speaker should be able to clarify pronunciation. Vocables (syllables that are not part of the poetic text, but which are sung to fill up a line) are indicated in parentheses -- (ah), (o), etc. -- in the song texts.

Title-page logo developed by EWC-OG team for a slide show on "Visulalzing Global Interdependencies." FOREWORD This collection of songs was put together by a group of graduate students in a seminar of the Open Grants unit within the East-West Center. Work began during the spring semester of 1979 and continued through the following fall and spring semesters with the goal of producing a songbook that would be a feature of the Center's 20th Anniversary celebration in 1980.

The songs in this collection are all from countries that fall within the geographical purview of the East-West Center. However, not all countries represented at the Center are included, and it is our hope that this lack can be remedied in future editions.

We began our work with a search for lullabies. Later, the scope was extended to include other types of folk songs that would depict the life and culture of a country and reflect, explicitly or implicitly, values and beliefs widely shared among its peoples. The collection now contains not only lullabies ,- but love songs, work songs, songs expressing love of nature and love of country. In a few cases where we experienced difficulty in obtaining folk songs, we have included songs composed too recently to merit that designation.

We soon became aware of the vast differences in music, language, and culture that exist within the boundaries of a single country. It should be kept in mind, therefore, that the songs in this booklet provide only a small sampling of each country's rich and varied store of folk music. English translations are not intended to rhyme, to be sung, or even to be poetic; their purpose is communication.

It is our hope that, by providing background information on the individual songs and the cultures they represent, the songbook will be not only a source of entertainment but a travel guide for an educational journey through the lands represented at the East-West Center.

The collection could never have been completed without the hard work of a great many people, including a core group of twelve seminar members and literally scores of assistants who contributed the songs and helped with the time-consuming tasks of translation, illustration, calligraphy, editing, and layout. TABLE OF CONTENTS

Afghanistan 1 Indonesia Pashtu-Landay 2 Ayo Mama Aa Lalo Bacha Lalo 4 Gambang Suling Nina Bobok Australia 6 Waltzing Matilda 7 Japan Click Go the Shears 9 Sakura Sakura Botany Bay 11 Soran Bushi 0-Edo Nihon-bashi Bangladesh 13 Chele Ghumalo Parra Juralo 14 Korea Ghum-Parrani Mashi-Pishi 15 Miryang Arirang Nadir Kool Nai 16 Nong-Boo-Gah Toraji Taryung Fiji Oi Lei Susi Laos Isa Lei Dok Champa Na t ewa Malaysia Hawai ' i Trek Tek Tek Hi'ilawe Cik Mamat Henehene Kou Aka Rasa Sayang

Hong Kong 2 7 Nepal Gum See Tseuk 2 8 Yo Lyaune ra u lyaune Yuet Kuang Kuang 29 Chyangba Hai

India 30 New Zealand Kannada 31 Me He Manu Rere Nini, Baba, Nini 33 E Pari Ra Hine E Hine Pakistan United States Lutthay Dee Chadur K-K-K-.Katie Little Doggie Papua New Guinea t7uraZuraZura 0 Sore Mama Singe Western Samoa Yumi Sekan La 'u Lupe Tofa mai feZeni Philippines 'Ie Lavalava Chitchiritchit Pamu Zinawen IZi IZi Singapore Semoga Bahagia Sri Lanka Sihina Hatak Taiwan Ban Tsun Hung Hsiao Huang Li Liao Diu Diu Dang Thai land Kawpote SaZee Taa Mong Taa PhZeng Kiaw Khaaw Tonga Fisi e hone Si 'i Lose China. Mainlsnd ".. ' Marianr Hwii 0 (us*) ...... r.Marhdl Ida& Tmn Tarritorin .. .:

Western Samw Amsrlcln . .... G,ok id.NlI

REGIONAL REPRESENTATION AT EWC (excluding contined U.S. 1 AFGHANISTAN UV.LS.~\ Afghanistan is a landlocked, mountainous country situated in the central part of Asia and bounded on the west by Iran, on the south and east by Pakistan, on the north by the U.S.S.R and on the extreme northeast by China. Over the years Afghanistan has been invaded countless times--by Persians and Turks, by Alexander the Great in the 4th century B.C., by Genghis Khan 17 centuries later. Marco Polo passed through Afghanistan on his famous journey to the East. Afghanistan gained independence from Britain in 1919. Her government was monarchical until 1973 when the country was proclaimed a republic. The population of approximately twenty million comprises four main ethnic groups: Pashtuns (who make up about half the population), Tajiks, Uzbeks, and Hazara. Islam is the state religion and about 99 percent of the people are Muslims. The two major languages are Pashtu and Dari.

Afghanistan is primarily an agricultural country but is now in the process of becoming industrialized and modernized. Pashtu-Landay

Pashtu-Landay

Landay are couplets written in Pashtu by anonymous Pashtun poets of long ago. They express in simple, fluent language memories of home or ldst youth or the passion of young lovers or even the fervor of the battlefield. The first line of each couplet has nine syllables and the second has thirteen. Landay are sung by young and old throughout the land of the Pashtuns and have become a symbol of the Afghans' pride.

I I I I I khk neth-ta kr wa Ia n4 rr d - - ~pj-ma; 94 -Ian ,e

b4 dor-+a wok Ion (ma o) wok lolr (*a ti). ~a-narr nor Po hko -la ba djr9b dar or -r; wok- Ion (-a - 1 wok- lorn (.n4 - >.

atad-so v#d-ra tar soyl, u keo - *a - keg- *a (eu-). kr +e

biya ba jod kli due- u~I- 1.0 - . 1. Moon, shining white, tell me what my problems are. Whom does my beloved see?

2. What kind of treatment is this? Why must you shine so that my beloved must walk in the shadow of the wall?

3. When you reach your zenith, who can sleep without his beloved?

4. Greetings to you, oh moon. My beloved is approaching, do not reveal her in your glow.

5. Whenever you think of me, look at the mo0.n. I'm standing over there.

6. 1'11 be sparring with you verbally but begging for you with bashful eyes.

7. Come, come, sit next to me. If you're shy, I'll put my arm around your shoulder.

8. Make a hole in the wall and extend your hand. My father is a mason, and he'll make more walls.

Aa Lalo Bacha Lalo

Go to Slee~.Little Child. Go to Sleen

This lullaby from Afghanistan, like lullabies everywhere, is sung to send a small child to sleep. The words are in Dari or Persian, one of the two main languages spoken in Afghanistan today.

she - kar raf -t4 kar rRffrt A - a

bar -

Go to sleep, little child, go to sleep Go to sleep behind the little window Your father is out hunting Your mother is busy working Go to sleep little moon A little moon in the cradle A cradle made of gold Decorated with pearls Go to sleep little child, go to sleep Australia is one of the world's oldest land masses. An island continent lying southeast of Asia, its shores are washed by the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Australia is nearly as large as the United States (excluding Hawaii and Alaska) and almost twice the combined size of India and Pakistan. It is a very flat continent and the greater proportion of the western part is desert. Extending for 2,000 kilometers (1,250 miles) along the northeast coast is the Great Barrier Reef, an area known for its extensive coral and many rare forms of sea life.

The majority of the population of approximately 14 million lives on the eastern seaboard. The people are mainly of British origin, and Aborigines make up less than 2 percent of the population. The modern nation of Australia had inauspicious beginnings. First sighted by the Dutch in 1606, it was explored by Captain James Cook in 1770 and was declared a British colony on January 26, 1788. At first the British used Australia as a penal colony, and the early settlements were in fact made up largely of convicts.

Australia is divided into seven states, and is governed under a federal system from Canberra in the Australian Capital Territory. Australia is well known for its wool and beef products and for its unique fauna including the kangaroo and koala. Waltzing Matilda

"Waltzing Matilda" is perhaps the best known of all Australian songs. Banjo Paterson, a famous Australian poet and writer, is said to have written the words when visiting a cattle station in northwest Australia in the 1890s, later putting them to an old tune. However, there is some support for the view that Paterson did not actually compose the ballad but merely polished up an existing song. For readers unacquainted with Australian colloquialisms, some of the terms in the song need definition. Matilda is the bundle or swag carried by a swagman (tramp). As he travels the roads in Australia's scarcely populated backcountry or bush, he is "waltzing Matilda." A billabong is a branch of a river forming a backwater or stagnant pond; the swagman's billy is a tin or enamelware container with a close- fitting lid and wire handle, used to carry food and to boil water for tea or cook over an open fire; jumbuckis a sheep; and a squatter is a grazier or sheep farmer. I 1 I 1- I1 I I 7 I I T r1 I I I I w II m I I I

Said he And h;i

I 1 9k~t&pg b; ie~rd- a+ You f"a* 63 3b.t b;/ - L Click Go the Shears

"Click Go the Shears" is one of the better.known bush songs of Australia and is believed to have originated around 1910 when the pastoral industry was at its height. It tells of the sheep shearers, a nomadic group who go from station to station, plying their trade. Not having opportunities to enjoy the entertainments of the city, they create their own.

n % IY I I 111 -1 I I I wv 1 1 I I I. r I I1 1 I I I* I -2 w,I* I 1 -1. -1 I I out duib bo+uvd the OIJ 5 stad, ~iddfaof the flour i* his "we b&1- ed Juir rif, fk n 1 r- 1 I 1 I 1 1 I I-. I i I I 1 1 I 1 1 I - - - 1. I I 1 1 1 I - his ~laarr i~ h:5 tG* bk-Y h..dgl %o.rt of the board, with eyes cuc - 9 - w k rej

I L L I I 'I 1 I I ~l;cC g . trcc rkarr A, click , click, r/;c4,

Botany Bay In 1779 the British government established a settlement in Austra- lia at a place called Botany Bay. Between 1790 and 1835 thousands of convicts were transported there from the overcrowded gaols of England. The origin of this best known of all convict songs of Australia has been traced to the street ballads of England of the early nineteenth century, although the words now commonly' accepted did not appear until 1885 when the song was used in an English play.

- I fore-

60- k* o;d all the 6kp crew. Thare%

thp f;rrt and see- end cb#fi p,,-r#-ps kwow

- -, , I - I - .-4 + - ~d for to cut su4 rl rSw 51na-im 4 rll rsuk boo- kiet aad 0.'~-CH-- es,

I a A - A. -A - I w ---- For H - we- lor5 yeerr a ad e /au . Take w from what TGe +o or .

For .*reef - 4 couc ir, an o .- ~-r- ~;wd oll ir gsur ow- a3 you touch -e9544 0 -I I 3 I IS I I I - 1 - e. / Azdw .tit - i~qhi. jLb- Q,- a - Uru BANGLADESH a5mQ'T Bangladesh, known as "the land of rivers and 56,000 villages," lies between the eastern Himalayasand the Bay of Bengal, touching Burma at its southeast corner but otherwise surrounded on east, north, and west by India. Bangladesh lies in a vast alluvial plain encompassing the great delta of the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers. Into this small country about the size of the state of Iowa are crowded more than 63 million people, making its rural areas among the most densely populated in the world. It is a land of jute fields and rice paddies, of tropical jungles and swamps.

Bangladesh has a long history and the area is famous for its rich cultural heritage in arts, music, and intellectual activities. Yet it is also a young country for it was born as an independent and sovereign state in December 1971, when it seceded from Pakistan.

About 85 percent of the people of Bangladesh are Muslims, and most of the remainder are Hindus. The official language is Bengali. Che Ze Ghwna Zo Parra JuraZo Here Sleeps the Babe

This lullaby from Bangladesh reflects the concerns of a village people, whose traditional way of life is rooted in the land and whose well-being depends on nature's kindness.

bar ho-fa O;U 5ho-bur k2-f~ $u-nr cbrr

The children are asleep and all is quiet. 'Borgi-robbers' have come to the country, And bulbuls have eaten all the rice, How shall we pay the tax (for the King) ? No rice and no betel-leaves, what other source of money is there ? Wait, for just a few more days -- We have cultivated some garlic. p--+s- ITrc;)-- tinurn-Parrani Mashi- Pishi Sleep Aunty

The sleep aunty who comes to the children of Bangladesh must be a distant relative of the sandman who sprinkles sand in the eyes of American youngsters to make them sleepy.

hCat - ~4; Pa-long Na; kbo- kar Cko- khe to - so.

$a- to BLo-r.a Pas-* DP-60 Gael 6ho- re khe - o ,

So - to Cke - Ier Cko-hkcr Ohurn CQ) kho-kav dro-khr 0;-0.

Gbv~fa- rra- an; Ma-#hi- Pi-sir; Mo-Adr &) Ba-rr; E-gho,

khat - Nai Po- lo*g dai hbo - kar ~ho- khg 60 - 30 . Come, aunty, oh aunty of sleep-making , Come to our house, Je have no cot or bedstead (So) have a seat, come to rest on the eyes of my baby. We will entertain you with atray full of betel leaves. Bless my child, With the sleep of all children. - - 11

Nadir KooZ Nai

The River Flows Unabated

This folksong stems from the universal desire of the common man to give expression to his joy and sorrow, dreams and aspirations. It .testifies to the age-old bond between man and the good earth.

kaha-re- e 54~-d4; re-y A-r;

kur ka.1 h.- * km hr-frlr 9-bo ka- h4- r( - e 5hu - &- re 7 I!-*; o0 koo -lor kool drsre-J-lr-bar jr d; dk-&-ha fr i y. a

The river is flowing unabated, Whom should I ask about my destination?

It is cloudy, with thunder and lightning, And the river is moving with a great momentum. Just now I saw a serene picture, but then suddenly it was gone.

Terrifying is the river. The waves are bouncing against one another. I am in my small broken-down country boat, Looking to Almighty God, who alone can save me. FIJI Fiji, a land of some 300 islands in the southwest Pacific Ocean, was populated more than 3,000 years ago by migrants from Southeast Asia. Centuries of intercourse with neighboring islanders from Tonga and Samoa produced an indigenous race principally classified as Melanesian but evidencing a significant admixture of Polynesian blood. Today, the indigenous Fijians are outnumbered by Indians, who first were brought to Fiji in 1879 as part of an indentured labor movement established under British rule.

Although the Dutch navigator Abel Janzsoon Tasman discovered the fringes of the island group in 1643, it was not until William Blights voyage from Tonga to Timor in 1789, following the mutiny on the "Bounty", that the main islands were sighted and charted by Westerners. Sandalwooders began trading among the islands in the early 19th century, and the first Christian missionaries reached Lakeba (pronounced Lakemba) Island in the eastern Lau Group in 1830-- penetrating into western Fiji until they reached Bau, the most populous and important social center in the islands. The Chief of Bau, Ratu Cakobau (pronounced Thakombau), had managed to extend and consolidate his power over a large part of the islands, and, by 1850, his influence was so widespread that he was acclaimed as Tui Viti (King of Fiji). But rebellious coastal tribes in Viti Levu (Fiji's main island) soon rose against him, repeatedly defeating him in battle. Cakobau embraced Christianity in 1854 and later was able to reclaim some of his lost political fortunes; but another powerful chief, Ratu Matafu (of Tongan origin), also gained considerable power and prestige among the Lau islands of eastern Fiji. The appointment of the first British consul to Fiji in 1658 began a long process of political bargaining which led to Fiji's cession to Britain in 1874. Five years later the first indentured Indians arrived to work in Fiji's incipient sugarcane industry. When the practice of indenture ceased in 1916, over 40,000 Indian migrants had elected to homestead in the islands (an alternative offered in their work contracts); and by 1946, the Indian population surpassed the Fijian. Indians today reside in urban centers or along major transport routes, while Fijians are found not only in urban centers but also in traditional village settings throughout the coastal and interior regions of all islands. Fiji achieved independence from British rule in October, 1970. Oi Lei Susi Oh Susi

This song expresses the sadness of a young Fijian girl leaving her native village. Her lover is also distressed at her departure, and pledges his fidelity, come what may.

I I Au b;u ta tu *a ko-ro sa 5 iu - 5; di - - 7 v- r; *a;

I f - sa It?- i 5u - 5;

I am leaving my village Chorus: Which I love very much. I will be happy when I leave Oh, Susi, If I think of my village all the time. Isa Lei, Susi, You are leaving me behind. Susi, my love, I will miss you Good-bye, Susi. Because you, were always here. Now that you are leaving, this place will be empty But I will always be there. 19 Isa Lei Isa Lei

A Fijian chief tells of his sorrow at being parted from his beloved wife.

b- va be- k~-/to 4 w - i - ca - ka-~a

S- $0 ft?-i *a Nu-gufa- fa- Wa

Isa, isa, you are my only treasure. I must leave you so lonely and forsaken, I will miss every night of tropic pleasure. This heart of mine you have taken.

Isa lei, the purple shadows fall. Sad the morrow will dawn upon my sorrow Please remember when I am far away Precious moments beside dear Suva Bay. Natewa

Natewa Upon first returning to his home after several years of absence, a young man expresses fond memories of his youth. Natewa is a traditional Fijian village located on the northeastern portion of the island of Vanua Levu.

$a-ro-v; w; ko-ro ne-; naDu n.; bu- tu-k..tu o &u ko- ; - The beaches of my mother's village, Where I now set foot, With their white sa~idand wind, Looking out to the sea, they bring back happy memories.

Oh, Natewa, my village where I belong, Your name I shall always remember. Like a flower that is dear to me, You will always remain in my heart.

Oh, my beautiful village of Natewa, Houses standing tall and clean, With a breeze always blowing from the sea, Oh, Natewa, I will always remember you. Although Hawai'i has been a part of the United States since 1898 and one of its fifty states since 1959, we feel that it merits special inclusion as the home of the East-West Center.

Hawai'i consists of 8 large islands and a number of smaller ones. The islands have been inhabited since as early as 500 A.D. The first settlers were Marquesans, followed several centuries later by Tahitians. Because of the islands' isolation, a uniquely Hawaiian language, society, and culture evolved.

The islands were "rediscovered" by explorer Captain James Cook in 1778. Traders, whalers, and missionaries followed, all leaving their mark on the islands. As the islands' agriculture expanded, immigrants were brought to work on the pineapple and sugarcane plantations. Successive waves brought Chinese, Japanese, Filipinos, Koreans, Portu- guese, Samoans, and others.

The islands were united by King Kamehameha I in the early 19th Century. Later monarchs tried to adapt to the onslaught of the West, notably Kind David Kalakaua and Queen Lili'uokalani; however, the manarchywas overthrown in 1893 and the territory was annexed by the United States in 1898.

Today, Hawai'i reflects the diverse origins of its people. The number of pure Hawaiians is small, but there are a growing number of part Hawaiians. In recent years a "Hawaiian Renaissance" has occurred, with a renewed interest in and love for Hawaiian language and culture.

Song has long been an important part of Hawaiian life. Chants (mele oli and mele hula, the latter used in conjunction with dance) served as oral history, passing knowledge from one generation to the next. Kaona (hidden or double meanings) is frequently used in Hawaiian song to this day.

Instruments of foreign origin, such as the ukulele, have been adapted and become integral to Hawaiian music. The steel guitar and the style of guitar playing known as k? horalu or "slack key" were developed in Hawaii. Songs in Hawaiian are widely known and composed today. Hawaiian culture continues to grow and evolve, and its songs are an expression of that process. Hi' ilawe Hi.ilawe is a waterfall in Waipi'o Valley on the island of Hawaii. A young woman from Puna has a love affair there but is driven away by the chattering gossips ("birds"). Of the many existing variations on the melody, three are given here.

A ItA II I I.. I I I1I R'll 1 I . A -A I I1/'It I- I I L 1 I I we-0H - kr6;-kc-9. ;-5 H;-'i- /a- cJe

All eyes are on Hi'ilawe In the sparkling lowlands of Maukele. I escape all the birds Chattering everywhere in Wai-pi'o. I am not caught For I am the mist of the mountains. I am the darling of the parents And a lei for the necks of grandparents. The fragrance is wafted from Puna And lives at Hi'ilawe waterfall.

Tell the refrain: Hawaiian and English lyrics reprinted by permission of the publisher. from All eyes are on Hi'ilawe. Na Mele o Hawai'i Nei: 101 Hawaiian Songs, collected by Samuel H. Elbert andoelani Mahoe, copyright@ 1970 by The Universltv of Hawali Press. Henehene Kou 'Aka

Henehene Kou 'Aka

This song is about a trolley car 'ride in old Honolulu. 'the use of English words and phrases is common practice as is the use of Hawaiian adaptations of foreign words (magnetic: makeneki; wheel: uila).

For )rod rrd

For ycv ad I Your laughter is teasing We go to Kaka'ako You're in the mood, maybe To eat beef stew Always the usual thing Always the usual thing For you and I For you and I

The magnetic electricity The story is told Excites the being You're in the mood, maybe Always the usual thing Always the usual thing For you and I For you and I HONG KONG &?& Hong Kong is a British colony situatedonthe southern coast of China. It includes the highly urbanized island of Hong Kong proper (about thirty square miles in size), many other small islands, and Kowloon and the New Territories on the mainland. It is a small place (total area, about 396 square miles) with a large population (4.6 million people). Ninety-nine percent of the people are Chinese, and the majority of these are Cantonese.

Before the British came in 1843, Hong Kong was a small Chinese outpost with a distinguished history: Some two thousand years ago, during the Han Dynasty, a princess married a Hong Kong villager. Today, of course, people have come to associate Hong Kong with laissez faire capitalism and economic agility. Industrial production ranges from garments to sophisticated electronic gear. Hong Kong is not only an international marketplace but also a hub of financial activity, with one of the most active gold markets in the world. Gum See Tseuk

"Golden feather bird" is a well-known metaphor for the concu- bines of the rich. Their miserable life is just like that of a golden feather bird living in a jade cage. They have everyt.hinz but freedom.

-~un-girrj-ku;- d$-kra3-ba-hay h~-rick-ku#-~uk lone-

Golden feather bird, golden feather bird, You are so beautiful just like a phoenix, So noble, so rich, with so much jewelry. However, you are living in a jade cage. Many people admire you, your master loves you. However, you cannot fly freely, Who knows your suffering and sorrow? Yuet Kuang Kuang Bright Moonlight

This is a IIong Kong lullaby, sung in Cantonese. Hong Kong is a land of business. However, this lullaby still reflects the tradition of an agricultural society. Men and women work either in the field or on the hill, and children are expected to help earn a living.

The moonlight is brightly shining in the yard, Shrimp boy* is sleeping calmly. Tomorrow morning, mother will be busy transplanting the baby plants, grandpa will look after the cows on the hill. Shrimp boy! grow up quickly so you can help your grandpa take care of the cows.

"nickname for boys in Cantonese

W %% e~,cP 1rjf$2d;f ?#digs lit' *A l'q #% $ E$ Ffiff%bFf~aA8 *B.Ktar*R $I & A 4 !f%7Wji%6!*++ INDIA India is the seventh largest country in the world, covering a total area of 3,268,090 square kilometers (1,269,339 square miles), but it is second only to China in population. One out of every seven persons in the world lives within its limits. It is a land of great variety, stretching from the eternal snows of the Himalayas to the tropical shores of the south and encompassing great rivers, broad fertile plains, desert areas, and thick jungles.

India is the birthplace of many religions (including Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism) which play a vital role in the Indian way of life. The people of India belong to many races and speak about 180 languages, including fourteen major ones. About 83 percent of the people are Hindus and another 11 percent are Muslims.

Indian history dates back.at least 5,000 years. Some of the world's loveliest ancient paintings, intricate sculptures, and majestic pieces of architecture are found in India. The Taj Mahal, for instance, is considered by some to be the most beautiful building in the world. The Sanskrit classic literature of India ranks among the oldest and greatest literary achievements in world history.

Agriculturally, India ranks fifth among the world's nations in total farm area. It leads the world in the production of sugarcane, peanuts, pepper, and tea. Only China grows more rice and only Bangladesh raises more jute. India ranks third in the production of bananas and tobacco. Yet the industrial infrastructure of India is well developed. The country manufactures its own aircraft, locomotives, automobiles, ships, cement, steel, fertilizer, machine tools, electronic equipment.and armament. Kannada Iiannada

This song from Karnataka, India, is written by K. V. Puttappa, a contemporary poet laureate of the Kannada language. The song describes the greatness of the Kannada language and the poet's love for it. Kannada -- When I hear that name My ears in rapture are set erect, My heart dances and plays to its tune like a poet enwrapped in ecstacy at the sight of a rainbow, forgetting mind and body. Kannada! Kannada!! Ah! Sweet Kannada!!! The script of Hara rhymes in Kannada, Hara's entreating voice rings in Kannada. As longing urges of devotees are sung in Kannada, Hari showers his choicest blessings and Hara hurts not, but protects with his grace. What use is this life for? Tell me, 0 soul: If it is not To sing poems in rich Kannada, Enhance'the.growth of rich Kannada, And serve the goddess Mother Kannada. Kannada! Kannada!! Ah! Sweet Kannada!! ! Nini, Baba, Nini Sleep, Baby, Sleep

The following is a very old lullaby, sung in Hindi.

I u N; on;, ba-ba, r; - qi, Muck-fin, i@-t;,cheo -

Muck-a* rot h~-~~-affa - nn- ra ba - bn 5 - ya

Sleep, baby, sleep, Butter, bread, sugar, The brsad and butter are finished, My baby is asleep. INDONESIA Indonesia is made up of some 13,000 tropical islands strung along the equator over an area of about 3 million square miles. Extending more than 3,000 miles from east to west, the islands, if viewed from an orbiting satellite, would resemble a series of giant stepping stones linking Australia and Southeast Asia.

The principal islands of Indonesia are Java, Sumatra, Kalimantan (Borneo), and Sulawesi (Celebes); these are known as the Greater Sunda Islands. To the east of Java are the Lesser Sunda Islands, of which the best known is Bali. Further to the east are the Maluku and Kai Islands, the island of Halmahera, and Irian Jaya (the western half of New Guinea), along with many smaller island groups. Only half of the country's islands have permanent settlements, and two-thirds of Indonesia's 139 million people live on Java.

Three hundred years of Dutch colonial rule came to end when Indonesia's independence was proclaimed on August 17, 1945. Today the capital city of Jakarta is an important urban center and the center of business, governmental, and social life. However, most Indonesians still live in rural areas and are dependent on agriculture for their livelihood.

Some 300 ethnic groups are represented in Indonesia, each with its own language and traditions. Yet there is a strong national feeling, as expressed in the national motto Bhinneka TunggaZ Ika ("unity in diversity"). Bahasa Indonesia, a language derived from the Malay, is the national language. Most Indonesians are Moslem, but the island of Bali has retained its ancient Hindu heritage. Ayo Mama

Come On, Mother

This song is from the Maluku (Molucca) Islands, the "Spice Islands" that. brought Europeans to the Far East and Columbus to the discovery of the American continent. Moluccans, like other people of the Pacific, like to sing and are well known as entertainers. They have contributed many songs to the rich store of Indonesian folk songs. Ago Mama is about a young girl's complaint to her perhaps too restrictive mother. The song is in Indonesian.

A single maiden is like an orphan. Her thoughts are many, they flit uncertain. She first thinks this way and then thinks that way Like glass that's shattered when it strikes a stone Come on mother, come on mother, don't be angry! For he only only only tried to kiss me. Come on, mother, oh mother don't be angry! Young people always like to act that way. Gambang Suling Song of the Flute This song is known as a dolanan, a children's play song. This is one of the few Javanese songs which can be played by both Gumelan (traditional orchestra of Java) and Western instruments. It is about two instruments in cjarnelan, the gambang, a wooden instrument similar to the xylophone, and the suling, a bamboo flute. Being non-metallic, these two instruments are the easiest and cheapest for villagers to make and own. After working hours in the quiet night in the village, their melancholy and lovely sounds can be heard, bringing mixed feelings of sorrow and joy. The song is in Javanese.

-ni wrc . . . ivrvk -4 - kt' .. 81- N lj k~l4f~l)~- e'...... 5; -yo s u -

Sadness of flute, I hear your plaintive cry, Sweet echoes fall upon my listening ear. Oh lovely song ...oh sorrow's joy ... Gladness in sadness... Oh plaintive flute, oh song so sweet to hear.

GAMBANG nina Bobok

Sleep,Little Sweetheart

The following is a lullaby from North Sumatra. The language is Indonesian.

N; - nr 40 - b.k wi - *a 60 - bok

Lullaby, my little sleepyhead, Sleep softly, sleep, little sweetheart of mine, Sleep softly, sleep, little sweetheart of mine. Daylight has gone and it is time now for bed. JAPAN Japan is an archipelago that forms an arc 2,360 miles long off the east coast of Asia. It is made up of four major islands (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, and Hokkaido) and more than three thousand smaller islands. The land area of Japan is about 380,000 square kilometers (145,730 square miles), and about 70 percent of the land is mountainous or hilly. The population is over 110 million. Japan does not have enough domestic res'ources to satisfy the nation demands; therefore, its economy relies on huge imports and exports. It has become one of the world's leading industrialized nations, and Tokyo, its capital, is estimated to be the second largest city in the world in terms of population. Is the Japanese culture unique? The answer is both "yes" and "no." It is "now in the sense that almost everything in the Japanese culture had its origin in the Chinese and Korean cultures. But it is "yes" in the sense that the Japanese developed their culture to a highly sophisticated and ritualized level through a process of cultural isolation. For many centuries Japan was cut off from.the rest of the world by choice, and it wasn't until the middle of the nineteenth century that the country was opened to trade with the West. Sakura SaKura

Cherrv Blossoms

To think of Japan is to think of cherry blossoms. From late March to early May in different parts of the country hana-mi, cherry-blossom viewing, is a favorite pastime. Many people enjoy picnics, "sakura parties", singing and dancing under these lovely blossoms.

Sakura, Sakura, Cherry blossoms pink and white Hang like mist beneath March skies, Float like clouds in perfumed air, Cherry blossoms everywhere; Pink and white petalled bowers, Best of all the springtime flowers. Soran Bushi Soran Song of Hokkaido

This is one of the folk songs of Hokkaido which is said to have originated in Tsugaru in Aomori prefecture. It is sung by fishermen to mark time as they draw in the nets of herring along the coastline of Hokkaido. The name derives from the interjected shouts.

0- ki-no kr-nr-werr* IVI-Lu-ho-O ki krbo hm-*o -ri

Yaren soran, soran, soran, soran, Hear the songs of sea gulls Whether herrings come or not, Over the ocean waves We asked the gods to harvest; And you can't give up Each and every god whined, The life on the sea. kon, kon--won't come, choi. Nihon-bashi of Edo

Nihon-bashi was the starting point of the route known as the Tokaido which went from Edo (present-day Tokyo) to Kyoto. Travelers who used the 53 stages of the highway had to pay a toll at barriers which were placed along the way. The original Tokaido route can still be distinguished by the distinctive tall pine trees that were planted beside the highway.

1 I I I 1 I I I I I I I I Ill 1 I I I 1 11 n I I I v lm A I I I n I I II # I I - - I I / . I - / Gu0 - .Q - tru 90 - ro- -ta ulr- a *hv-*o me- wo

5a - .no - dr - wa rt - kc- to - ra nu

ko - ck* - k~ -cha - Leaving Nihon-bashi of Edo h3~?tj$+$$,xc,~t?. inm /$'.') Early in the morn for Kyoto, The procession goes on and on; qj-311?S~Z b~rb~~3~,3 3?.+ The day dawns at Takanawa, And the lamps are extinguished. Q $37r-47~ 15.~1-

Climb Hakone as you may, 4%7 You have to stop at the barrier; @3fi41e ~.+gp~..LA. E Men they disapprove, ERAtnr1.\aq4~4VaI?? But women they pass on; Ah, Mishima the flowery town! &1$ I,~tg~~h\k%r7~%k KOREA , Korea occupies a peninsula in northeast Asia that projects southeast from Manchuria. It is separated from China by the Yellow Sea and from Japan by the Sea of Japan. Korea is a very mountainous country and only 30 percent of the land is suitable for cultivation. Despite this fact, farming is the major occupation.

Korea's population is one of the most homogeneous in the world, and its history dates back more than 4300 years. Although Korean culture has been closely aligned with the Chinese civilization, it has never been entirely absorbed by it, nor did it succumb totally to the Japanese influences of the first half of this century. After World War 11, the country was divided to form North and South Korea. Although slightly smaller in area, South Korea has more than double the population of North Korea.

Music in Korea is an integral part of life. It is used in rituals, as in celebration of the Lunar New Year, or during work, as when planting rice. The melody of the traditional songs usually creates a sad feeling, and the words often describe relationships between men and women.

White, which is the symbol of Korea, is closely identified with Toraji, a rare, white mountain flower. Mirzjang ~riran~ Miryang Arirang

Wherever Koreans are, the lovely melody of this song is sure to be heard. It stands aloof from love or spite, happiness or sadness. Every foreigner who has been there associates Korea with this song.

Each district has its own variation of this melody. Miryang Arirang is one of these variations.

Look at me: Look at me! Look at me As if you found a pretty flower In the cold winter, Ari-arirang, Suri-surirang, Arirang again, Over the Arirang Hill you go. ~ong-Boo- Gah Farmers' Song While farmers' songs are generally artless and naive, with simple and rather monotonous tunes, this one from Cholla Province is more elaborate and refined, influenced by the flourishing classical music of which this province is the home.

There are many variations of this song, but all are alike in that the verse is sung as a solo by the leader with the following refrain sung by the group.

- uh whr, vh 6vk vl huh &La3 OX d; yo

~h nu4 *ONJ 600 raX ak daroug b+ #dl du rv

a da; y a'! Hey, farmer, listen to me! Hey, farmer, listen to me! As much as a half-moon is left of The rice fields which were acres And acres at first. Hey, 'you aren't a half-moon, The half-moon is over there in the sky, A-whah, 2--here, a-her,

Hey, farmer, listen to me! The sun is yonder, Behind the western hills, And the moon is rising, Over the eastern sky, A-wha, a-wha, aheh, Sang-sah-diah, A-wha, a-her , a-heh, Sang-sah-diah . - Toraji Taryung Song of the Bellflower's Root

"Toraji Taryung," like "Arirang" is a dance tune but it is more melodious and has a livelier rhythm. The people of the Unyul area in the western provinces have their own version of "Toraji Taryung" while there is another version in the Sunsori area near Seoul. It is generally believed that this folk song originated in Kangwon province. It is a song of a girl's pure heart, dreaming of love even when she fails to dig up Toraji.

,- j 0-t~ 7r j! fe - rr- ji to - re- ji +O f6 ic

5h;.*r - Shiw Sahg chon Ch To - ro - ji tu;t - twry ~akrduwj eh Co re - jl

el, yaL fa % dab dee YL' m Toraji, Toraji, 'Coraji A white toraji on a steep mount. With only one or two of its roots Her big basket is full, Eh-heh-yah, Eh-heh-yah, Eh-heh-yah, oh dear, Oh, my beloved darling.

Toraji, Toraji, Toraji, Growing on a peak behind her home. iVith blue and red shirt fluttering, She goes to dig up a toraji, Eh-heh-yah, Eh-heh-yah, Eh-heh-yah, Eh-yah-rahn-dah, oh dear, Oh, my beloved darling. Laos is a landlocked country of slightly less than 100,000 square miles bordered by Burma, China, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Thailand. It is mostly mountainous, with a few fairly flat areas along the Mekong River, near which almost all major towns are located. The Mekong, which forms a large part of the western border of Zaos, flows some 2500 miles from the high plains of Tibet to the South China Sea and has had a profound effect on the patterns of life and commerce in all the countries through which it flows. It is a source of food for the people of Laos, and its waters are used for irrigation and transpor- tation.

Laos has the lowest population density and is the least urbanized of any country in Southeast Asia. The population is thought to be about three million. Two of the many identifiable ethnic groups are the Lao, who comprise over half the population, and the Hmong. The Lao, who are Buddhists, live mainly near the Mekong and its tributaries, where they grow lowland (flooded) rice. The Hmong and other mountain tribes live in small transitory villages to the east and grow upland rice and other cash crops by shifting cultivation.

The climate of Laos is sharply divided into wet and dry monsoon seasons, with the former bringing over 90 percent of the annual rainfall during the months from May to September. Dok Churnpa Frangipani (Plumeria)

Frangipani is the national flower of the Land of a Million Elephants, a name once given to Laos. This song expresses a feeling of homesickness. The flower's special fragrance reminds the singer of his childhood, for they grew up side by side. Now that he is away from home, it helps to ease his pain. When he is lonely, the frangipani is a faithful companion, offering friendship that will be treasured forever.

or, '&.a, AL-8- pa Ve - I A SO.* +en9 &Z cCao mrm kkarv f.J PA kua jri oh d&&, dam- PpI &I-phr w.4 Ire

Neag kr~he. i Phcll15 vai 5oLi kn fao Iro jo;

Hw -WN do k *cu' bee- da ~vlr flew- 40- k ;. CLOpk. $70SOU 'fa do; phA q.4 wre-raw tkef Oh, frangipani, when I look at you I can envision you in my heart. I remember your special fragrance, My father planted you in the garden a long time ago. You ease my loneliness and comfoi-t me. Frangipani, you have accompanied me since I was a child.

Your special fragrance is always in my heart, You are a lovely flower worth treasuring. Oh fragrant frangipani, I smell you when I am lonely Your smell brings back a long-parted lover. You are the most beautiful flower. Frangipani, you are my soul.

Oh, frangipani from the mountains of Laos, You are like stars to be proud of. You grow in the Land of a Million Elephants. Should I be exiled from my birthplace I will always have you to share my loneliness Oh frangipani, you are a proud flower of Laos MALAYS I A The Federation of Malaysia is composed of two regions-- West Malaysia, which occupies most of the Malay Peninsula, and East Malaysia, on the island of Borneo. Malaysia has a total land area of about 333,400 square kilometers (128,300 square mi1es)and a population of about 123 million. West Malaysia, which has slightly over a third of the land area, is bordered on the north by Thailand; its nearest neighbor to the south is the island republic of Singapore, and to the west across the Strait of Malacca, lies the Indonesian island of Sumatra. The nearest point of East Malaysia lies some 600 kilometers (370 miles) to the east, separated from West Malaysia by the South China Sea. It consists of the territories of Sarawak and Sabah situated on the northwestern coast of Borneo. The rest of the island, except for the tiny coastal sultanate of Brunei which is surrounded by Sarawak, forms the Indonesian province of Kalimantan.

About 50 percent of the people are Malay. Chinese constitute about 36 percent of the population, Indians about 11 percent, and the remainder are non-Malay indigenous peoples The state religion is Islam, although Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, and animism are also represented.

Malaya (the area now known as West 1:lalaysia) gained independence from Great Britain on August 31, 1957. In 1963, when the former British colonies of Sabah and Sarawak were brought into the federation, Malaysia was officially created. Trek Tek Tek Tr'ek Tek Tek

Malaysian folk songs offer good examples of the pantun, a unique type of poem in'Malay literature. Each unit consists of four lines: the first two have no real significance but merely give the rhyme for the last two where the content 'is to be found. Traditionally, pantuns were exchanged between groups of boys and girls at youth gatherings, and persons who could compose good pantuns extemporaneously .were considered highly literate. The following is a love pantun in which the first and third verses are sung by a man, the second by a woman, and the fourth as a duet. "Trek tek tek" is probably an imitation of the sound of two pieces of wood struck together in accompani.ment to the song.

Z-Jd bu - ha trv - bit k-pa* d; k - wa 54 - ya a 4

ka-la" ti - dat ha - -re-~o +U - an sag yan3 b - Iru fir)- 30b br - pi d; - ka - fa to- ran9

If ~t were not for a star, Trek Tek Tek, The moon would not- rise at early morning. If it were not for you, dear, I would not come here.

If Melaka should fall, Trek Tek Tek, A board in Jawa I would build. If it is really as you said, dear, Body and~soulI surrender. Cik Mamat

Mr. Mamat

Another type of Malay poem is the syair. This particular syair is a children's story that sings the praises of an exemplary man, Cik (pronounced "chik") Mamat.

Mr. Mamat 's knife is sharp. , Whose sharp knife is it? Where does Mr. Marnat stay? Taman Budaya is his home. Oh; Mr. Mamat, Mr. Marnat's knife is sharp. Oh, Mr. Mamat, Mr. Mamat is a noble man.

A blunt knife, whose is it? The blunt knife belongs to Dolah. A small knife, whose is it? The small knife belongs to Mr. Ali. Oh, Mr. Mamat, Mr. Mamat's knife is sharu. Oh, Mr. iffamat , Mr. Mamat is a charitable person. Rasa Sayang

Feelings of Love

The following is perhaps the best-known song in Malaysia, a pantun with a moral message.

Feelings of love, oh feelings of love, Oh, look at that lady in the distance, feelings of love. Bring some bananas when sailing, One ripens on the box. A debt of gold can be repaid But a moral debt is carried to one's death. In the calm water of the sea, The small boat sails to the headland. The heart recalls what the mouth said, Good character will be highly prized. NEPAL Nepal, a small, mountainous kingdom in the heart of Asia, is the home of Mount Everest and the birthplace of Buddha. The nation's history dates back to time immemorial, but Nepal as it exists today was created in 1769 when many small states were united into one kingdom under King Prithvi Narayan Shah. Nepal has been fortunate never to have been colonized by a foreign country. In 1846 it fell under the family rule of the Ranas, who became hereditary prime ministers and reduced the king to a figurehead, but the autocratic family regime was ousted from power in 1951 and King Tribhuvan opened his country to the outside world and the modern era. Thegeographicalsituation of Nepal between China and India has contributed to the nation's commitment to nonalignment. Nepal's thirteen million people belong to many ethnic groups but are intermixed so well that, to a visitor, there appears only one nationality--Nepalese. A distinctive feature in Nepal is the pervading spirit of religious tolerance. Although Hinduism is the official religion, Buddhism also has many adherents, and Buddhist stupas and monasteries are often found closely clustered with Hindu shrines and temples. Kathmandu, the capital city, lies in a fertile valley twenty miles long and fifteen miles wide. The valley is also Nepal's cultural center, full of beautiful temples, shrines, and palaces, many with intricate wood carvings and fabulous stone and metal sculptures. Nepal is not only self-sufficient in food production but exports significant quantities of food. The country is rich in forest and water resources and in quartz deposits. d T 3 Yo Lyaune ra u Zyaune

Whom to Bring, Whom Not 1-1:~ Bring

This folk song from the middle mountains of Nepal is a duet between a young girl and boy. The boy is seeking the girl's favor, but the girl, although inwardly pleased, uses the opportunity to tease him a bit.

' 5al- la; A0 &I- la; ko

I -, I - I I I; I I r ID. T I I XI A I1 I I 1 - I I I MU- q~ hm- re-: ko kr-fkri - ri d 1- k~ - rag (P - 9. -cCC

Ad- ka ji - u

a - la; he Boy: I don't know whom to bring But I have to bring a wife. Whom can I tell?

Girl: Your youth still has not passed, Your wife may be eloping, you don't know. Whom will you bring? Boy: You have a sweet smile on your face, Your waist bends in three places. I am from nearby Damaule; You'll be glad to run away with me. Whom should I bring?

Girl: Poor man, you seem to be troubled, Half your body is eaten by ants. The calf is 10s-t in the jungle. Don't shout, you might break your throat. Whom can I tell?

Boy: You have a beautiful bracelet in your hands, Love inside but your tongue is sharp, Inviting like the winter sun. Your youth is like a sunflower. Whom can I bring?

Girl: Your trousers are torn in five places, Your face also looks funny. You are trying so hard for me, You'd rather commit suicide. Whom can I tell? Chyangba Hai

Hey Chyangba

A popular love duet of the high mountains of northern Nepal, this song is typical of many other folk songs of the region in spirit and beat. Chyangba and maichyang are local terms of endearment, used respectively for men and women. As in most Nepalese folk songs, the first two lines of the verse are sung mainly to set the rhyme for the other lines, in which the singer says what is intended. L I rn I 17 I I I - I r I a c I r 4 1 1 1 I J fla -dw, k ma; - cLya- ng chYay -br ha; cLlaag -br

Chorus :

Girl: Hey, chyangba, Listen to me, chyangba. What does the drum say? Dhum tak dhum, dhum, tak dhum dhum. Boy: Hey, maichyang, Listen to me, maichyang. Vhat does the drum say? Dhum tak dhum, dhum, tak dhum dhum. Boy: Your earring is beautiful And your face is so beautiful! Your dress is beautiful. (Is that right?) Your figure is more beautiful. If we walk together In others' eyes it will be more beautiful. Repeat Chorus . . . .

Girl: Swayambhuthan's family god, Balajuthan's main god, I am my mother's only daughter, You are your father's only son. I'll not leave you alone. (That's exciting!) I'll not break my word, I'll not leave you alone, Until I make you the father of my son!

Final Chorus: IIey, maichyang, hey, chyangba, Hey, maichyang, hey, chyangba, What does the drum say? Dhum tak dhum, dhum, tak dhum dhum, Dhum dhum dhum dhum dhum.

f?"+w+ -+a m- dzr ad, * &

Manu Rere is an old Maori love song that has enjoyed renewed popularity since it was revived in the sixties. It is an action song, which means that the singing is usually accompanied by movements reflecting the sentiments of the song. Action songs are a modern development of the haka or posture dance which the early Maori per- formed on many occasions, and today they are a true reflection of modern Maori culture and an integral and indispensable feature of most Maori social observances.

he M-wu re - rg kei tt -0-e to ti *a

to 4-'to ti- ft Lo-t~ te na *a

Had I the wings of a bird, To your side I would surely fly, To hold you there and caress you, My beloved turn to me.

Though your body in sleep is enchained, Yet my spirit is free to roam, My heart yearns only for you, My beloved turn to me. E Pari Ra Flow ~.ndEbb

E' F'ar",a is one of the best loved of all hlaori songs. Legend has it that a war party captured a beautiful maiden of high birth who was betrothed to a young chief of a neighboring tribe. The young man's attempt to save the princess failed, and as he watched helplessly from n ridgc above the village, shc was taken away to become a slave. He sang an emotional farewell to his lover, and his words-were carried down to the valley by Tawhirimatea, god of the winds.

Like 3e fie ?yonu Rere, this is an action song.

Ha- v;- a ma; fe a-ro-hfi k; a - hau

E +e fau k;a k; av Flow and ebb ye tides upon the shore, Like the sobs within my stricken heart; Woe is me! Share with me the love that is true, Hearken ye tribe, 'tis but a stricken heart. CHORUS Even now, return to me,, My beloved, I pine for you; Sore stricken am I for you my loved one, For your irreparable loss; Farewell! In spirit remember me, Beloved, forget me not; Farewell, I am now convinced (of your death) Farewell !

Hine E Hine Hine E Hine The simple melody and soothing words of this lullaby help to put a child to sleep as he is rocked in his mother's arms.

a f + orfa, No-r(o i h a -ro-ha,

7'2 up-knu o h ra-tua, i we, e Wi-np

You are crying, girl, young maiden. You are tired, girl, young maiden. Don't be sad, rest in the love, The heart of your parents, girl, young maiden. Girl, young maiden. PAK I STAN The Islamic Republic of Pakistan came into being in 1947. An independent national homeland for Moslems, a nation that would be separate from predominantly Hindu India, had long been the dream of Muslim leaders in India, and this dream became a reality when the great subcontinent of South Asia was freed from the colonial rule of Britain. Pakistan was created from two widely separated areas where the people were predominantly Muslim. A quarter century later, the eastern wing seceded to become the country of Bangladesh, and Pakistan today consists of an area of 120,000 square miles extending northward from the Arabian Sea, bounded by Iran and Afghanistan on the west and northwest and by India on the east. Islam is the state religion and 97 percent of the people adhere to its tenets. Youthful as the nation is, the territory it encompasses has witnessed the rise and fall of many civilizations and empires. Remains of the remarkable Indus Valley civilization going back to 3,000 B.C. have been excavated along the banks of the Indus and its tributaries.

Pakistan is a land of picturesque traditions and a rich cultural heritage. Geographically it is a land of contrasts-- between the barren mountains of the northwest and the lush green valleys of Swat, the deserts of Sind and the fertile plains of the Punjab. Few places in the world can claim to have shaped the destinies of nations and changed the course of history as can the famed Khyber Pass, passageway to South Asia. For 5,000 years it has rung to the tramp of marching armies. The tribesmen who inhabit the grey and barren mountains of this frontier region are a hardy, independent lot. The official language of Pakistan is Urdu, but regional languages are far more widely spoken, especially Punjabi, but also Sindhi, Pushtu, Baluchi, and others. Lutthay Dee Chadur

Lut.thav Dee Chadur

This is a folk song from the Punjab that has become popular throughout the country. Although it originally started as the story of a girl lamenting her experiences in the kitchen and at meals, its verses usually carry no particular meaning. It is often sung impromp- tu at informal gatherings, with humorous verses added as retorts, rejoinders, etc. Verse 4, for example, states that an American cafe- teria made gundlan (a popular spinach dish) and it was so bad that we fainted on eating it!

~u?-!k~-h di-hr b+fy SS -/ay -tcc fux-j *aka (U-~Z #I I 1 L -CI 1 I1- Ill dl II I- I I 1 I II 1 I 1 I1 1111-

PAPUA NEW GUINEA The island of New Guinea is the second largest in the world. Politically divided, the western half is Irian Jaya, a province of Indonesia, while the eastern half, with an area of 474,000 square kilometers, forms Papua New Guinea.

Papua New Guinea has a population of almost 3 million. A wide variety of racial types are represented and over 700 local languages are spoken, with Melanesian Pidgin serving as the lingua franca for much of the country. The wide variety in language, customs, and tradition is due in part to the isolation that existed before the advent of modern communications and means of transport--isolation that was a result of the physical features of the land: the high mountain ridge bisecting the country, the difficult terrain, heavy vegetation, and vast coastal swamps.

Papua New Guinea is located just under the equator on the west rim of the Pacific Ocean. Australia lies about 160 kilometers to the south, and to the southeast are the Solomon Islands.

After 100 years of colonial experience, Papua New Guinea--or Papua Niugini, to give it its pidgin spelling-- gained its independence from Australia on September 16, 1975. 0 Sore Mama 0 Dear Mom

This is a song from Sepik, a province in the northwest part of Papua New Guinea. It is about a young man who is not sure which high school he would like to attend. The language is pidgin.

0 So-row.- wa H; la;k yo ri-kul 9;- pik

0 dear mom I want to go to school in Sepik I want to go to Kairiru High I want to go to Yarapos I want to go to Berendi Singe Singe

This song forms the introduction to a traditional dance in Morobe, a province in the eastern part of Papua New Guinea. The one word singe is repeated to the beat of a drum. Yumi Sekan

Let us Shake Hands

Here is another song from Sepik, a farewell song shown first in pidgin and then in Boiken, one of the many native languages of the province.

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I J J I J J J I Ii - II

k; - (J

Let us shake hands when I go I don't kno~ suppose something happens to me, The plane is flying and I feel sorry I think I might die 73 THE PHILIPPINES The Philippine archipel-ago is composed of more than 7,000 volcanic islands stretching about 1,100 miles along the southeastern rim of Asia. The northern islands are approximately 330 miles from China and the southwestern tip is only 30 miles from Malaysia. The islands lie just above the equator and therefore are tropical in climate and vegetation.

Almost 90 languages and dialects are spoken in the Philippines. The national language, Pilipino, is based on Tagalog. Spanish and English are both widely spoken, reflecting the close ties with Spain over 3% centuries and the more recent ties with the United States over the first half of this century. About 75 percent of the people are Roman Catholics, again a reflection of long ties with Catholic Spain.

The Philippines became a free nation in 1946, and since then its people have struggled to rebuild an economy devastated by the Second World War. Material efforts to improve agriculture and increase manufacturing and foreign trade are being matched by a renaissance in social and cultural aspects of the nation, especially among the young, in which earlier Westernization is yielding to a more indigenously oriented form of modernization. Chitchiritchit

Chitchiritchit

This popular folk song from the Ilocos region takes its name from a sound that is ever present in rural areas of the Philippines--the thrumming of the locusts or cicadas. Often the verses are sung alternately by male and female voices.

I - bat l~r9*wr5-ofi u - - pr-nj t~wia.lj *..I-+* (~i- fimj y-pa - u - for V-u bu - ti. kn y (a+j-

Chitchiritchit alibangbang, Hey, lady, with the umbrella, Locust, little beetlebug, Take the baby under your umbrella; That girl in the street When you reach Malabon Is strutting like a peacock. Exchange him for shad roe.

Say there, you sir, rowing a boat Holy Infant in Pandacan, Give the baby a ride; Cookies in the store, When you reach Manila If you do not sell them on credit Exchange him for a doll. The ants will eat them up. ParnuZinawen

Pamulinawen

This is a well-known Ilocano folksong. ' PamuZinawen is a term of endearment in the Ilocos region; the real name of the girl the song is directed to remains a secret, perhaps known only to her and the singer. Oh, Pamulinawen To my heartbeat listen, To a lover sighing For your endearing charm. Think kindly of him, Harken to his plea, To one who is pining For your endearing charm. Chorus: Fond memories bring me back, Echoes of your sweet name; Wherever I may be On mountain, plain or sea, I whisper fondly, softly, Your sweet name is my song; Your lovely image is a balm to my misery.

IZi IZi Ili Ili

This is a Visayan lullaby. IZo is an Ilongo word, so soft and soothing, which describes the slowly and gently swinging cradle.

Ili ili tulog anay Ili ili, sleep for a while Wala diri imo nanay Your mother dear is not at home Kadto tienda bakal papay She's gone to buy you bread. Ili ili tulog anay. so please my child Ili ili, sleep for a while. Singapore became a fully independent and sovereign nation on August 9, 1965. The nation consists of the island of Singapore and 54 islets within its territorial waters. It is situated at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula and is linked to Malaysia by the Johore Causeway, a road and rail bridge about 1%kilometer long. The island is about 602 square kilometers in area and has about 135 kilometers of coastline. The city of Singapore, with an area of about 97 square kilometers, is situated on the southern part of the island. The population of about 2.5 million is made up of many racial strains. About 76 percent of the people are ethnically Chinese, 15 percent are Malays, and about 7 percent are Indians.

The name "Singapore" is derived from two Sanskrit words, singa and pura, meaning Lion City. The settlement was probably founded in the 9th century, the Portuguese came in the 16th century, and the British gained control of the island in 1826. Because of its fine natural harbor and strategic trading position, Singapore grew over the last 150 years to become the largest port in Southeast Asia, a major trans- shipping point, andthe area's leading processor of raw materials from other countries. Semoga Bahagia Wishing for Happiness (A Song for Children's Day)

The people of Singapore come from a variety of ethnic backgrounds, and their folk songs reflect that same variety. However, new songs have been composed to express a sense of national identity. One of these is given below, a song for.schoolchildren written in Malay.

Together let us wish, We who are seeking education, Let us guard ourselves and our health And watch our behavior with all friends. With clean and open hearts, Boys and girls together, Let us watch over all boys and girls. Caring and behaving We value them highly.

If we' re careless and forgetful Our lives will be wasted. If with big hearts we are all willing, With diligence and patience we'll surely be happy. Gently and tenderly all girls must behave, Full of good behavior all girls must be. We must always be willing to care for each other, Be ready and happy And dutiful. SRI LANKA @eo= Sri Lanka is an island nation of 25,332 square miles lying off the southern tip of India. The majority of its 14 million inhabitants are Sinhalese, with Tamils forming the largest minority. Most of the Sinhalese are adherents of Hinayana Buddhism; about 17 percent of the population are Hindus, 8 percent are Christians, and 7 percent are Muslims.

Traditionally known as "the Pearl of the Orient," Sri Lanka has been familiar to the West for well over two thousand years. Greeks from the empire of Alexander the Great, Romans from the court of Emperor Augustus, and later a stream of travellers from all over Europe were attracted to the fabled island by tales of its rich store of precious stones, spices, and ivory. Today, tourists are drawn by Sri Lankals beautiful and uncrowded beaches, lush vegetation, unique ancient and medieval art and architecture, and wide varieties of wild life.

Sri Lanka remained an independent nation until the Portuguesecaptured its maritime areas in 1505 A.D. The Portuguese strongholds were seized by the Dutch in 1658, and they in turn were driven out by the British in 1802. The British, who gained control over the entire island in 1815, christened the island "Ceylon.I1

Sri Lanka gained independence from Britain in February 1948 and adopted at that time a system of parliamentary democracy similar to the British model. Through a major constitutional change in 1972, it became a republic and took back its original name, Sri Lanka, which means "Resplendent Land. I' t)4m ty)mJ Sihina Hatak Seven Dreams

SO ,. 0-6. m4 - t)e pel - I saw sevell dreams in seven nights. In one dream, I saw you as a beggar; You came to my little hut and pleaded 101 srrmel.hi ng to live. I did not have anything to give you except my innocent heart. I remember now, I gave myself to you. However, now you are richer than I, Therefor-, please treat me the same way TAIWAN A ibJ-• Taiwan is located about 160 kilometers (100 miles) off the coast of southeastern China and between Japan and the Philippines on a line running north-southwest. The area is about 35,000 square kilometers, (13,970 square miles) or roughly the size of the Netherlands. The population is about 17 million, and the main languages spoken are Mandarin Chinese and Taiwanese. The former is the official language taught in the schools. The predominant religions in Taiwan are Buddhism and Taoism, but Christianity and Islam are also represented. The culture is a mix of Chinese and Western, traditional and modern elements. China's music is very old. Confucius considered music an indispensable element of civilized life and wrote a book on the subject, which, unfortunately, was lost. Some of the melodies played today are more than two thousand years old. The instruments also go back that far, although some have been modified. The pentatonic scale was used at first, and two semitones were added about 600 B.C. The melodic line is strong, and harmony was not known to Chinese music until modern times. More than twenty instruments are found in the classical Chinese orchestras of today. Additionally, Western music has come to have a strong influence in Taiwan. In Taiwan today, music, like the culture it reflects, is a mix of Chinese and Western, traditional and modern elements. Ban Tsun Hung Looking Forward to the Spring Wind

This is a very popular Taiwanese folk song. In a lonely night, stirred up by the spring breeze, a young girl cannot help but think of the young man whose name she does not know.

ko- jur - pio - Jt;

Sitting alone under the lamp in a lonely night, I am lonely, the spring wind is blowing over my face. I am seventeen years old, not yet married. A young man comes across my eyes. He is handsome and gentle. Who is he? I feel embarrassed to ask. My heart gets upset like playing a p 'i-p 'a. *

*the p'i-p'a is a traditional Chinese stringed instrument Hsiao Huang Li Liao

A Little Yellow Bird

This is a Mongolian love song. By questioning a little yellow bird, a young girl tells us that she is embroidering flowers on boots for her lover and herself. The language is Mandarin.

0, little yellow bird, do you know that I am embroidering on these boots the flowers of dragon-head and pheonix-tail? There are two flowers on each of the boots, four flowers on a pair of boots. I and you, two of four flowers, Totally there are eight flowers.

jt. a 1. K EW .% fe 0% {& 8 XQ at~5? %+tc L 2$R j&!i# I&&, 5& a2 %%%-a~/?4g */ 0 P.*I@$&13 44- .w,&fK Diu Diu Dang

Diu Diu Dang

Diu diu dang is the sound of waterdrops falling on a train when it is passing through a tunnel. This folk song originates from the district of I-lan in northeastern Taiwan. I-lan is a plain surrounded by mountains. To go in or out of I-lan, a train must pass through a series of tunnels. The language is Taiwanese.

There is a train, a train. The train is going into a tunnel, Diu diu dang, Diu diu dang, The waterdrops are dropping on the train. Diu diu dang...... K*fk$l 44 +Jx-fa *o&njf &y41%J >fl b9 fd & & 04 v$ fa ;ak - {la DFT0% fa 36 T & THAI LAND "I~u The Kingdom of Thailand lies in the center of the Southeast Asian peninsula, bordered to the west and north by Burma and with the great 'Iekong River forming its border with Laos and Cambodia to the east. Most of Thailand's people live in the broad central plain that is watered by the Chao Phraya River and its tributaries.

Thailand is the only Southeast Asian nation that has never been colonized. The word thai means "free," and the Thai people are proud of this heritage of freedom. Their culture is a compound of Mongolian and Indic elements, with contributions from the Malay and other ethnic groups. The Thai language reflects the cultural compound well, for it is basically tonal, monosyllabic, and uninflected like the Chinese but uses written characters derived from the Cambodian alphabet which in turn was based on the ancient Sanskrit of India.

The vast majority of the people--over 95 percent-- are Buddhist. Most of them still live very close to the land, but an increasing number are being drawn to urban centers. Bangkok, the capital, has a population of over two million. Known as the "Celestial City," it is a colorful mixture of East and West, with beautiful palaces, Buddhist temples, modern boulevards, and blocks of large business buildings. It is also sometimes called the "Venice of the East" because of the system of canals (kZongs) that interlace the city. v 0 id:.infid Kawpote SaZee

Corn

This is a song of the corn farmers,! who sing to lift their spirits while working in the field. In addition, it carries a hidden message from a young man to his sweetheart that his love is on the point of withering away just like the corn, since she refuses to look on him with kindness.

d;. k,c 9;. La; r#te loo (hot hu- p~te a - a,I - f ah rc.4

dugj jaw cri (re) tar tu-r ge-e kaw-

wee j. ro - i raa for - du* - c#' ja ro -i raa

I Till the soil, then grow the corn. I Till the soil, then grow the corn.

Oh you, who are as beautiful as the moon, I You have no mercy for me. Oh! the Salee corn Must have withered by now. '?l'l?Jfl\JR'l Taa Mong Taa

Eyes Meet Eyes

In Thailand a gathering can very easily develop into a kind of folk dance. All that is needed is a drum to give the beat to the dancers. Anybody can join in for the steps are easy, and hand movements are left to the individual's imagination. Usually the girl initiatesthe style of hand movement and the boy will follow her lead. The trick of this type of dance is for the boy to try to dance around so he can look into his partner's eyes while the girl tries her best to avoid meeting his eyes without discouraging him frommaking another effort.

Subtlety is the charm of life for the Thais. A confession of love will be more beautiful if it is made in a shy and indirect way. And this song, which is a very popular one for this type of folk dance, is a way of making such a confession. Eyes meet eyes, Many glances are exchanged. Though feeling like my heartwas pierced, I do not think I love you; I do not think I am crazy about you. Yet, I can't help asking you for a dance. You are really beautiful, Like the flowers in your hands.

PhZeng Kiaw Khaaw Rice Harvest Song

This song of the rice farmers conjures up a picture of the lively, hard-working farmers working together in teams, sharing laughter and songs. It gives a teasing warning to the younger members of the team of what might happen if they don t pay attent ion.

ngae Ire itow diaw kkaw ja khiar ko-r e3 i jab la;

4 * 4 Sickle the rice, bonnie lass. L nu3 1 %IU:LLUL nu1 Come! sickle the rice, bonnie lass. 4 * 4 (9: 7: ) I nu3 L ?nu: LLU1 nu? Don't keep looking around, v Else you will sickle your lovely fingers. flu'1fi~:u.ltta LM&~ Hold your sickle tightly. 2 4 1 nu? L 3~39:L nu1nou L Don't keep on flirting around. ov 9%?i;l%n~~b1 TONGA The independent kingdom of Tonga consists of three main island groups and many smaller islands. The total area is 671 square kilometers. The capital is Nuku'alofa, on Tongatapu, which is about 1,770 kilometers northeast of Auckland, New Zealand.

The Tongans are Polynesians, and the census held in December 1976 revealed a total population of about 90,000. The islanders speak their own dialect of Polynesian and, usually, English.

The first Europeans to sight any of the islands of the Tongan archipelago were members of a Dutch expedition who came upon the northern outliers of Tafahi and Niuatoputapu in 1616 while crossing the Pacific to the East Indies. Other early visitors were the Dutch navigator Abel J. Tasman, in 1643; Samuel Wallis, the dis- coverer of Tahiti, in 1767; and Captain James Cook, who first visited Tonga in 1773.

At the turn of the century a treaty gave Britain the authority to transact all Tonga's foreign affairs. Tonga became completely independent of Britain on June 4, 1970. Fisi e hone The Flower Bud This song is also about love and, once again, the girl is likened to a flower. In this case, the song tells a story and it is sung by a man to his wife.

a-l~+r~-l,ua-mtv, Qe-'i-k.-iit-ke~ga-feqa=fe a-u

Oh flower bud, you are the fragrance of my living room. . All who come see your beauty and are aware of your fragrance. I, who have come from the country, have been chosen by you over the boys of the city. But something is wrong, we are not communicating, We are not in harmony. We must talk, we must overcome our differences, So that I may find peace in my heart. You area Lou pua and, for me, you are medicine. It will be the two of us.

Chorus My flower, good-bye, I don't wish to leave you. Do what you like, but I will always dream of you, I can never forget you. Si'i Lose

The Rose

"Si'i Lose" is a love song. It is sung by a young man thinking about the girl he loves. The girl is likened to a rose, si'i Lose, but the rose is unattainable.

In thinking of the girl, my mind is dreaming, marvelling at her beauty. You are the only one. You are the best, you stand in front. You are first. THE UNITED STATES Culturally, Americans are as diverse as the land they inhabit. The United States was formed by successive waves of immigrants, each bringing with them traditions which in time became part of the diversified American life-style. Tangible examples of this heritage of diversity can be seen in architecture, land division, and food.

Early immigrant populations were determined to build a new way of life predicated on their own religious and political beliefs. America was seen as the "promised land". The Puritan ethic, withitsencourage- ment of diligence and ingenuity and its emphasis on doing, is still seen today in many forms. Americans are interested in what people do, and they like to get things done as quickly and efficiently as possible.

Another ethic which is largely responsible for the American personality is Frontierism. The duty of early immigrants was to survive, to conquer the new land, and as a result a die-hard optimism developed. The Frontier ethic manifests itself today in many ways: in new methods of solving old problems or of managing new ones, in new areas to conquer and control (the sea, foreign markets, outer space).

With abundant natural resources, the United States gradually emerged as a nation of outstanding material wealth. For many years it remained largely self-sufficient under a policy of isolationism. Unfortunately, this posture fostered an ethnocentricity which was often mistaken for arrogance. This is changing. More Americans are visiting other countries, interacting with foreigners, and being exposed to the world through modern communication systems. Supplies of indigenous raw materials are now dwindling. All of these factors are increasing America's awareness of its growing interdependence with the global community of nations. K-K-K-Kat ie This light-hearted little ditty sings of love in a bucolic setting.

K-k-k- Ma -tie k-k-k- ha - .fie

Little Doggie

This simple lullaby portrays the affection typically shown for pets in America.

do2 I rmr~you erd tq f. *rrkryar wd, a~ld Turaluralura

Among America's many groups of immigrants are the Irish. In this nostalgic lament, the singer is remembering his mother in the "old country'' and the way she used to comfort him. All American ethnic groups sing songs in this genre to remind themselves of their origins.

iw kr j ood old I - n3k way WESTERN SAMOA Western Samoa consists of two large islands, Upolu and Savaii, and several smaller ones, encompassing a total land area of some 2900 square kilometers--the western portion of the Samoan island chain which was politically divided from eastern Samoa at the turn of the century. Geographically and culturally, Samoans are identified as Western Polynesians, a classification they share with the inhabitants of Tonga, Niue, and the Tokelaus. The ,language is a dialect of the Austronesian family. Most anthropologists maintain that the islands were settled by emigrants from eastern Melanesia during the first century.

Documented contacts between Europeans and Samoan islanders began with an exploratory voyage of the Dutch West India Company in 1722 under the command of Admiral Jacob Roggeveen. Forty years later, the famous French navigator Louis Antoine DeBougainville passed through the islands, followed by La Perouse, Edwards, and a score of Wesleyan missionaries--most notably representatives of the London Missionary Society, who established the first churches in the islands and began the task of designing a written system for the Samoan language. The entire archipelago was first surveyed by the Wilkes Expedition in 1839, marking the onset of American interests in the region. During the mid 1800s, the United States, Britian, and Germany expanded their commercial interests in Samoa, all three maintaining consuls and commercial agents in Apia on the island of Upolu. Eventually, these consuls offered political support to one or another of several warring native factions cohpeting for dominance over the islands. By 1889, the struggle between two of these--the Malietoa and Tamasese lines--became so intense that the United States and Britian (supporting King Malietoa) narrowly avoided war with Germany (supporting King Tamasese). The ensuing Berlin Treaty recognized Samoa's independence under King Malietoa, but in 1889 another treaty divided the archipelago and assigned the control of Western and Eastern Samoa to Germany and the United States, respectively.

Western Samoa remained a German colony until World War I, when officials surrendered to a New Zealand contingent of armed forces. The islands subsequently became a New Zealand mandate under the Treaty of Versailles. In 1946, the Trusteeship Council of the United Nations assumed responsibility for the Territory of Western Samoa (with New Zealand as Trustee). On January 1, 1962, Western Samoa became the first fully independent Polynesian state. La'u Lupe My Dove

A young man grieves for his true love, lost to him through death. Apparently the young girl, symbolized by a dove, passed away suddenly and unexpectedly.

My dove has flown, Flown into the forest, Alas, my beloved, My beloved is lost.

My rose flower, My velvet flower, My flower was plucked too soon, Before it had bloomed.

Chorus It's dropping down, the dew from Mt. Hermon, And love is f,alling on the mountains of Gibeon Tofa Mai ~eleni Good-bye Friends This song is sung as a farewell to visitors.

Fo-lw ik vr- $a fg.4 - [; -*i pd-k'i *-lo- *o

5G - i - no- ae *c'~,J#-/o #- f~ 60bd~

Goodbye, my friends, I will miss you But sail the ocean, 0 leaders of America. Don't forget Samoa, our dear land, But remember me~still,0 passengers. Goodbye, I never will forget you, Don't you forget Samoa. Goodbye, I never will forget you, Don't you forget Samoa. 99 'le Lava lava The Lavalava This is a lyrical song about love and separation.

sou ;-a u-a ouz to- e fa; (0 - to

fa-fo .+ .+ Lavalava worn Sanoan style. Wear a tapa cloth lavalava, It's exceedingly beautiful. My pearl and my partner, You're very pleasing. Come, I can't again do my will.

I will turn my boat in to rest, , Throw my anchor to the land, .. t72e 2a;)alava is a traditional Time is getting short. Snrnoan attire. I am held up! I am bothered! Send me some news by wireless (that) You've returned from your trip, Your traveling around Samoa.

/ CONTRIBUTORS: A number of people were instrumental in compiling the music, texts, song descriptions, country essays, and calligraphy for this songbook. They are listed below according to their country contributions:

Afghanistan - Layla Ebrahim, Farooq Babrakzai, Akbar Hessami Bangladesh - Nishat Huq, Haroon Rashid, Khaleda Rashid Fiji - Fasiu Jione Hawaii - Amy K. Stillman Hong Kong - Rolanse Lee I India - Gayathri Kassebaum, Naraina Varde, Dr. Sripada Raju, 1 Ms. Jagadeswari I Japan - Mariko Iwasaki, Kazuko Shishimi Korea - Sung Young-son, Sung Nam-cho Laos - Bovasone Sikhattana, Maitree Sananikone Malaysia - Ch'ing Saw Keook Nepal - Ambika Adhikari, Govinda Koirala New Zealand - Lauren flunia, Robert Mackey-Rangiuaia Pakistan - Sharif Ahmed, Nazir Ahmad Papua New Guinea - Otto Nekitel Philippines - Nicanor Liquido, Rosalia Mercado-Simmen Western Samoa - John Mayer Singapore - Ai Choo Audrey Teo Sri Lanka - Kandatege Premaratne Taiwan - Rolanse Lee Thailand - Surapone Virulrak

Text materials for countries not represented above were compiled by the Seminar members, who in turn accept full responsibility for any errors or misrepresentations contained therein. A sincere mahalo to the scores of people, including many unmentioned above, who had a part in making this enterprise possible.

The East-West Center is a national educational institution established in Hawaii by the U.S. Congress in 1960 to promote better relations and understanding between the United States and the nations of Asia and the Pacific through cooperative study, training, and research. Each year more than 1,500 men and women from many nations and cultures work together in five problem-oriented institutes or on "open" grants as they seek solutions to problems of mutual consequence to East and West. For each Center participant from the United States, two participants are sought from the Asian Pacific area. Although the principal funding continues to come from the U.S. Congress, more than 20 Asian and Pacific governments now provide financial contributions for Center programs, and the number of cooperating governments and private organizations is growing. The Center is administered by a public, non-profit corporation with an internat i.onal Board of Governors.