Dowry in India and Bride Price in Thailand
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Volume 11, Number 6, Pages 33 - 39 Dowry in India and bride price in Thailand Meena Laiphrakpam1,* and Sayam Aroonsrimorakot1 1Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahidol University, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand Abstract This paper makes a modest attempt to provide a comprehensive description of the institution of marriage transaction in India and Thailand. In most societies and their marriage institutions, an important aspect characterizing marriage is the financial transfer. This transfer is usually made at the time of marriage between families involved. It can be in two forms: transfer from the bride’s family to the groom’s known as dowry as practiced widely in India or from the groom’s family to the bride’s known as bride price as practiced in Thailand at the time of marriage. The present paper uses mostly secondary source of data by reviewing the literature available from books, journals and electronic sources. Findings in this paper may help to bridge the gap in the available knowledge and literature about the origin, forms, changes and factors of the prevalence of the institutions of dowry in India and bride price in Thailand, to highlight positive and negative effects from its analysis, thereby contributing to the policy makers to understanding this social institution which may create social problems or be beneficial to the bride, family or to the society at large. Keywords: financial transfer, marriage transaction, dowry, bride price Article history: Received 15 August 2016, Accepted 26 December 2016 1. Introduction sources, the researcher reviewed literature from online Most societies, have been characterized by sources and published articles and books. This paper payments at the time of marriage in their history. In is in fact mostly a descriptive study. many cultures of the world, dowry and bride price are This paper attempts to bring out the description terms that refer to payments made at the time of of the dowry system in India and the bride price marriage. These marriage payments come in various system in Thailand, to compare and contrast them and forms and sizes but can be classified into two broad to bring out the positive and negative effects of the categories: transfers from the family of the bride to institutions. that of the groom, broadly termed as “dowry,” or One of the key objectives of development from the groom’s side to the bride’s, broadly termed research is to broaden our understanding on pressing as “bride price.” Bride price is a common practice in social issues that threaten the welfare of individuals in Africa and South East Asia such as Thailand while a society. One such pressing issue is the marriage dowry is a common practice in India [1]. transaction. Marriage transaction is a burning topic in Dowry is defined as wealth given to a daughter the Indian context because of its potential adverse at her marriage for contributing to the practical life of effect on women and on marriage union in general. the newly married couple. These wealth are inheritance But there is no available study of the nature and its of property given from parents to the daughter to take positive or negative effects in the case of Thai with her into marriage [2]. Apart from the variations Marriage transaction. Marriage transaction can be of dowry definitions, there are many variations, across studied from a multidimensional perspective. This time and space, to the practice of dowry payments - paper examines the institution of dowry and bride the size, form and function of payments [3, 4]. price, their prevalence in the community and factors This paper has been written using both primary that influence practices and their magnitudes. By and secondary sources. Primary data has been collected doing that, it tries to bring out the advantages and by observation and interviewing of a few selected disadvantages of the system in the marriage union. respondents both from India and Thailand according Thus, this paper provides a more comprehensive to the convenience of the researcher. An open ended picture of Indian and Thai marriage transactions and questionnaire has been used. The respondents were fills up some of the gaps that exist in the literature. asked to write whether payment of dowry items were compulsory or voluntary. They were also asked to 2. Bride price versus dowry specify the items paid on the marriage of themselves There are many definitions and concepts of or their family members. Regarding the secondary dowry which interlink with each other [3]. The bride _________________ *Corresponding author; e-mail: [email protected] DOI 10.14456/jtir.2016.31 34 Vol. 11 No. 6 November – December 2016 price is a payment that is given by the groom and his than one female member into wedlock with one male family to the bride’s family. It is usually paid to the member could have been the situation which gave bride’s father or family, not the bride herself. It is birth to dowry as a price obtained by the male and his different from dower, which is a valuable gift like family from the female's family. expensive jewelry that may also be worn as a bridal The origin of bride-price could have taken jewelry given directly to the bride from the groom. place in opposite circumstances where the sex ratio Bride price is also termed as bride wealth [5, 6]. favored females and as there was a large number of Dowry has been referred to as a gift or transfer by a males for every female, polyandry and bride-price could bride’s family to the groom or his family at the time have been the result. Along with this generalized of marriage. They are property or wealth given from hypothesis there were many factors related to different parents to the daughter to take with her into marriage. situations which gave birth to dowry and bride-price. Dowry given to a wife is ought to form part of the In India's context, these practices can be seen to be a conjugal estate, to be enjoyed by husband and wife result of the dialectics of the caste system. The caste and to be transmitted in time to their children [2]. hierarchy has resulted in endogamy (marriage to one’s Another definition to dowry is the property a woman own caste), preventing inter-marriage between members brings to the marriage partnership, that is, the property of different castes [9]. a bride receives from her parents, or she previously Historically, bride price tends to exist more inherited and brings to the marriage, or property she often in societies that are characterized by high female owns as a widow and brings when she remarries [7]. reproductive and economic autonomy, high female Dowry is mainly found in societies exhibiting contribution to agricultural work, and a high incidence substantial class stratification and socioeconomic of polygynous marriage [2]. The payment of bride differentiation [1]. Dowry-paying societies' marriage price has been a more common occurrence than that practices are typically monogamous/nonpolygynous of dowry. On analysis of Murdock’s (1967) [10] (men having one wife), virilocal (married daughters World Ethnographic Atlas of 1167 pre industrial leave their parental home), patrilineal (inheritance societies, bride price occurs in two - thirds of societies. through men) and endogamous (marrying within a On the other hand, dowry occurs in less than 4 percent social group/ similar status) and low female of this sample. Dowry has played a more significant contribution to agriculture, low incidence of polygyny role, because the tradition of dowry has occurred and high levels of dependence of women and children mainly in Europe and Asia, where more than 70 on husband's economic support [8]. On the other hand, percent of the world’s population resides [1]. bride price societies are in contrast characterized by a Dowry payments were common in seventeenth high female contribution to agriculture, high female and eighteenth century Mexico and Brazil, where reproductive and economic autonomy and high Spanish and Portuguese family law governed colonial incidences of polygyny. marriages until those countries gained their independence [7]. Although the custom of dowry 3. Historical background of dowry and bride price payment has disappeared in most regions in the West, The origins of dowry or bride price would have it remains widespread in South Asia. Bride prices to move backwards into the remote past. It may not be were known to have prevailed extensively in Africa possible to ascertain when and where these practices and also in areas of mainland, South and East Asia, originated. However, it can be supposed that dowry and North and South America. The custom of bride and bride price came into being after the practice of price dates back as far as 3000 BCE. The ancient monogamous marriage had become prevalent. Man is civilizations of Egyptians, Mesopotamians, Hebrews, the only species practicing monogamy, all other Aztecs, and Incas all used bride price [11]. The species are promiscuous. Promiscuity gave way to Germanic tribes , who date from 2000 BCE and ruled polygamy (having more than one wife) or polyandry western Europe required bride price for a marriage to (having more than one husband), and after various be legal [12]. A valid marriage contract in Islamic law reasoning, monogamy became the established system. required a form of bride price [13, 14]. Traditional As long as promiscuity existed there was no question China required the negotiation of a bride price for the of dowry or bride price. The origin of these two validity of a marriage, and these transfers continue to practices could be linked up with the discarding of be the norm in many rural areas today [15].