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Late Readvance and Rapid Final Deglaciation of the Last Ice Sheet in the Grampian Mountains, Scotland

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Late Readvance and Rapid Final Deglaciation of the Last Ice Sheet in the Grampian Mountains, Scotland Edinburgh Research Explorer Late readvance and rapid final deglaciation of the last ice sheet in the Grampian Mountains, Scotland. Citation for published version: Hall, AM, Binnie, S, Sugden, D, Dunai, T & Wood, C 2016, 'Late readvance and rapid final deglaciation of the last ice sheet in the Grampian Mountains, Scotland.', Journal of Quaternary Science. https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.2911 Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.1002/jqs.2911 Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Peer reviewed version Published In: Journal of Quaternary Science Publisher Rights Statement: Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 08. Oct. 2021 Journal of Quaternary Science Rapid d eglaciation of the last ice sheet in the Grampian Mountains, Scotland. Journal: Journal of Quaternary Science Manuscript ID Draft Wiley - Manuscript type: Research Article Date Submitted by the Author: n/a Complete List of Authors: Hall, Adrian; Stockholm University, Physical Geography Binnie, Steven; Universitat zu Köln, Institut für Geologie und Mineralogie Sugden, David; University of Edinburgh, Institute of Geography (School of Geosciences) Dunai, Tibor; Universitat zu Köln, Institut für Geologie und Mineralogie Wood, Christina Deglaciation, British-Irish ice sheet, Strath Spey, 10Be cosmogenic Keywords: exposure ages, climate http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/jqs Page 1 of 27 Journal of Quaternary Science 1 2 3 4 1 TITLE 5 6 2 Rapid deglaciation of the last ice sheet in the Grampian Mountains, Scotland. 7 8 9 3 AUTHORS 10 11 4 Adrian M. Hall 1, Steven A. Binnie 2, David Sugden 3, Tibor Dunai 2, Christina Wood 4 12 13 14 15 5 ADDRESSES 16 17 6 1 Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. 18 2 19 7 University of Cologne, Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Cologne, North Rhine- 20 21 8 Westphalia, Germany. 22 3 23 9 Geography, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Scotland. 24 25 10 4 Scottish Natural Heritage, Inverness, Scotland. 26 27 11 28 29 12 1 Corresponding author: [email protected] 30 31 13 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 1 59 60 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/jqs Journal of Quaternary Science Page 2 of 27 1 2 3 14 ABSTRACT 4 5 6 15 Towards the end of the Late Devensian glaciation, ice sourced from the Western Grampian 7 16 Mountains of Scotland flowed down Strath Spey to encroach on the northern flanks of the 8 17 Cairngorm Mountains. The maximum of this late advance and its subsequent retreat is 9 10 18 recorded by moraines, ice-marginal meltwater channels, and kame terraces that can be 11 19 traced up Strath Spey for 60 km from its down-valley limit. New cosmogenic 10 Be exposure 12 20 ages from moraines indicate deglaciation at 15.0 ± 0.6 ka. This timing matches closely 13 14 21 existing age data for deglaciation of the eastern Cairngorm plateau and for other sites along 15 22 Strath Spey. The implication is that active ice retreat from the flanks of Strath Spey occurred 16 17 23 within the ~1 ka uncertainty of the cosmogenic exposure ages. Initial ice retreat occurred 18 24 under cold conditions at the end of Greenland Stadial 2a (GS-2a) (16.9-14.7 ka). We suggest 19 25 the advance followed the collapse of the marine parts of the British-Irish Ice Sheet at ~ 16ka. 20 21 26 The combination of increased precipitation at a time of low temperatures would cause an 22 27 advance. The rapidity of deglaciation may reflect enhanced Föhn effects caused by the ice 23 28 dome in the Western Highlands. 24 25 KEY WORDS 26 29 27 28 30 Deglaciation; British-Irish ice sheet; Strath Spey; 10 Be cosmogenic exposure ages; climate. 29 30 31 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 2 59 60 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/jqs Page 3 of 27 Journal of Quaternary Science 1 2 3 32 INTRODUCTION 4 5 6 33 The sequence and timing of events during deglaciation of the last ice sheet in Scotland 7 34 remain poorly constrained. Strath Spey forms a major topographic corridor through the 8 35 Grampians, flanked by the Monadhliath and Cairngorm Mountains (Fig. 1). During the 9 10 36 Pleistocene, powerful flows of ice were directed along Strath Spey from Rannoch Moor, the 11 37 major snow and ice accumulation basin in the western Highlands for the Scottish ice sheet, 12 38 and towards the inner Moray Firth, one of the major outlets of the ice sheet to the North 13 14 39 Sea basin. The Cairngorm granite massif supported an independent ice centre. During the 15 40 last, Late Devensian glaciation, the carry of schist erratics shows that Strath Spey ice 16 17 41 encroached to elevations above 800 m on the northern flanks of the Cairngorms (Sugden, 18 42 1970; Hall and Phillips, 2006). This erratic limit is associated with the highest set of a 19 43 remarkable, off-lapping assemblage of ice-marginal landforms found on the mountain flanks 20 21 44 that includes lateral moraines, kame terraces and meltwater channels (Fig. 1B) (Hinxman 22 45 and Anderson, 1915; Gordon, 1993). The ice-marginal forms cover an altitudinal range of 23 46 ~500 m and can be traced for ~60 km along Strath Spey (Fig. 1A). Hence this landform 24 25 47 assemblage provides an unusual opportunity to establish the pattern and timing of the final 26 48 retreat of a major ice lobe within the last Scottish ice sheet. 27 28 49 Three conflicting models currently exist for deglaciation in Strath Spey in which the ice lobe 29 30 50 (i) decayed passively, with slow down-wasting and final downwasting leading to the 31 51 generation of huge volumes of meltwater (Sugden, 1970; Young, 1975), (ii) remained active 32 52 during a slow retreat interrupted by long stillstands when large ice-dammed lakes 33 34 53 developed at the ice margin (Hinxman and Anderson, 1915; Brazier et al., 1998; Everest and 35 54 Kubik, 2006) and (iii) remained active but retreated rapidly with only brief stillstands. These 36 55 conflicting models exist in part because of conflicting dating evidence. While cosmogenic 37 38 56 exposure ages for boulders on moraines appear to support a prolonged stillstand at ca. 39 57 14.5–14.0 ka (Everest and Kubik, 2006) ages obtained on postglacial rockslides (Ballantyne 40 58 et al., 2009) and basal radiocarbon dates (Sissons and Walker, 1974; Everest and Kubik, 41 42 59 2006) indicate that deglaciation was complete before ca. 15.5–15.0 ka (Ballantyne, 2010). 43 60 This study provides a revised interpretation of the landform assemblage associated with the 44 61 Strath Spey ice lobe in the northern Cairngorms as the product of a late advance of the last 45 10 46 62 ice sheet and of its subsequent down wastage. The study reports new cosmogenic Be 47 63 exposure ages for boulders from moraines in the northern Cairngorms that constrain the 48 49 64 time interval for deglaciation to the close of Greenland Stadial 2a (GS-2a) (16.9-14.7 ka). 50 51 65 STUDY AREA 52 53 66 The study area forms part of the northern flank of the Cairngorm Mountains and includes 54 55 67 the prominent ridge of Sròn a’ Cha-no that separates Glen More from Strath Nethy (Fig. 2). 56 68 The high ground is developed in the Caledonian Cairngorm Granite, with Moine psammitic 57 58 3 59 60 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/jqs Journal of Quaternary Science Page 4 of 27 1 2 3 69 schists forming the floor of the Glen More basin (Fig. 2). A remarkable assemblage of ice- 4 70 marginal features is developed along the flanks of Strath Spey (Barrow et al., 1913; Hinxman 5 6 71 and Anderson, 1915; Charlesworth, 1956), marking the final up-valley retreat of the Spey 7 72 glacier and its attendant down wasting (Figs. 2 and 3). Many ridges that project towards the 8 73 valley axis are notched by rock-cut meltwater channels (Bremner, 1934a; Gheorghiu et al., 9 10 74 2012). Re-use of many of these channels during deglaciation as routeways for ice-marginal 11 75 meltwater is indicated where the channels are in sub-parallel sets, with channel floors 12 13 76 sloping down valley, and associated with nearby ice-marginal features such as moraines and 14 77 kame terraces (Hinxman and Anderson, 1915; Greenwood et al., 2007). Many tributary 15 78 valleys entering Strath Spey from the Cairngorms and Monadhliath were blocked by ice 16 17 79 lobes that built up moraines and dammed meltwater in ice-marginal lakes and ponds 18 80 (Hinxman and Anderson, 1915; Bremner, 1934a; Brazier et al., 1998; Boston, 2013).
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