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Ethnomedicine and Materia Medica Used by Kui Traditional Healers in Northeast Thailand

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Ethnomedicine and Materia Medica Used by Kui Traditional Healers in Northeast Thailand ETHNOMEDICINE AND MATERIA MEDICA USED BY KUI TRADITIONAL HEALERS IN NORTHEAST THAILAND MISS ARIKA VIRAPONGSE A THESIS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE KHON KAEN UNIVERSITY 2006 ISBN 974-626-847-3 ETHNOMEDICINE AND MATERIA MEDICA USED BY KUI TRADITIONAL HEALERS IN NORTHEAST THAILAND MISS ARIKA VIRAPONGSE A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY AND NATURAL PRODUCTS GRADUATE SCHOOL KHON KAEN UNIVERSITY 2006 ISBN 974-626-847-3 อารีกา วีระพงส. 2549. การแพทยพื้นบานและยาสมุนไพรที่ใชโดยหมอพื้นบานชนชาติกุยใน ภาคตะวันออกเฉียงเหนือของประเทศไทย. วิทยานิพนธปริญญาวิทยาศาสตรมหาบณฑั ิต สาขาวิชาเภสชเคมั ีและผลิตภัณฑธรรมชาติ บัณฑิตวิทยาลัย มหาวิทยาลัยขอนแกน. [ISBN 974-626-847-3] อาจารยที่ปรึกษาวิทยานิพนธ: รศ.ดร. ชยันต พิเชียรสุนทร, ผศ.ดร.จุลรัตน คนศิลป, อ. ประธาน ฦาชา บทคัดยอ ชนชาติกุยเปนกลุมชาติพันธุหนึ่งในหาสิบกลุมชาติพันธุที่ไมใชไตในประเทศไทย และอาจเปน กลุมชาติพันธุแรก ๆ ที่เขามาตั้งถิ่นฐานอาศัยอยูทางตอนใตของภาคตะวันออกเฉียงเหนือของประเทศไทย การศึกษานี้มีวัตถุประสงคเพื่อศึกษาประมวลแนวคิดในเชิงทฤษฎีในระบบการแพทยพื้นบานของกลุมชาติ พันธุกุย และยาสมุนไพรที่ใชบําบัดโรคหรือความเจ็บปวยตาง ๆ กลุมประชากรที่ใชในการศึกษาครั้งนี้เปน หมอพื้นบานชาวกุยจํานวน 388 คน ซึ่งตั้งถิ่นฐานอยูในพื้นที่จังหวัดสุรินทร ศรีสะเกษ และอุบลราชธานี โดยการศึกษาเชิงลึกกับหมอพื้นบานจํานวน 30 คน วิธีวิจัยที่ใชในการเก็บรวบรวมขอมูลประกอบดวยการ ใชความจําแบบเสรี บันทึกขอมูลดานสุขภาพ การสังเกตการณโดยนักวิจัย การสังเกตการณโดยผูเขารวม โครงการวิจัย การเก็บรวบรวมตัวอยางสมุนไพร และการสัมภาษณ ผลที่ไดไดวิเคราะหและประมวลเปน แนวคิดในเชิงทฤษฎีในระบบการบําบัดรักษาความเจ็บปวยของหมอพื้นบาน พบวาโรคและความเจ็บปวย ที่หมอพื้นบานชนชาติกุยใหบริการบําบัดรักษาได มี 100 โรคหรืออาการ ใชรูปแบบการเตรียมยาแตกตาง กันได 9 วิธี ใชเครื่องยาสมุนไพรจํานวน 374 ชนิด นอกจากนี้ยังไดวิเคราะหภูมิหลังทางสังคมของหมอ พื้นบานที่ศึกษาในเชิงลึก ผลการศึกษาไดแสดงใหเห็นวาบทบาทของหมอพื้นบานในระบบการแพทย พื้นบานถูกกําหนดโดยความสามารถในการใชยาสมุนไพรและการบําบัดรักษาความเจ็บปวย ทรัพยากรธรรมชาติในทองถิ่นเปนปจจัยสําคัญในการเลือกใชใชยาสมุนไพร และปจจัยอันเปนภูมิหลังทาง สังคมของหมอพื้นบานมีผลตอองคความรูในการใชยาสมุนไพร Arika Virapongse. 2006. Ethnomedicine and Materia Medica Used by Kui Traditional Healers in Northeast Thailand. Master of Science Thesis in Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Natural Products, Graduate School, Khon Kaen University. [ISBN 974-626-847-3 Thesis Advisors: Assoc.Prof. Chayan Picheansoonthon, Assist.Prof. Julraht Konsil, Mr. Prathan Luecha ABSTRACT The Kui indigenous group is one of fifty non-Tai ethnic groups in Thailand and they may be distinguished as the earliest residents of the southern part of Northeast Thailand. The purpose of this study was to define the role of traditional healers within the Kui ethnomedical system, and examine their uses of materia medica for the treatment of health conditions. Three hundred and eighty-eight Kui healers from Surin, Si Sa Ket, and Ubon Ratchathani provinces were surveyed, and thirty healers from six districts of these provinces were selected for in-depth study. Research tools used to collect data included profile, socio- demographic, treatment methods, interviews, free-lists, health condition logs, observation, and specimen collection. The results of this study describe and analyze the healers’ treatment system, 100 health conditions, 9 types of preparation methods, 374 types of materia medica, and 14 socio-demographic factors among the thirty Kui healers. These results signify that the roles of healers within the traditional medical system are defined by their uses of plants and treatable health conditions, patterns of materia medica used are evident among healers, local natural resources of healers affect the way that they use plants, and socio-demographic characteristics of healers affect their materia medical knowledge. This thesis is dedicated to my parents, who have devoted the majority of their lives to provide us with a loving, rich, supportive and encouraging environment for which to cultivate our inner strength and freedom of mind. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my advisors Assoc. Prof. Chayan Picheansoonthon, Assist. Prof. Julraht Konsil and Mr. Prathan Luecha for their guidance. Thank you to the international network of ethnobotanists and most specifically: Will McClatchey who identified plants, edited this thesis many times, and offered advice on research and writing that will stay with me throughout my career; Michael Thomas for his constant moral and professional support, and Rick Stepp for advice on methodology. Field assistants from Khon Kaen and Maha Sarakham University, and the Kui community made this research possible. They are Santiya (Thun) Konklong, Omaporm (Miew) Kumpornhom, Jindaporn (Jin) Othum, Biek, Suppachai Khunatim, Pradupdwuang (Nang) Kumpraw (Nang), and Somjai (Jaew) Srikacha. Also, my fellow graduate students, Surote Paengma, Boonmee Phokham, Wasupon Kayormdock, and Piya Mokkamul who have been with me the whole way. I am grateful to the previous scholars of Kui culture and ethnomedicine, who have walked these steps before me and guided my way through this research. Thank you to my family and friends who offered me limitless moral and emotional support, my two dogs who made it so easy to stay home and write everyday, and all the surrounding Thai people in my life who unknowingly allowed themselves to be my teachers of Thai culture and language. Finally, I would like to thank the Kui community of Northeast Thailand. Their boundless generosity and hospitality allowed me to intrude into their lives. I hope that one day I will have the opportunity to give back as much as I have received. Thank you to my financial contributors: Center for Research on Plurality in the Mekong Region (CERP), the graduate school of Khon Kaen University, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and the Botany in Action program at Phipps Conservatory and Botanical Gardens in Pittsburgh, PA. The Fulbright program of the Thailand-United States Education Foundation also provided me with the initial opportunity to live in Thailand. Electronic copies (PDF) of this manuscript are available through www.econbot.org or upon request from the author at [email protected]. Throughout the manuscript, the reader should refer to Appendix A, F, and G to determine codes for photos (ex. photo 1), health conditions (ex. health condition 1.1), materia medica (ex. PL1), respectively. Arika Virapongse TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT (IN THAI) i ABSTRACT (IN ENGLISH) ii DEDICATION iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv TABLE OF CONTENTS v LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF FIGURES xi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 System of treatment 2 1.2 Health conditions and treatment range among healers 2 1.3 Preparation methods 2 1.4 Materia medica 3 1.5 Defining characteristics and socio-demographics of healers 3 1.6 Conceptual design of research 3 1.7 Definition of terms 4 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 5 2.1 System of treatment 10 2.2 Health conditions and treatment range among healers 14 2.3 Preparation methods 15 2.4 Materia medica 15 2.5 Defining characteristics and socio-demographics of healers 16 2.6 Conclusions of literature survey 20 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY 21 3.1 Methodology Framework 21 3.2 Research team 21 3.3 Ethics 21 3.4 Population and sample of healers 22 3.5 Research tools for collecting data 35 3.6 Organizing data 41 v TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont.) Page 3.7 Data verification and analysis 46 3.8 Benefits, compensation, and reciprocity 51 3.9 Definitions of terms 53 CHAPTER IV RESULTS 55 4.1 System of treatment 55 4.2 Health conditions and treatment range among healers 93 4.3 Preparation methods 107 4.4 Materia medica 116 4.5 Defining characteristics and socio-demographics of healers 145 CHAPTER V DISCUSSION 159 5.1 System of treatment 159 5.2 Health conditions and treatment range among healers 168 5.3 Preparation methods 169 5.4 Materia medica 171 5.5 Defining characteristics and socio-demographics of healers 177 5.6 Conclusions of research objectives 188 5.7 Evaluation of study and methods 193 CHAPTER VI CONCLUSION 199 6.1 The future for Kui traditional medicine and materia medica 199 6.2 Suggestions for further research projects 202 6.3 Conclusion of study 203 REFERENCES 205 APPENDICES 213 Appendix A : Photographs 215 Appendix B : Ethical Approval of Research Certificate From the Human 235 Research Ethics Committee, Khon Kaen University Appendix C : Informed Consent Documents 239 Appendix D : Villages surveyed for Kui Traditional Healers 250 Appendix E : Interview Sheets 259 Appendix F : Glossary of Health conditions and Remedies 269 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont.) Page Appendix G : List of Materia Medica 395 Appendix H : Materia medica used in Lum Pee Taan ceremonies 462 Appendix I : Research Publications and Presented Papers 473 VITAE 477 LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1 Types of traditional healers recorded in Thailand according to 8 literature sources Table 2 List of districts with Kui communities 24 Table 3 Number of villages surveyed in each province 25 Table 4 Population of healers by provincial location and type of healers 26 Table 5 Criteria of the study group 27 Table 6 Sample numbers of different types of healers and provincial 30 distribution Table 7 Herbalists participating in the in-depth sample group 31 Table 8 Blowing doctors participating in the in-depth sample group 32 Table 9 Spirit healers participating in the in-depth sample 33 Table 10 Healers included in the supporting sample group 34 Table 11 Outline of Healer data collection notebook 44 Table 12 Plant-use knowledge analysis by Gomez-Beloz
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