Chapter 2: Determination of Point of Origin
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Fire Service Features of Buildings and Fire Protection Systems
Fire Service Features of Buildings and Fire Protection Systems OSHA 3256-09R 2015 Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 “To assure safe and healthful working conditions for working men and women; by authorizing enforcement of the standards developed under the Act; by assisting and encouraging the States in their efforts to assure safe and healthful working conditions; by providing for research, information, education, and training in the field of occupational safety and health.” This publication provides a general overview of a particular standards- related topic. This publication does not alter or determine compliance responsibilities which are set forth in OSHA standards and the Occupational Safety and Health Act. Moreover, because interpretations and enforcement policy may change over time, for additional guidance on OSHA compliance requirements the reader should consult current administrative interpretations and decisions by the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission and the courts. Material contained in this publication is in the public domain and may be reproduced, fully or partially, without permission. Source credit is requested but not required. This information will be made available to sensory-impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 693-1999; teletypewriter (TTY) number: 1-877-889-5627. This guidance document is not a standard or regulation, and it creates no new legal obligations. It contains recommendations as well as descriptions of mandatory safety and health standards. The recommendations are advisory in nature, informational in content, and are intended to assist employers in providing a safe and healthful workplace. The Occupational Safety and Health Act requires employers to comply with safety and health standards and regulations promulgated by OSHA or by a state with an OSHA-approved state plan. -
Simulation of Tree Stem Injury, Air Flow and Heat Dispersion in Forests for Prediction of Fire Effects
SIMULATION OF TREE STEM INJURY, AIR FLOW AND HEAT DISPERSION IN FORESTS FOR PREDICTION OF FIRE EFFECTS DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Efthalia K. Chatziefstratiou, Dipl. Ing., M.S. Graduate Program in Environmental Sciences The Ohio State University 2015 Dissertation Committee: Gil Bohrer “Advisor” Matthew B. Dickinson Ethan Kubatko Gajan Sivandran Barbara Wyslouzil Copyright by Efthalia Chatziefstratiou 2015 Abstract This work presents two computational tools, Firestem2D and the fire module of Regional Atmospheric Modelling System (RAMS)-based Forest Large Eddy Simulation (RAFLES), which will help to make predictions of fire effects on trees and the atmosphere. FireStem2D is a software tool for predicting tree stem heating and injury in forest fires. It is a physically-based, two-dimensional model of stem thermodynamics that results from heating at the bark surface. It builds on an earlier one-dimensional model (FireStem) and provides improved capabilities for predicting fire-induced mortality and injury before a fire occurs by resolving stem moisture loss, temperatures through the stem, degree of bark charring, and necrotic depth around the stem. The results of numerical parameterization and model evaluation experiments for FireStem2D that simulate laboratory stem-heating experiments of 52 tree sections from 25 trees are presented. A set of virtual sensitivity analysis experiments were also conducted to test the effects of unevenness of heating around the stem and with above ground height using data from two studies: a low-intensity surface fire and a more intense crown fire. -
Lofer Fire and Flash Fire Update 09-08-20
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS Fort Apache Agency P.O. Box 560 Whiteriver, Arizona 85941 Bureau of Indian Affairs, Wildland Fire Management News Release Phone line: (928)421-4984 Email: [email protected] Lofer Fire and Flash Fire Update for September 08, 2020 Lofer Fire Summary Location: 15 miles east of Whiteriver Containment: 50% Fire Cause: Lightning Fuel Type: Timber, brush, litter Fire Size: 1,256 acres Resources: 133 incident personnel Lofer Fire: Yesterday afternoon, crews carried out firing operations along the K.L. Ridge which allowed firefighters to strengthen containment lines and promote a low intensity backing fire down Big Bonito Creek. Firefighters have begun to restore areas disturbed by containment and suppression efforts. This is being done to limit erosion along fire lines as well as to enhance the aesthetics of the landscape. Today, crews will be assessing if there is an additional need for firing operations while other resources will continue with suppression repair efforts. There will be a local type 3 organization transitioning tomorrow evening for the Lofer and Flash Fires. As containment continues to increase and fire activity decreases, the updates for the fire will only be posted to the BIA Forestry & Wildland Fire Management – Fort Apache Agency if there are any significant changes. Flash Fire: The Flash Fire is 51 acres in size and approximately 90 percent contained. Values and Objectives: Safety of incident responders and the public remains the number one priority. Incident personnel will continue to protect traditional gathering sites, recreation areas, the Mount Baldy Wilderness, commercial timberlands and watersheds, and continue to protect riparian areas to the Apache trout. -
Iqos: Evidence of Pyrolysis and Release of a Toxicant from Plastic
iQOS: Evidence of Pyrolysis and Release of a Toxicant from Plastic Barbara Davis ([email protected]) a , Monique Williams ([email protected])a , and Prue Talbot ([email protected]) a a Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States Corresponding author: Prue Talbot Address: Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology University of California Riverside, CA 92521 Email: [email protected] Telephone: 951-827-3768 FAX: 951-827-4286 Keywords: new tobacco products, heat-not-burn tobacco products, electronic nicotine delivery devices, ENDS, nicotine, quality control, pyrolysis, char Word Count: 3346 ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate performance of the iQOS Heat-Not-Burn system as a function of cleaning and puffing topography, investigate the validity of manufacturer’s claims that this device does not burn tobacco, and determine if the polymer-film filter is potentially harmful. Methods: iQOS performance was evaluated using five running conditions incorporating two different cleaning protocols. Heatsticks were visually and stereomicroscopically inspected pre- and post- use to determine the extent of tobacco plug charring (from pyrolysis) and polymer-film filter melting, and to elucidate the effects of cleaning on charring. GC-MS headspace analysis was conducted on unused polymer-film filters to determine if potentially toxic chemicals are emitted from the filter during heating. Results: For all testing protocols, pressure drop decreased as puff number increased. Changes in testing protocols did not affect aerosol density. Charring due to pyrolysis (a form of organic matter thermochemical decomposition) was observed in the tobacco plug after use. When the manufacturers’ cleaning instructions were followed, both charring of the tobacco plug and melting of the polymer-film filter increased. -
Heated Cigarettes: How States Can Avoid Getting Burned
HEATED CIGARETTES: HOW STATES CAN AVOID GETTING BURNED 8/30/18 1 HEATED CIGARETTES HOW STATES CAN AVOID GETTING BURNED 8/30/18 2 THE PUBLIC HEALTH LAW CENTER 8/30/18 3 8/30/18 4 LEGAL TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE Legal Research Policy Development, Implementation, Defense Publications Trainings Direct Representation Lobby 8/30/18 5 HEATED CIGARETTES HOW STATES CAN AVOID GETTING BURNED • Presenters: – Kristy Marynak, MPP, Public Health Analyst, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention – Hudson Kingston, JD, LLM, Staff Attorney, Tobacco Control Legal Consortium at the Public Health Law Center 8/30/18 6 HEATED CIGARETTES HOW STATES CAN AVOID GETTING BURNED • Heated cigarettes on the global market • Distinguishing features 1. Heating at a temperature lower than conventional cigarettes that produce an inhalable aerosol • Heated Cigarettes: 450-700° F (generally) • Conventional cigarettes: 1250 – 1300 °F, • (max: 1500 °F) 2. Processed, commercial tobacco leaf is the nicotine source, flavor source, or both 8/30/18 7 HEATED CIGARETTES HOW STATES CAN AVOID GETTING BURNED Federal Regulation • Pre-Market Review • Modified Risk Tobacco Product Application • Vapeleaf 8/30/18 8 Heated Tobacco Products: Considerations for Public Health Policy and Practice KRISTY MARYNAK, MPP LEAD PUBLIC HEALTH ANALYST CDC OFFICE ON SMOKING AND HEALTH TOBACCO CONTROL LEGAL CONSORTIUM WEBINAR AUGUST 2018 8/30/18 9 What’s the public health importance of this topic? The landscape of tobacco products is continually changing By being proactive and anticipating new products, we can -
Market Development Survey for Continuous Coal Charring Process
Market development survey for continuous coal charring process by Robert A Lengemann A THESIS Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Chemical Engineering Montana State University © Copyright by Robert A Lengemann (1957) Abstract: In recent years, work has been progressing on a new continuous charring process at Montana State College. This work has been sponsored by the Montana State College Engineering Experiment Station with the hope that this process will bolster Montana's lagging coal industry. The work has now reached the point of commercialization and a market for the char needs to be developed. Several tests have been run on the char produced from this char process. Anaconda Company used the char in their Sponge Iron Plant successfully. American Chrome Company has had the char tested and accepts it with the reservation that the sulfur content must be kept below 0.5%. Colorado Fuel and Iron Corporation has used char from this char process with some success. The char used in the Anaconda test and in the American Chrome test was derived from Red Lodge coal as this coal is being used in the first commercial plant at Red Lodge, Montana. Colorado Fuel and Iron Corporation furnished their own coal since this is the coal they intend to use, should they decide to build a char plant for their use. The estimated capacity of the Red Lodge plant is 2000 lb. of char per hour per retort. The by-product yield is 20 gallons per ton of coal. -
Flashover, Backdraught and Fire Gas Ignitions
This document was archived on 30 March 2020 Fire and Rescue Service Operational Guidance Archived GRA 5.8 flashover, backdraught and fire gas ignitions 6013 GRA TPAGES V1_1.indd 3 3/8/09 09:11:21 This document was archived on 30 March 2020 Operational procedures as per FRS policy Operational procedures and supervision in identification of indicators and Training methods of ventilation accepted to the current PPE manufactured standard as per FRS policy Operational procedures and supervision in identification of indicators and Training methods of attack accepted to the current PPE manufactured standard Generic Risk Assessment 5.8 Persons at risk Measures Control Wholetime Day crewed Retained Volunteers Other emergency service personnel Public Wholetime Day crewed Retained Volunteers Other emergency service personnel Public Flashover, backdraught and fire gas ignitions Risk Fire and explosion Fire Blast injury Fire and explosion Fire Blast injury August 2009 Archived Hazard Rapid fire spread/backdraughtRapid fire Burns and scalds Rapid fire spread/flashoverRapid fire Burns and scalds Task tactical ventilation compartment the where thermal radiation generated by is high, the fire causing the room contents to give flammable off gases. Ref. No Description 4 Carrying out Reference number for the risk Reference – the specific activity being carried out Task giving rise to the risk present – Hazard Hazard together with an indication of how serious that somebody could be harmed by these and other hazards, Risk – the chance, high or low, Persons -
Technical Project Lead (TPL) Review: MR0000059-MR0000061
U.S. Food & Drug Administration f"~-,, 11 U.S. FOOD & DRUG 10903 New Hampshire Avenue ~,./- ADM I N I STRATI ON Silver Spring, MD 20993 www.fda.gov Scientific Review of Modified Risk Tobacco Product Application (MRTPA) Under Section 911(d) of the FD&C Act -Technical Project Lead SUBMISSION INFORMATION Applicant Philip Morris Product s S.A. Product Manufacturer Philip Morris Product s S.A. Submission Date November 18, 2016 I FDA Receipt Date I December 5, 2016 Purpose ~ Risk Modificat ion (91l (g)( l )) order ~ Exposure Modification (9ll(g)(2)) order Proposed Modified Risk Modified Risk Claim #1: Claims " AVAILABLE EVIDENCE TO DATE: • The IQOS system heats t obacco but does not burn it. • This significantly reduces the production of harmful and pot entially harmful chemica ls. • Scientific studies have shown that sw itching completely from conventional cigarettes t o the IQOS syst em can reduce the risks of tobacco-related diseases." Modified Risk Claim #2: " AVAILABLE EVIDENCE TO DATE: • Swit ching complet ely to IQOS present s less risk of harm than continuing t o smoke cigarett es." Modified Risk Claim #3: " AVAILABLE EVIDENCE TO DATE: • The IQOS system heats tobacco but does not burn it. • This significant ly reduces the production of harmful and pot entially harmful chemica ls. • Scientific studies have show n that switching completely from conventional cigarettes t o the IQOS syst em significantly reduces your body's exposure t o harmful or pot entially harmful chemicals." PROPOSED MODIFIED RISK TOBACCO PRODUCT (SINGLE PRODUCTS} MR0000059: Marlboro Heatsticks1 Product Category Cigarettes Product Sub-Category Non-Combusted Package Type Box Package Quantity 20 Heat sticks Characterizing Flavor None Length 45 mm Diameter 7.42 mm 1 M ay be sold individually or as a co-packaged product . -
Pyrolysis of Char Forming Solid Fuels: a Critical Review of the Mathematical Modelling Techniques
Proceedings, 5th AOSFST, Newcastle, Australia, 2001 Editors: M.A. Delichatsios, B.Z. Dlugogorski and E.M. Kennedy PYROLYSIS OF CHAR FORMING SOLID FUELS: A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE MATHEMATICAL MODELLING TECHNIQUES B. Moghtaderi Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Newcastle AUSTRALIA ABSTRACT Recent advances in mathematical modelling and numerical analysis of the pyrolysis of char forming solid fuels have shed new light on the pyrolytic behaviour of these materials under fire conditions. A review of the pyrolysis models of charring solid fuels developed over the past 30 years is presented in the order of increasing complexity. The models can be broadly categorised into thermal and comprehensive type models. While thermal models predict the conversion of the virgin fuel into products based on a critical pyrolysis criterion and the energy balance, the comprehensive models describe the degradation of the fuel by a chemical kinetic scheme coupled with the conservation equations for the transport of heat and/or mass. A variety of kinetic schemes have been reported in the literature ranging from simple one-step global reactions to semi-global and multi-step reaction mechanisms. There has been much less uniformity in the description of the transport phenomena (i.e. heat and mass) in comprehensive models and different levels of approximation have been used. It is shown that the accuracy of pyrolysis models largely depends on the model parameters. If reliable data are not available, even the most advanced models give poor predictions. Keywords: Pyrolysis, charring solid fuels, mathematical modelling, fires. INTRODUCTION Pyrolysis of solid fuels plays an important role in both the ignition and growth stages of fires. -
Charring of Wood Based Materials
Charring of Wood Based Materials ESKO MIKKOLA VTT-Technical Research Centre of Finland Fire Technology Laboratory SF-02151 Espoo. Finland O:1arring rate of wood is affected by density and rroisture content of wood, external heat flux and oxygen concentration of the surrounding air. A simplified rrodel for charring of wood is presented as v;ell as exper:irra1tal charring rate results for some thennally thick wood species and wood products. The charring rrodel can be used to calculate with ease and comparatively high accuracy relative changes in charring rate when any of the parameters describing the naterial or the surrounding conditions changes. Also the in practice iInportant effect of rroisture is taken into account in the calculations. Results given by the model, are in good agree ment with experimental data. :KEYW:)RDS: charring rate, wood, moisture, cone calorimeter INI'ROI:UCI'ION Wood is quite easily ignitible and a lot of energy is released in wood combustion. 'Ihese properties can be utilized in many ways, but they cause problems in the case of unwanted fire. It is essential that time to ignition, rate of heat release and charring rate are known for fire safety of wood structures. Also, the load bearing capacity of a wooden structural element is dependent on the charring rate, because the load bearing capacity of cross-sections depends on charring depth. '!his study contains results of charring studies made with a cone calorimeter. Experimental charring rate results are compared with the simple charring rrodel, which provides a straight forward means for evaluat ing the influence of different parameters on the charring rate. -
Fire Gas Ignition
Fire Gas Ignition In the Belgian fire service the phenomena of flashover and backdraft are pretty well known. The fourth article of this series elaborated on the subject of backdraft. The sixth article covered flashover. The existence of a third family of fire phenomena is less known however. This family is called Fire Gas Ignitions (FGI). FGI is a term to describe all the events that don’t really fit the definition of flashover, nor that of backdraft. The most common occurrences of FGI are discussed below. 1 Flashfire During a fire, a lot of smoke gas is being produced. This smoke is hot and it’s mobile. It will spread through openings and cracks. Possibly smoke will amass in a space somewhere near the fire. The example that obviously comes to mind is that of a false ceiling. It’s also possible that the smoke gas exits the room through cracks at the door and enters the neighboring compartment where it will form a layer up against the ceiling. It may even happen that smoke amasses in a built in closet or a false wall. Houses made up of a wooden frame often have shafts built into the structure. After entering these shafts, the smoke will spread out into the building. This will cause flammable smoke gas to appear in places where it is least expected. When sufficient smoke gas has been added into a room, a mixture of gas and air will be formed that’s inside flammability limits (see Fig. 1.1). At that point, two sides of the fire triangle are present. -
Crew Utilization – Flash Fire Initial Facilitator Information—Not to Be Shared with Students
CREW UTILIZATION – FLASH FIRE INITIAL FACILITATOR INFORMATION—NOT TO BE SHARED WITH STUDENTS Author(s) Mike Ellsworth Boise District BLM Nate Gogna Silver State IHC Eric Walker BLM Boise Smokejumpers Target Audience Single Resource Boss Training Objective Given the following scenario, the player should decide on effective and safe utilization options for their crew. Players should verbally communicate their decisions to the appropriate individuals. Resources Referenced • 1 Single Resource Boss (Player Role) • 1 Type 2 Handcrew • Area Duty Officer (“Flash” Incident Commander) • Dispatcher SCENARIO INFORMATION TO BE SHARED WITH STUDENTS Facilitator Briefing to Student(s) • Fuels are Great Basin desert with urban interface. • Time of day is 1630 on a mid-July day. • Temperature: low 90s for a high and mid 50s for the low • Relative Humidity: lows 9-13% highs 23-28% • Winds are 8-10 mph from the west. You are the Crew Boss for a Type 2 crew (the Walker Lake Regulars). The most experience you have on your crew is two Firefighter Type 1s with three seasons each, plus yourself. Your qualifications are Crew Boss, Incident Commander Type 4 and Faller Type C. Each crew member has been on at least one fire but all are still considered very inexperienced. Some links in this document will direct you to a non-government website that may have different policies from those of NWCG. Your crew has been dispatched to a new start 40 miles north of town in a rural community (Flash fire). When you arrive on scene there is no smoke showing but a lot of fire trucks parked around and one helicopter involved in bucket operations.