Glamorganshire

The vice-county of Glamorganshire can be roughly split into three areas. Gower has acidic sandy soils with clay between heathland commons. South of the M4, the Vale of Glamorgan is generally low-lying with clay, impermeable brown earths and sandy free-draining soils all of which are slightly calcareous and good for growing crops. North of the M4 the land grades into mountains and the soils are wetter stagnogleys much more suited to pastoral farming. Small scale arable cultivation was a feature of the mixed farming in the area as shown by the 1930s land use survey which is considered a low point in arable cultivation. Growing crops will probably have increased during the World Wars in the 20th Century as there was a greater need to be more self-reliant, and the advent of herbicides and inorganic fertilisers in the mid 20th Century has led to an increase in crop production in some areas as weed control has improved. Arable land has been restricted to the better cereal growing soils of Gower and the south of the Vale of Glamorgan in both the 1930s and 1990s land use surveys. However, there has been a 20% contraction in arable land between these two time periods and a concentration of arable land into larger blocks in the latter land use survey. This could be caused by a number of reasons including the general change in farming businesses towards more livestock farming and pastoral land; the increase in herbicides and fertiliser costs which may lie beyond the means of small-scale farms; and the volatility of cereal prices may also have led to a decline in small-scale arable cropping with high yields only breaking even in some years, thus larger farms becoming more economical and the coagulation of cultivated land.

Glamorganshire is the richest vice-county with records of 24 out of 30 threatened plants. Some of the records of the threatened arable plants are considerably old such as large-flowered hemp-nettle Galeopsis speciosa and grass-poly Lythrum hyssopifolia. There are native populations of corn chamomile Anthemis arvensis, stinking chamomile Anthemis cotula, cornflower Centaurea cyanus and corn marigold Glebionis segetum which is often introduced in sown seed mixtures. Glamorganshire is the only place with recently recorded populations of corn chamomile, broad-fruited cornsalad Valerianella rimosa and corn buttercup Ranunculus arvensis and is the hotspot for shepherd’s- needle Scandix pecten-veneris in Wales. The latter two species prefer clay and impermeable soils and are also autumn germinating. The only two know populations of red hemp-nettle Galeopsis angustifolia are also present from shingle beaches in Glamorganshire and do not grow on arable land. Several species are only present on sand dunes and sandy fields including henbane Hyoscyamus niger, smooth cat’s-ear Hypochaeris glabra, prickly poppy Papaver argemone and rough poppy Papaver hybridum. One population of annual knawel Scleranthus annuus is present in grassland on Gower and is not on arable land. On one Gower farm there are very high populations of small- flowered catchfly Silene gallica, narrow-fruited cornsalad Valerianella dentata and broad-fruited cornsalad, as well as corn marigold, corn spurrey Spergula arvensis and field woundwort Stachys arvensis. This farm should be targeted for additional protection due to the coincidence of so many threatened arable plants. The distribution of corn mint Mentha arvensis is an oddity as it has generally been recorded at too small a scale to provide an accurate fix on location. This means that it appears to be relatively sparsely distributed across Glamorganshire whereas it may actually be more widespread. However, the small scale of the records, generally hectads (10x10km squares), may hide a population decline and further investigation of the population dynamics of this species is required across Wales. Two arable plants corn spurrey and field woundwort are widespread across the arable ground of Glamorganshire and Wales is probably the hotspot for these plants across the UK which can be sparsely distributed elsewhere. Twenty tetrads (2x2km squares) have three or more threatened arable plants and should be targeted for suitable management practices.

Areas of Glamorganshire that qualify for Important Arable Plant Area status are present on Gower and the south central Vale. They have good assemblages of arable plants and should be targeted for arable plant conservation to maintain the diversity of these flowering species across the vice-county. There are nine tetrads considered to be of National Importance and 11 considered to be of County Importance for arable plants.

Some farms in Glamorganshire with known populations of threatened arable plants have been regularly surveyed for arable plants. Two other more general surveys of farms under agri-environment schemes also took place between 2000 and 2010 providing a wider coverage of surveys. However, there has been no systematic survey of arable land in Glamorganshire and there have been new populations of threatened arable plants found, such as cornflower, on Gower. A rigorous survey targeting cultivated land on Gower and south of the M4 in the Vale of Glamorgan should be undertaken to provide more rigorous data and refine the targeting of arable plant conservation measures.

Glamorganshire 1933-1949 Arable Land Use

The extent of arable land in the 1933-49 period across Glamorganshire was restricted to the lower lying land covering 10759 ha. In total, 523 tetrads out of 632 tetrads had arable land use present. The 1930s are considered a low point in arable land use and the coverage of cultivated land may historically have been much greater.

Locations with little arable land include the uplands and valleys in the foothills of the Brecon Beacons. Concentrations of arable land are present on the Gower peninsula, south of the M4 between Porthcawl and Cardiff and the M4 corridor west of Neath.

and database right 2014. Wales, 2014.

± 5 km

Glamorganshire 1979-1991 Arable Land Use

Between the 1933-49 land use survey and 1979-1991 Phase 1 habitat survey of Wales there was a 20% contraction in arable land use across Glamorganshire. 8554 ha of arable land was identified in the Phase 1 habitat survey with cultivated parcels of land falling in 333 out of 632 tetrads.

Although there hasn't been as dramatic a reduction in area of arable land compared with elsewhere in Wales, there has been a contraction in the range of arable land. Cultivated land is more focussed on the Gower peninsula, particularly between Rhossilli and Port Eynon and south of the M4 corridor in the Vale of Glamorgan where it has expanded slightly in coverage. This is offset elsewhere within the vice-county where it has contracted.

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Glamorganshire Soil Map

The most common soils in Glamorganshire fall within the clay category and is the dominate substrate for 437 tetrads. A general guide is that clays south of the M4 are formed over liassic rock and are neutral to slightly calcareous. The majority of arable land is associated with this area and parts of Gower on the sandy soils. The clays north of the M4 and Gower are stagnogleys formed over glacial deposits and are neutral damp-wet substrate. They are rarely calcareous and arable land is not particularly associated with these soils in this vice-county.

Sandy soils are the dominant soil type for 115 tetrads, particularly along the coast, along waterways where river flows have deposited sandy material and to the West of Cardiff within the Vale of Glamorgan.

The other soils category is the dominant substrate for 78 tetrads. This includes deep humus-rich soils that are present on commons and in upland areas and disturbed and man-made soils from mining activity.

There are few large expanses of calcareous-based soils in Glamorganshire that could be categorised as 'limestone' but lime dominated soils are the scattered around the coast where the rock is exposed. The extent of calcareous influence is relatively small and for this reason only two tetrads for Flat Holm are considered to be calcareous soils.

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Corn Chamomile Anthemis arvensis

All of the historical pre-1986 and 1987- 2000 records of corn chamomile in Glamorganshire are thought to be natural populations arising from the soil seed bank rather than recent introductions from sown seed mixtures. The majority of these records are historical including the records around Cardiff, Barry, Aberdare and Port Talbot. There is one record from the mid-level category from the Worm’s- head on Gower.

Three populations are within the recent post-2000 date category. Two populations are close together on Gower at Pitton and Middleton, but are thought to originate from sown seed. There is only one population of corn chamomile thought to be naturally occurring from the soil seed bank near Bonvilston. It has been regularly surveyed with numbers of individuals plants usually below 10 each year. This is thought to be the only extant population naturally occurring from the soil seed bank in Wales.

Contains Ordnance Survey Vice-county Rare Plant data © Crown copyright and Register provided by the database right 2014. BSBI VC41 Glamorganshire Recorder December 2013. Contains data from the Tir ± Gofal Monitoring 2009-2012. Data maintained by the 5 © Welsh Government 2014. Vice-County Recorder and km provided by the Botanical Contains Plantlife Important Society of the British Isles Arable Plant Area database and Ireland and accessed data 2014. from the BSBI Distribution Database 2013.

Stinking Chamomile Anthemis cotula

All of the records of stinking chamomile are thought to be natural germinating from the soil seed bank rather than originating from sown seed mixtures. The majority of records are from the mid-date range 1987-1999 or fall within the post-2000 recent date range.

The records on Gower all fall within the mid-date range. They show a distribution spread around the western end of the peninsula. There is one recent population near Pitton. Other records that fall within the mid-date range are close to Aberdare.

There is a scattering of recent records of stinking chamomile to the west of Cardiff, some of which have been regularly surveyed. Numbers of individuals vary between rare to abundant and over 1000. However, the populations may only have been recorded once or twice and there is no continuous run of surveys monitoring this threatened plant.

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Recorder December 2013.

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Cornflower Centaurea cyanus

The majority of records are introduced populations from sown seeds. There are two populations that have been found recently which are thought to occur naturally from the soil seed bank.

The first of these is a population near Bonvilston which has been regularly recorded since 2006. Cornflower is present in the bottom of one field which is an amalgamation of two fields. The population size is recorded as rare to locally-frequent.

The other naturally occurring population is found near Scurlage on Gower. Five plants were first recorded in 2011, but cornflower has not been found since. The farm owners have found cornflower previously and did not know about the threatened status of the plant.

Broadleaved Spurge Euphorbia platyphyllos

There is one recent, naturally occurring population of broadleaved spurge in Glamorganshire. It has been recorded three times, in 1978, 2007 and 2009, near Penarth and varies between 42 to over 100 individual plants.

Broadleaved spurge is known to occur near Penarth historically and was noted in the 1886 flora of Glamorganshire (John Storrie).

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Red Hemp-nettle Galeopsis angustifolia

All the populations of red hemp-nettle in the Vale of Glamorgan are coastal except for a historical record near Knelston on the Gower peninsula. The records near Penarth, Barry, Llantwit Major and Southerndown also fall within the historical pre-1986 date class and are significantly older dating from the turn of the 19th Century.

There are two populations that have been recorded in recent times. Both are on stable shingle ridges, another habitat where this plant thrives other than arable fields. The population at Pwlldu Head on Gower is on a shingle ridge above a beach whilst the population at Aberthaw is next to the footpath from the car park onto the beach. Both populations can have hundreds of individual plants.

Although red hemp-nettle is not found on arable land in Wales, the map has been produced to highlight the possibility of this species occurring in this particular habitat and to highlight areas adjacent to populations where conservation measures could be concentrated. The populations at Aberthaw and Pwlldu are thought to be the only extant populations in Wales.

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Large-flowered Hemp-nettle Galeopsis speciosa

All of the populations of large-flowered hemp-nettle in Glamorganshire fall within the historical pre-1986 date class. Only one of the records is described as being on an allotment, and it is unclear whether the other records are in arable fields or gardens as they follow the route of the A470 and A4059. However, there is arable land present along this valley suggesting that there was potential for this threatened plant to be present in arable habitat.

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Corn Marigold Glebionis segetum

The majority of the records for corn marigold are located on the slightly more acidic sand and loam soils of Gower. This is typical habitat for this threatened plant. There are some particularly large populations of corn marigold near Pitton and Penmaen.

In addition to the populations arising naturally from the soil seed bank there have been a few introductions from sown seed on the Gower peninsula.

There is one recently recorded natural population within the Vale of Glamorgan near Bonvilston. Corn marigold grows in association with cornflower and corn chamomile along with a suite of other arable plants.

Contains Ordnance Survey Vice-county Rare Plant data © Crown copyright Register provided by the and database right 2014. BSBI VC41 Glamorganshire Recorder December 2013. Contains data from the Tir

± Gofal Monitoring 2009- Data maintained by the 5 2012. © Welsh Vice-County Recorder and km Government 2014. provided by the Botanical Society of the British Isles Contains Plantlife and Ireland and accessed Important Arable Plant from the BSBI Distribution Area database data 2014. Database 2013.

Henbane Hyoscyamus niger

Many of the henbane records are coastal as this plant is generally associated with very sandy soils near and on the sand dune systems. All of the records that fall into the recent post-2000 date class are present in this type of habitat, and only the historical pre-1986 records are present on inland arable habitat. Some of these records are very old from the late 1800s. There are also records from land in Cardiff and Barry, which may have been developed into urban land use restricting the possibility for henbane seed to germinate from the soil seed bank.

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Smooth Cat’s-ear Hypochaeris glabra

All of the smooth cat’s-ear records are coastal, concentrated on the sandy soils. There are three extant populations in Glamorganshire. The populations close to Penmaen and Ogmore are located on sand dunes but suggest that there may be populations of this threatened plant present in nearby arable fields. The population near Kenfig is in a sandy arable field that is under rotation.

Vice-county Rare Plant Contains Ordnance Survey Register provided by the data © Crown copyright BSBI VC41 Glamorganshire and database right 2014. Recorder December 2013

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5 Vice-County Recorder and km provided by the Botanical

Society of the British Isles

and Ireland and accessed

from the BSBI Distribution

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Field Pepperwort Lepidium campestre

All of the records for field pepperwort are located on the Gower peninsula. Only one record located at Crofty falls within the historical date class, and this population was found again in 1998 but has not been recorded since. Another population in the mid date period 1987-1999 was recorded at Llangennith Burrows on the sand dunes. Of the two most recent records, one is also coastal recorded at Brandy Cove, near Bishopston. One population has been recorded on inland habitat near Gowerton in an area identified as arable land in the 1990s land and 1930s land use maps.

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Recorder December 2013.

Data maintained by the ± 5 Vice-County Recorder and provided by the Botanical km Society of the British Isles and Ireland and accessed from the BSBI Distribution Database 2013.

Grass-poly Lythrum hyssopifolia

There are two historical records of grass- poly from Cardiff and Barry.

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± Data maintained by the 5 Vice-County Recorder and km provided by the Botanical Society of the British Isles and Ireland and accessed from the BSBI Distribution Database 2013.

Corn mint Mentha arvensis

Although the records of corn mint are scattered across the county, a large amount of information has not been mapped as it is only recorded at the hectad (10x10 km) spatial scale considered too large to provide an accurate indication of the presence of species. As a consequence, it is likely that corn mint is under-recorded across Glamorganshire. The majority of recent records are concentrated in the Vale of Neath, although there are a few recent records south of the M5 between Cardiff and Bridgend which was subject to the arable plant Tir Gofal monitoring.

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Contains data from the Tir and Ireland and accessed ± Gofal Monitoring 2009- from the BSBI Distribution 5 2012. © Welsh Database 2013. km Government 2014.

Contains Plantlife Important Arable Plant Area database data 2014.

Weasel’s-snout Misopates orontium

The majority of weasel-snout records are in the historical pre-1986 date class, particularly the records around Cardiff, Barry and on the southern coast of Gower. There are two recent populations of this threatened plant. However, none are from an arable habitat and all the records are noted as pavement weeds or present in a graveyard.

Contains Ordnance Survey Vice-county Rare Plant data © Crown copyright Register provided by the and database right 2014. BSBI VC41 Glamorganshire Recorder December 2013

± Data maintained by the 5 Vice-County Recorder and km provided by the Botanical Society of the British Isles and Ireland and accessed from the BSBI Distribution Database 2013.

Prickly Poppy Papaver argemone

There are no recent prickly poppy records from Glamorganshire. The population recorded most recently in 1998 was on Singleton Dunes and was not present on arable habitat. This is a plant usually associated with calcareous light soils or sandy soils and may be present in arable land adjacent to some of the extensive sand dune areas around the coast of Glamorganshire.

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± Data maintained by the 5 Vice-County Recorder and km provided by the Botanical Society of the British Isles and Ireland and accessed from the BSBI Distribution Database 2013.

Rough Poppy Papaver hybridum

Rough poppy is only recorded at one location in Glamorganshire, near Port- Eynon on the Gower peninsula. The threatened plant was recorded as rare and growing in association with common rest- harrow Ononis repens and marram grass Ammophila arenaria suggesting that it was present in the sand dune habitat rather than in arable farmland.

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Cornfield knotgrass Polygonum rurivagum

There are very few records of cornfield knotgrass in Glamorganshire, probably as a result of the difficulty in distinguishing this species from others in the same family. As a consequence, this threatened plant is likely to be under-recorded in the vice- county.

There are three recent post-2000 records for this threatened plant. Only one record, near Peterson Super-Ely, is known to be on arable land whilst the other two records are located on land which had been disturbed rather than in an arable field.

Contains Ordnance Survey Vice-county Rare Plant data © Crown copyright Register provided by the and database right 2014. BSBI VC41 Glamorganshire Recorder December 2013. Contains Plantlife

± Important Arable Plant Data maintained by the 5 Area database data 2014. Vice-County Recorder and provided by the Botanical km Society of the British Isles and Ireland and accessed from the BSBI Distribution Database 2013.

Corn Buttercup Ranunculus arvensis

There is one recently recorded population of corn buttercup in Glamorganshire near Flemingston. This population has been regularly recorded since 2004 with the number of individual plants varying between rare to over 150. This is thought to be the only population of this threatened plant in Wales.

The large number of dots at this location is a product of multiple surveys over the years and the grid reference being located at slightly different locations on each visit depending on the accuracy of the GPS unit.

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Recorder December 2013. Contains Plantlife

Important Arable Plant ± Data maintained by the Area database data 2014. 5 Vice-County Recorder and km provided by the Botanical Society of the British Isles and Ireland and accessed from the BSBI Distribution Database 2013.

Shepherd’s-needle Scandix pecten-veneris

There are several well recorded populations of shepherd’s-needle in Glamorganshire in the recent post-2000 date class. The vice- county is the Welsh stronghold for this threatened plant.

The main hotspot is on the clay-based soils around St Athans either side of the River Thaw. Numbers of individuals in the fields vary between a few to many thousands of plants. When this species was prevalent, before the introduction of targeted herbicides, there was a concerted effort to eradicate the species from cornfields near St. Athans as the plant was known to cause problems with farm machinery. However, its decline in the area now means that farmers tolerate the plant and some of the remaining populations are less threatened by modern farming methods. To counteract this, there is an increased threat of development in the area around St. Athans which may impact on the land management of fields with shepherd’s-needle present.

Contains Ordnance Survey Vice-county Rare Plant data © Crown copyright Register provided by the and database right 2014. BSBI VC41 Glamorganshire Recorder December 2014. Contains data from the Tir

± Gofal Monitoring 2009- Data maintained by the 5 2012. © Welsh Vice-County Recorder and Government 2014. provided by the Botanical km Society of the British Isles Contains Plantlife and Ireland and accessed Important Arable Plant from the BSBI Distribution Area database date 2014. Database 2013.

Annual Knawel Scleranthus annuus

All of the records except for one for annual knawel in Glamorganshire fall within the historical pre-1986 date class, with many records from the turn of the 19th Century. The one population was first recorded in 1992 and has been found every year since 2011. It is located near Pen-Clawdd on Gower. This is an arable field and the plants are present on a south-facing slope. Numbers of individual plants range between 20 and 60.

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and database right 2014. BSBI VC41 Glamorganshire

Recorder December 2013.

Data maintained by the ± 5 Vice-County Recorder and provided by the Botanical km Society of the British Isles

and Ireland and accessed from the BSBI Distribution

Database 2013.

Small-flowered Catchfly Silene gallica

The majority of small-flowered catchfly populations have not been recorded since the middle 1987-1999 date class. Both the historical and mid date class records are spread across Glamorganshire with concentrations around Cardiff spread as far west as Cowbridge and scattered across the Gower peninsula as far east as Neath. This follows the distribution pattern of small- flowered catchfly that prefers lighter disturbed soils and tends to have a more coastal distribution in Pembrokeshire, the vice-county which is the stronghold for this threatened plant. There is some ambiguity of the records near Cardiff and the record date may be incorrect and they could be far older from the historical pre-1987 date class.

There is one population near Southgate on Gower that has been regularly recorded. The population often numbers in the thousands of plants and is present in three fields on the farm.

There is one other population of small- flowered catchfly which was present in 2010 growing on a concrete bank near Black Pill in Swansea. It is not known how the plant came to grow in such an urban environment, although seed could have been introduced accidentally during any works upstream or on the concrete bank.

Contains Ordnance Survey Vice-county Rare Plant data © Crown copyright Register provided by the and database right 2014. BSBI VC41 Glamorganshire Recorder December 2014. Contains data from the Tir

± Gofal Monitoring 2009- Data maintained by the

5 2012. © Welsh Vice-County Recorder and Government 2014. provided by the Botanical km Society of the British Isles Contains Plantlife and Ireland and accessed Important Arable Plant from the BSBI Distribution Area database date 2014. Database 2013.

Corn Spurrey Spergula arvensis

Corn spurrey is a widespread plant across Glamorganshire. Its distribution is probably related to the extent of surveys in the county and it is very feasible that the plant is under-recorded due to lack of surveying on arable land. This is particularly the case in the Vale of Glamorgan with the majority of records falling into the recent post-2000 date class. Gower has many more records of which the majority fall within the mid and recent date classes.

Vice-county Rare Plant Contains Ordnance Survey Register provided by the data © Crown copyright BSBI VC41 Glamorganshire and database right 2014. Recorder December 2014.

Contains data from the Tir Data maintained by the ± Gofal Monitoring 2009- Vice-County Recorder and 5 2012. © Welsh provided by the Botanical km Government 2014. Society of the British Isles

and Ireland and accessed Contains Plantlife from the BSBI Distribution Important Arable Plant Database 2013. Area database data 2014.

Field Woundwort Stachys arvensis

Field woundwort is widespread across Glamorganshire with records scattered across Gower and the Vale of Glamorgan. The majority of records fall within the mid 1987-1999 and recent post-2000 date class. This could indicate that this threatened plant is under-recorded as new populations are being recorded. Further concerted survey effort across the vice-county would increase our knowledge of the distribution of field woundwort.

Contains Ordnance Survey Vice-county Rare Plant data © Crown copyright Register provided by the and database right 2014. BSBI VC41 Glamorganshire Recorder December 2013. Contains data from the Tir

Narrow-fruited cornsalad Valerianella dentata

There is only one known extant population of narrow-fruited cornsalad in Glamorganshire. It is located near Southgate on Gower and has been regularly surveyed. The population estimate varies between rare to locally-frequent.

All the other records in Glamorganshire fall within the historical pre-1986 date class.

Contains Ordnance Survey Vice-county Rare Plant data © Crown copyright Register provided by the and database right 2014. BSBI VC41 Glamorganshire Recorder December 2013. Contains data from the Tir

± Gofal Monitoring 2009- Data maintained by the

5 2012. © Welsh Vice-County Recorder and provided by the Botanical km Government 2014. Society of the British Isles Contains Plantlife and Ireland and accessed Important Arable Plant from the BSBI Distribution Area database date 2014. Database 2013.

Broad-fruited cornsalad Valerianella rimosa

There are very few records of broad-fruited cornsalad across Glamorganshire, and only one extant population is present near Southgate on Gower. The number of individuals is considered to be rare and the population is only present in one corner of a single arable field.

This is thought to be the only extant population of broad-fruited cornsalad in Wales and all of the other records in Glamorganshire fall within the historical pre-1986 date category.

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Glamorganshire IAPA Status

Nine of the 632 tetrads in Glamorganshire are considered to be of National Importance for arable plants and eleven are considered to be of County Importance. These are concentrated on agricultural holdings that have been surveyed extensively over a period of years to develop an understanding of the flora. Primarily this was as part of assessments for the agri-environment schemes Tir Cymen in 2003, 2004 and 2006, and Tir Gofal in 2009, 2010 and 2011.Invariably, the focus has been on the farms that have particularly threatened plants such as small-flowered catchfly Silene gallica, narrow-fruited cornsalad Valerianella dentata and broad-fruited cornsalad V. rimosa of which the only extant population in Wales is near Southgate on the Gower peninsula. In addition, the only extant population of corn buttercup Ranunculus arvensis and stronghold of shepherd's-needle Scandix pecten-veneris is present near St Athans. Other tetrads that score highly are focused on individual holdings that contain specific rarities such as cornflower Centaurea cyanus which is found near Scurlage on the Gower peninsula and near Bonvilston where it is also associated with the only naturally occurring population of corn chamomile Anthemis arvensis in Wales. The only extant population of false cleavers Galium spurium in Wales is present to the north of Barry.

Arable land use declined dramatically across Glamorganshire between the 1930s and 1990s. In addition, agricultural intensification from the 1960s onwards, in particular the use of pesticides, would have reduced the suitable habitat for arable plants associated with this land use. Arable plants, being

Contains Ordnance Survey Vice-county Rare Plant annual in lifecycle, are also associated with data © Crown copyright Register provided by the other disturbed and nutrient poor habitats and database right 2014. BSBI VC41 Glamorganshire such as sand dune systems, spoil heaps from Recorder December 2013. industrial activity and roads / transport Contains data from the Tir networks. Records associated with these ± Gofal Monitoring 2009- Data maintained by the habitats have been removed from this Vice-County Recorder and 5 2012. © Welsh analysis to concentrate solely on arable land. Government 2014. provided by the Botanical km Society of the British Isles The results indicate that further surveys are

Contains Plantlife and Ireland and accessed required in the main arable areas on Gower Important Arable Plant from the BSBI Distribution and south of the M4 corridor in the Vale of Area database data 2014. Database 2013. Glamorgan.