DOCSLIB.ORG

Anti-Neuroinflammatory Effects of GPR55 Antagonists in LPS

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Anti-Neuroinflammatory Effects of GPR55 Antagonists in LPS Saliba et al. Journal of Neuroinflammation (2018) 15:322 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-018-1362-7 RESEARCH Open Access Anti-neuroinflammatory effects of GPR55 antagonists in LPS-activated primary microglial cells Soraya Wilke Saliba1, Hannah Jauch1, Brahim Gargouri1, Albrecht Keil1, Thomas Hurrle2,3, Nicole Volz2, Florian Mohr2,4, Mario van der Stelt4, Stefan Bräse2,3 and Bernd L. Fiebich1,5* Abstract Background: Neuroinflammation plays a vital role in Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative conditions. Microglia are the resident mononuclear immune cells of the central nervous system, and they play essential roles in the maintenance of homeostasis and responses to neuroinflammation. The orphan G-protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) has been reported to modulate inflammation and is expressed in immune cells such as monocytes and microglia. However, its effects on neuroinflammation, mainly on the production of members of the arachidonic acid pathway in activated microglia, have not been elucidated in detail. Methods: In this present study, a series of coumarin derivatives, that exhibit GPR55 antagonism properties, were designed. The effects of these compounds on members of the arachidonic acid cascade were studied in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated primary rat microglia using Western blot, qPCR, and ELISA. Results: We demonstrate here that the various compounds with GPR55 antagonistic activities significantly inhibited the release of PGE2 in primary microglia. The inhibition of LPS-induced PGE2 release by the most potent candidate KIT 17 was partially dependent on reduced protein synthesis of mPGES-1 and COX-2. KIT 17 did not affect any key enzyme involved on the endocannabinoid system. We furthermore show that microglia expressed GPR55 and that a synthetic antagonist of the GPR receptor (ML193) demonstrated the same effect of the KIT 17 on the inhibition of PGE2. Conclusions: Our results suggest that KIT 17 is acting as an inverse agonist on GPR55 independent of the endocannabinoid system. Targeting GPR55 might be a new therapeutic option to treat neurodegenerative diseases with a neuroinflammatory background such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson, and multiple sclerosis (MS). Keywords: GPR55, Prostaglandin E2, Cyclooxygenase, Microglia, Neuroinflammation Introduction microglia has been associated with neurodegenerative dis- For many years, neuroinflammation has been known as a eases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson disease common phenomenon in the pathology of many brain dis- (PD), and traumatic brain injury or aging [4, 5]. eases. Microglia, the principal cells involved in the innate The GPR55 is an orphan G-protein-coupled receptor, immune response in the central nervous system (CNS), play first described by Sawzdargo et al. in 1999 [6], and it is essential roles in the maintenance of homeostasis and re- not only highly expressed in CNS, but also in peripheral sponses to inflammatory stimulus [1–3]. The over-activated tissue [7]. It can be activated by cannabinoids (CB) and non-CB, leading to the hypothesis that it might be a pu- * Correspondence: [email protected] tative “type-3” cannabinoid receptor [8]. However, in 1Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Department of contrast to the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2, Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, GPR55 only couples to Gα proteins which leads to Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany 12,13 5Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Laboratory of Translational the activation of the ras homolog gene family member A Psychiatry, University Hospital Freiburg, Hauptstr. 5, 79104 Freiburg, Germany (RhoA) and Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK). The Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s). 2018 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Saliba et al. Journal of Neuroinflammation (2018) 15:322 Page 2 of 13 phospholipase C pathway is triggered by these proteins, members of the arachidonic acid pathway in activated which increase the intercellular Ca2+ and extracellular microglia, have not been elucidated in detail. We therefore signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation [9]. studied the effects of novel synthesized GPR55 antagonists GPR55 is expressed in immune cells, such as monocytes, in LPS-activated microglia by examining prostaglandin E2 natural killer (NK) cells [10], and microglia [11], and its in- (PGE2) production, COX/mPGES-1 mRNA, and protein volvement in inflammation has been reported [10, 12, 13]. levels. Furthermore, we evaluated the effect of KIT17 on Activation of GPR55 by the agonist O-1602 increased key enzymes involved in the endocannabinoid system such pro-inflammatory cytokines and cell cytotoxicity in mono- as diacylglycerol lipase-α(DAGLα), monoacylglycerol lipase cytes and NK cells stimulated with LPS [10]. Corroborat- (MAGL), α,β-hydrolase domain-containing 6 and 12 ing with this, an antagonist of GPR55, CID16020046, and (ABHD6 and ABHD12), and fatty acid amide hydrolase − − GPR55 / knockout mice decreased the pro-inflammatory (FAAH). cytokines in colitis mice models comparable to human in- flammatory bowel disease (IBD) [12]. In hyperalgesia asso- Methods ciated with inflammatory and neuropathic pain, it was Ethics statement observed to increase anti-inflammatory cytokines, IL-4 Animals were obtained from the Center for Experimental − − and IL-10, and also pro-inflammatory IFN-γ in GPR55 / Models and Transgenic Services-Freiburg (CEMT-FR). All knockout mice [13]. On the other hand, the GPR55 agon- the experiments were approved and conducted according ist O-1602 decreased IL-6 and TNF-α in a model of ex- to the guidelines of the ethics committee of the University perimental acute pancreatitis [14]. of Freiburg Medical School under protocol no. X-13/06A, The roles of GPR55 in the pathophysiology of the CNS and the study was carefully planned to minimize the are still not clear. In an excitotoxicity in vitro model of rat number of animals used and their suffering. For the organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC), the activa- activity-based protein profiling (ABPP), the experiments tion of GPR55 receptor by L-α-Lysophosphatidylinositol were performed at Leiden University according to guide- (LPI) mediated neuroprotection through microglia [15]. In lines approved by the ethical committee of Leiden Univer- amousemodelofPD,theexpressionofGPR55wasdown- sity (DEC#13191). regulated in the striatum and the treatment with an agonist of GPR55, abnormal-cannabidiol, improved the motor be- Chemicals havior by neuroprotection of dopaminergic neuron cell Synthetic GPR55 antagonists (Fig. 1) were synthesized at bodies [16]. A molecular, anatomical, electrophysiological, the Institute for Organic Chemistry Karlsruhe - KIT − − and behavioral study of GPR55 / knockout mice demon- (Karlsruhe, Germany) [18] and dissolved in DMSO. The strated a normal development of brain structure and did number of the corresponding compounds in the Rempel not affect the endocannabinoid system nor muscle strength et al. 2013 paper are: KIT3 is 14, KIT17 is 37, and and motor learning. However, these mice presented deficits KIT21 is 41. ML193 and O-1602 were obtained from in motor coordination and thermal sensitivity [17]. Tocris Biosciences. LPS from Salmonella typhimurium These studies suggest that GPR55 signaling can be (Sigma Aldrich, Deissenhofen, Germany) was resus- involved in neurodegeneration and modulate certain pended in sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, 5 mg/ cytokines and thus inflammation. However, its effects on mL) as stock and subsequently used at a final concentra- neuroinflammation, especially on the production of tion (10 ng/mL) in the cultures. A OMe O O 5-isopropyl-3-(2-methoxybenzyl)-8-methyl-2H-chromen-2-one KIT-3 B C HO HO O O O O 3-benzyl-6-hydroxy-5,7,8-trimethyl-2H-chromen-2-one 6-hydroxy-5,7,8-trimethyl-3-(2-methylbenzyl)-2H-chromen-2-one KIT-17 KIT-21 Fig. 1 Molecular structure of the synthesized compounds a KIT 3: 8-isopropyl-3-(2-methoxybenzyl)-5-methyl-2H-chromen-2-one, MW = 336,1725 g/mol. b KIT 17: 3-benzyl-6-hydroxy-7,8-dimethyl-2H-chromen-2-one, MW = 294,1256 g/mol. c KIT 21: 6-hydroxy-7,8-dimethyl-3-(2-methylbenzyl)- 2H-chromen-2-one, MW = 308,1412 g/mol Saliba et al. Journal of Neuroinflammation (2018) 15:322 Page 3 of 13 Primary microglia cultures after 24 h of incubation by adding 100 μL of reconsti- As described in our previous studies [19–24], primary tuted substrate and incubating for 10 min. Lumines- mixed glial cell cultures were prepared from cerebral cence was measured using a Modulus™ II Microplate cortices of 1-day neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats. Under Multimode Reader (Turner BioSystems, USA). sterile conditions, the brains were carefully taken, and the cerebral cortices were isolated and the meninges re- RNA isolation and quantitative PCR moved. Then, the cortices were gently dissociated and Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was performed
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Computational Approach for Defining a Signature of Β-Cell Golgi Stress in Diabetes Mellitus
    Page 1 of 781 Diabetes A Computational Approach for Defining a Signature of β-Cell Golgi Stress in Diabetes Mellitus Robert N. Bone1,6,7, Olufunmilola Oyebamiji2, Sayali Talware2, Sharmila Selvaraj2, Preethi Krishnan3,6, Farooq Syed1,6,7, Huanmei Wu2, Carmella Evans-Molina 1,3,4,5,6,7,8* Departments of 1Pediatrics, 3Medicine, 4Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, 5Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, the 6Center for Diabetes & Metabolic Diseases, and the 7Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; 2Department of BioHealth Informatics, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202; 8Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202. *Corresponding Author(s): Carmella Evans-Molina, MD, PhD ([email protected]) Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS 2031A, Indianapolis, IN 46202, Telephone: (317) 274-4145, Fax (317) 274-4107 Running Title: Golgi Stress Response in Diabetes Word Count: 4358 Number of Figures: 6 Keywords: Golgi apparatus stress, Islets, β cell, Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes 1 Diabetes Publish Ahead of Print, published online August 20, 2020 Diabetes Page 2 of 781 ABSTRACT The Golgi apparatus (GA) is an important site of insulin processing and granule maturation, but whether GA organelle dysfunction and GA stress are present in the diabetic β-cell has not been tested. We utilized an informatics-based approach to develop a transcriptional signature of β-cell GA stress using existing RNA sequencing and microarray datasets generated using human islets from donors with diabetes and islets where type 1(T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) had been modeled ex vivo. To narrow our results to GA-specific genes, we applied a filter set of 1,030 genes accepted as GA associated.
    [Show full text]
  • The Endocannabinoid 2-Arachidonoylglycerol Negatively Regulates Habituation by Suppressing Excitatory Recurrent Network Activity
    3588 • The Journal of Neuroscience, February 20, 2013 • 33(8):3588–3601 Cellular/Molecular The Endocannabinoid 2-Arachidonoylglycerol Negatively Regulates Habituation by Suppressing Excitatory Recurrent Network Activity and Reducing Long-Term Potentiation in the Dentate Gyrus Yuki Sugaya,1 Barbara Cagniard,1 Maya Yamazaki,2 Kenji Sakimura,2 and Masanobu Kano1 1Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan and 2Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan Endocannabinoids are known to mediate retrograde suppression of synaptic transmission, modulate synaptic plasticity, and influence learning and memory. The 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) produced by diacylglycerol lipase ␣ (DGL␣) is regarded as the major endo- cannabinoid that causes retrograde synaptic suppression. To determine how 2-AG signaling influences learning and memory, we sub- jected DGL␣ knock-out mice to two learning tasks. We tested the mice using habituation and odor-guided transverse patterning tasks that are known to involve the dentate gyrus and the CA1, respectively, of the hippocampus. We found that DGL␣ knock-out mice showed significantly faster habituation to an odor and a new environment than wild-type littermates with normal performance in the transverse patterning task. In freely moving animals, long-term potentiation (LTP) induced by theta burst stimulation was significantly larger at perforantpath–granulecellsynapsesinthedentategyrusofDGL␣knock-outmice.Importantly,priorinductionofsynapticpotentiation
    [Show full text]
  • CB1 and GPR55 Receptors Are Co-Expressed and Form Heteromers in Rat 3 and Monkey Striatum
    YEXNR-11769; No. of pages: 9; 4C: Experimental Neurology xxx (2014) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Experimental Neurology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/yexnr 1 Regular Article 2 CB1 and GPR55 receptors are co-expressed and form heteromers in rat 3 and monkey striatum 4 E. Martínez-Pinilla a,⁎, I. Reyes-Resina e, A. Oñatibia-Astibia a,M.Zamarbidea,A.Ricobarazad,G.Navarroe, 5 E. Moreno e,I.G.Dopeso-Reyesb,c, S. Sierra b,c, A.J. Rico b,c,E.Rodab,c,J.L.Lanciegob,c,1,R.Francoa,e,1 6 a Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Neuropharmacology, Neurosciences Division, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain 7 b Laboratory of Basal Ganglia Neuroanatomy, Neurosciences Division, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain 8 c Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Spain 9 d Laboratoire de Plasticité du Cerveau, ESPCI-ParisTech, Paris, France 10 e Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain 11 article info abstract 12 Article history: Heteromerization of G-protein-coupled receptors is an important event as they integrate the actions 22 13 Received 6 May 2014 of extracellular signals to give heteromer-selective ligand binding and signaling, opening new ave- 23 14 Revised 13 June 2014 nues in the development of potential drug targets in pharmacotherapy. A further aim of the present 24 15 Accepted 17 June 2014 paper was to check for cannabinoid CB –GPR55 receptor heteromers in the central nervous system 25 16 Available online xxxx 1 (CNS), specifically in striatum.
    [Show full text]
  • S42003-021-02488-1.Pdf
    ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-021-02488-1 OPEN In situ imaging reveals disparity between prostaglandin localization and abundance of prostaglandin synthases ✉ Kyle D. Duncan 1,5, Xiaofei Sun 2,3,5, Erin S. Baker 4, Sudhansu K. Dey 2,3 & Ingela Lanekoff 1 Prostaglandins are important lipids involved in mediating many physiological processes, such as allergic responses, inflammation, and pregnancy. However, technical limitations of in-situ prostaglandin detection in tissue have led researchers to infer prostaglandin tissue dis- tributions from localization of regulatory synthases, such as COX1 and COX2. Herein, we apply a novel mass spectrometry imaging method for direct in situ tissue localization of 1234567890():,; prostaglandins, and combine it with techniques for protein expression and RNA localization. We report that prostaglandin D2, its precursors, and downstream synthases co-localize with the highest expression of COX1, and not COX2. Further, we study tissue with a conditional deletion of transformation-related protein 53 where pregnancy success is low and confirm that PG levels are altered, although localization is conserved. Our studies reveal that the abundance of COX and prostaglandin D2 synthases in cellular regions does not mirror the regional abundance of prostaglandins. Thus, we deduce that prostaglandins tissue localization and abundance may not be inferred by COX or prostaglandin synthases in uterine tissue, and must be resolved by an in situ prostaglandin imaging. 1 Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. 2 Division of Reproductive Sciences, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA. 3 College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA.
    [Show full text]
  • The Expanded Endocannabinoid System/Endocannabinoidome As a Potential Target for Treating Diabetes Mellitus
    Current Diabetes Reports (2019) 19:117 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-019-1248-9 OBESITY (KM GADDE, SECTION EDITOR) The Expanded Endocannabinoid System/Endocannabinoidome as a Potential Target for Treating Diabetes Mellitus Alain Veilleux1,2,3 & Vincenzo Di Marzo1,2,3,4,5 & Cristoforo Silvestri3,4,5 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019 Abstract Purpose of Review The endocannabinoid (eCB) system, i.e. the receptors that respond to the psychoactive component of cannabis, their endogenous ligands and the ligand metabolic enzymes, is part of a larger family of lipid signals termed the endocannabinoidome (eCBome). We summarize recent discoveries of the roles that the eCBome plays within peripheral tissues in diabetes, and how it is being targeted, in an effort to develop novel therapeutics for the treatment of this increasingly prevalent disease. Recent Findings As with the eCB system, many eCBome members regulate several physiological processes, including energy intake and storage, glucose and lipid metabolism and pancreatic health, which contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Preclinical studies increasingly support the notion that targeting the eCBome may beneficially affect T2D. Summary The eCBome is implicated in T2D at several levels and in a variety of tissues, making this complex lipid signaling system a potential source of many potential therapeutics for the treatments for T2D. Keywords Endocannabinoidome . Bioactive lipids . Peripheral tissues . Glucose . Insulin Introduction: The Endocannabinoid System cannabis-derived natural product, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and its Subsequent Expansion (THC), responsible for most of the psychotropic, euphoric to the “Endocannabinoidome” and appetite-stimulating actions (via CB1 receptors) and immune-modulatory effects (via CB2 receptors) of marijuana, The discovery of two G protein-coupled receptors, the canna- opened the way to the identification of the endocannabinoids binoid receptor type-1 (CB1) and − 2 (CB2) [1, 2], for the (eCBs).
    [Show full text]
  • Harnessing the Endocannabinoid 2-Arachidonoylglycerol to Lower Intraocular Pressure in a Murine Model
    Glaucoma Harnessing the Endocannabinoid 2-Arachidonoylglycerol to Lower Intraocular Pressure in a Murine Model Sally Miller,1 Emma Leishman,1 Sherry Shujung Hu,2 Alhasan Elghouche,1 Laura Daily,1 Natalia Murataeva,1 Heather Bradshaw,1 and Alex Straiker1 1Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States 2Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan Correspondence: Alex Straiker, De- PURPOSE. Cannabinoids, such as D9-THC, act through an endogenous signaling system in the partment of Psychological and Brain vertebrate eye that reduces IOP via CB1 receptors. Endogenous cannabinoid (eCB) ligand, 2- Sciences, Indiana University, Bloom- arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), likewise activates CB1 and is metabolized by monoacylglycerol ington, IN 47405, USA; lipase (MAGL). We investigated ocular 2-AG and its regulation by MAGL and the therapeutic [email protected]. potential of harnessing eCBs to lower IOP. Submitted: February 16, 2016 Accepted: May 16, 2016 METHODS. We tested the effect of topical application of 2-AG and MAGL blockers in normotensive mice and examined changes in eCB-related lipid species in the eyes and spinal Citation: Miller S, Leishman E, Hu SS, cord of MAGL knockout (MAGLÀ/À) mice using high performance liquid chromatography/ et al. Harnessing the endocannabinoid tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS). We also examined the protein distribution of 2-arachidonoylglycerol to lower intra- ocular pressure in a murine model. MAGL in the mouse anterior chamber. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. RESULTS. 2-Arachidonoyl glycerol reliably lowered IOP in a CB1- and concentration-dependent 2016;57:3287–3296. DOI:10.1167/ manner. Monoacylglycerol lipase is expressed prominently in nonpigmented ciliary iovs.16-19356 epithelium.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplementary Table S4. FGA Co-Expressed Gene List in LUAD
    Supplementary Table S4. FGA co-expressed gene list in LUAD tumors Symbol R Locus Description FGG 0.919 4q28 fibrinogen gamma chain FGL1 0.635 8p22 fibrinogen-like 1 SLC7A2 0.536 8p22 solute carrier family 7 (cationic amino acid transporter, y+ system), member 2 DUSP4 0.521 8p12-p11 dual specificity phosphatase 4 HAL 0.51 12q22-q24.1histidine ammonia-lyase PDE4D 0.499 5q12 phosphodiesterase 4D, cAMP-specific FURIN 0.497 15q26.1 furin (paired basic amino acid cleaving enzyme) CPS1 0.49 2q35 carbamoyl-phosphate synthase 1, mitochondrial TESC 0.478 12q24.22 tescalcin INHA 0.465 2q35 inhibin, alpha S100P 0.461 4p16 S100 calcium binding protein P VPS37A 0.447 8p22 vacuolar protein sorting 37 homolog A (S. cerevisiae) SLC16A14 0.447 2q36.3 solute carrier family 16, member 14 PPARGC1A 0.443 4p15.1 peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, coactivator 1 alpha SIK1 0.435 21q22.3 salt-inducible kinase 1 IRS2 0.434 13q34 insulin receptor substrate 2 RND1 0.433 12q12 Rho family GTPase 1 HGD 0.433 3q13.33 homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase PTP4A1 0.432 6q12 protein tyrosine phosphatase type IVA, member 1 C8orf4 0.428 8p11.2 chromosome 8 open reading frame 4 DDC 0.427 7p12.2 dopa decarboxylase (aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase) TACC2 0.427 10q26 transforming, acidic coiled-coil containing protein 2 MUC13 0.422 3q21.2 mucin 13, cell surface associated C5 0.412 9q33-q34 complement component 5 NR4A2 0.412 2q22-q23 nuclear receptor subfamily 4, group A, member 2 EYS 0.411 6q12 eyes shut homolog (Drosophila) GPX2 0.406 14q24.1 glutathione peroxidase
    [Show full text]
  • Page 1 Supplemental Table I Upin WTVG Upin Humlowfb FAR1
    Supplemental Table I UPinWTvG UPinHuMlowFB overlap FAR1 CD209 PLEKHO2 B2M IL27 GCLC CALR HMGN2P46 ME1 XPO1 CLEC1A NEK6 PDIA3 HSD17B14 TMEM106A SERPINH1 NSUN7 KCNJ15 PLEKHO2 SEMA6B SH3PXD2B HSPD1 BAALC RHOU SYVN1 CEACAM4 TGFBI DNAJB9 KATNAL2 CTSZ SLC25A19 CCDC175 SULF2 MHCII CARD14 P2RY6 MDN1 TDO2 CD74 GCLC FCAR HLA-DQB1 PTPN2 GLDN CD14 CHORDC1 MMP7 CSF2RB LOX CLEC5A MRC1 STIP1 ZMYND15 ITGAX BPIFB1 ITLN1 SLAMF7 ME1 DKK2 CD84 PDIA6 FAM124A FCGR2A HYOU1 F3 CLEC10A NLRC5 DZIP1L IFI30 NEK6 CECR6 CLEC4A SLC39A14 NDP CLEC7A TMEM106AFCGR1A TFEC KCNJ15 CCL7 C1QC SH3PXD2B CRABP2 C1QA RHOU PIPOX FOLR2 LRP2 CCL2 CH25H MVD VSIG4 C1QB TGFBI LINC01010 SIGLEC1 NFKB2 DPRXP4 CTSS C5 FAM20A CCR1 HSP90B1 ANKRD29 SLAMF8 ALDH18A1 OCSTAMP MS4A7 EDEM1 TGM2 HK3 CTSZ TM4SF19 CXCL10 C6 TRPV4 CTSK AACS CCL8 MSR1 PPA1 CCL1 STEAP4 PIK3R5 KCNE1 CXCL9 RASAL3 SLC9A7P1 MS4A6A DOCK11 CHI3L1 TIMP1 BHLHE40 LOC731424 CD209 HCLS1 DCSTAMP CCL7 FASN MSR1 PDCD1LG2 PDIA4 IL31RA CCL2 ITK CXCL3 CXCL2 CRELD2 TREM2 C15orf48 SFTPD MGST1 GPR84 BCL3 METTL7B CXCL5 SULF2 TMEM86A OCSTAMP CYP51A1 A2M SERPINA1 CREB3L1 AQP9 MMP12 DUSP2 NUPR1 CCL8 ADAM8 FHAD1 CCL24 P2RY6 YPEL4 FBP1 KCNAB2 FBP1 NA NFKBIE LOC100506585 NA FSCN1 CXCL16 NA MANF RAB13 NA SLC5A3 LOC391322 NA CTSC IL8 NA COTL1 MS4A4A NA HSPA5 SERPING1 NA MUC5B PLA2G4C NA CD74 CA12 NA HLA-DQB1 GBP1P1 NA SLC7A2 C11orf45 NA FABP5 ACVRL1 NA CIITA SPP1 NA RAB3IL1 TLN2 NA HSPE1 NDRG2 NA SCD C15orf48 NA ITIH4 KCNJ15 NA SERPINA3 MEIS3P1 NA LAG3 IL1RN NA FOXM1 HNMT NA CD14 CYP27B1 NA RRM2 CDCP1 NA ABCD2 FOLR2 NA FCRL2 ECM1 NA PDE3B ADAMDEC1
    [Show full text]
  • Multi-Functionality of Proteins Involved in GPCR and G Protein Signaling: Making Sense of Structure–Function Continuum with In
    Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences (2019) 76:4461–4492 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-019-03276-1 Cellular andMolecular Life Sciences REVIEW Multi‑functionality of proteins involved in GPCR and G protein signaling: making sense of structure–function continuum with intrinsic disorder‑based proteoforms Alexander V. Fonin1 · April L. Darling2 · Irina M. Kuznetsova1 · Konstantin K. Turoverov1,3 · Vladimir N. Uversky2,4 Received: 5 August 2019 / Revised: 5 August 2019 / Accepted: 12 August 2019 / Published online: 19 August 2019 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 Abstract GPCR–G protein signaling system recognizes a multitude of extracellular ligands and triggers a variety of intracellular signal- ing cascades in response. In humans, this system includes more than 800 various GPCRs and a large set of heterotrimeric G proteins. Complexity of this system goes far beyond a multitude of pair-wise ligand–GPCR and GPCR–G protein interactions. In fact, one GPCR can recognize more than one extracellular signal and interact with more than one G protein. Furthermore, one ligand can activate more than one GPCR, and multiple GPCRs can couple to the same G protein. This defnes an intricate multifunctionality of this important signaling system. Here, we show that the multifunctionality of GPCR–G protein system represents an illustrative example of the protein structure–function continuum, where structures of the involved proteins represent a complex mosaic of diferently folded regions (foldons, non-foldons, unfoldons, semi-foldons, and inducible foldons). The functionality of resulting highly dynamic conformational ensembles is fne-tuned by various post-translational modifcations and alternative splicing, and such ensembles can undergo dramatic changes at interaction with their specifc partners.
    [Show full text]
  • Cannabidiol and Contributions of Major Hemp Phytocompounds to the “Entourage Effect”; Possible Mecha- Nisms
    Nahler G, et al., J Altern Complement Integr Med 2019, 5: 066 DOI: 10.24966/ACIM-7562/100066 HSOA Journal of Alternative, Complementary & Integrative Medicine Review Article cannabinoid found in “drug-type” cannabis (marijuana, an obso- Cannabidiol and Contributions of lete and pejorative slang term for drug-type Cannabis), Cannabidi- ol (CBD) is the main cannabinoid in hemp (“fibre-type” Cannabis). Major Hemp Phytocompounds to The term “hemp” is therefore used for those Cannabis varieties that are low in THC (<0.2% by European law), “drug-type Cannabis” for the “Entourage Effect”; Possible those that are rich in THC, and “Cannabis” as overall term. Mechanisms Cannabis cultivars are often characterised by their THC/CBD ra- tio but a variety of terpenes have also been described as characteristic, 1 2 3 Gerhard Nahler *, Trevor M Jones and Ethan B Russo additional markers among a number of other phytocompounds that 1Clinical Investigation Support GmbH, Kaiserstrasse, Austria vary considerably between chemical varieties or “chemovars” [3,4]. 2King’s College London, London, UK The term “strain” is commonly misapplied to chemovars of Can- 3International Cannabis and Cannabinoids Institute, Prague, Czech nabis in common parlance, but is properly pertinent to bacteria and Republic viruses, but not plants [5-8]. In fact, neither CBD nor THC is formed enzymatically by the plant. Both substances are the decarboxylated form of Cannabidiolic Acid (CBDA) and delta-9-Tetrahydrocannab- Abstract inolic Acid (THCA) respectively, induced in nature by slowly aging Cannabidiol (CBD) is the primary cannabinoid in “fibre-type” can- (mainly by light), or in post-harvest processing e.g., by heating.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Probes to Potently and Selectively Inhibit Endocannabinoid
    Chemical probes to potently and selectively inhibit PNAS PLUS endocannabinoid cellular reuptake Andrea Chiccaa,1, Simon Nicolussia,1, Ruben Bartholomäusb, Martina Blunderc,d, Alejandro Aparisi Reye, Vanessa Petruccia, Ines del Carmen Reynoso-Morenoa,f, Juan Manuel Viveros-Paredesf, Marianela Dalghi Gensa, Beat Lutze, Helgi B. Schiöthc, Michael Soeberdtg, Christoph Abelsg, Roch-Philippe Charlesa, Karl-Heinz Altmannb, and Jürg Gertscha,2 aInstitute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, National Centre of Competence in Research NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; bDepartment of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; cDepartment of Neuroscience, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden; dBrain Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59056- 450, Brazil; eInstitute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, D-55099 Mainz, Germany; fCentro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, University of Guadalajara, 44430 Guadalajara, Mexico; and gDr. August Wolff GmbH & Co. KG Arzneimittel, 33611 Bielefeld, Germany Edited by Benjamin F. Cravatt, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, and approved May 10, 2017 (received for review March 14, 2017) The extracellular effects of the endocannabinoids anandamide and ECs over arachidonate and other N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) 2-arachidonoyl glycerol are terminated by enzymatic hydrolysis after (15–19). However, although suitable inhibitors are available for crossing cellular membranes by facilitated diffusion. The lack of potent most targets within the ECS (20), the existing AEA uptake in- and selective inhibitors for endocannabinoid transport has prevented hibitors lack potency and show poor selectivity over the other the molecular characterization of this process, thus hindering its components of the ECS, in particular FAAH (21, 22).
    [Show full text]
  • GPR55 Is a Cannabinoid Receptor That Increases Intracellular Calcium and Inhibits M Current
    GPR55 is a cannabinoid receptor that increases intracellular calcium and inhibits M current Jane E. Lauckner*†, Jill B. Jensen*, Huei-Ying Chen‡, Hui-Chen Lu‡, Bertil Hille*§, and Ken Mackie*¶ʈ Departments of *Physiology and Biophysics and ¶Anesthesiology and †Neurobiology and Behavior Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; and ‡Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030 Contributed by Bertil Hille, November 29, 2007 (sent for review November 9, 2007) The CB1 cannabinoid receptor mediates many of the psychoactive 240 Ϯ 100 nM, insignificantly different from hGPR55-HEK293 effects of ⌬9THC, the principal active component of cannabis. cells (n ϭ 6, 254 Ϯ 80 nM). However, ample evidence suggests that additional non-CB1/CB2 Other cannabinoid agonists also activated hGPR55 to increase receptors may contribute to the behavioral, vascular, and immu- intracellular calcium. The endogenous cannabinoid anandamide nological actions of ⌬9THC and endogenous cannabinoids. Here, (AEA), and its metabolically stable analog methanandamide we provide further evidence that GPR55, a G protein-coupled (MEA), both increased intracellular calcium. On average, 5 ␮M receptor, is a cannabinoid receptor. GPR55 is highly expressed in MEA increased calcium by 100 nM (n ϭ 7, Fig. 1B), and 5 ␮M large dorsal root ganglion neurons and, upon activation by various AEA increased calcium by 45 nM (n ϭ 6, Fig. 1B). The cannabinoids (⌬9THC, the anandamide analog methanandamide, aminoalkylindole JWH015 is considered an efficacious, specific and JWH015) increases intracellular calcium in these neurons. CB2 agonist (8). Surprisingly, JWH015 also stimulates GPR55, Examination of its signaling pathway in HEK293 cells transiently with 3 ␮M giving an average calcium rise of 100 nM in expressing GPR55 found the calcium increase to involve Gq,G12, hGPR55-HEK293 cells (n ϭ 6, Fig.
    [Show full text]