Mediterranean Marine Science

Vol. 9, 2008

Molluscs associated with a Sardinian deep water population of Corallium rubrum (Linnι, 1758)

CROCETTA F. Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, I-80121 Napoli SPANU M. Via Vivaldi Traversa, 8 I-07041 Alghero (SS) https://doi.org/10.12681/mms.133

Copyright © 2008

To cite this article:

CROCETTA, F., & SPANU, M. (2008). Molluscs associated with a Sardinian deep water population of Corallium rubrum (Linnι, 1758). Mediterranean Marine Science, 9(2), 63-86. doi:https://doi.org/10.12681/mms.133

http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 04/10/2021 20:07:55 | Research Article

Mediterranean Marine Science Volume 9/2, 2008, 63-85

Molluscs associated with a Sardinian deep water population of Corallium rubrum (Linné, 1758)

F. CROCETTA1 and M. SPANU2

1Università degli Studi di Trieste, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34100 Trieste 2 Via Vivaldi Traversa, 8 I-07041 Alghero (SS), Italy e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Molluscan species living in association with Corallium rubrum colonies are poorly known. Speci- mens found on the branches of red coral colonies located off Capo Caccia (Alghero – SS, West Sardinia, Mediterranean Sea) were studied by analyzing red coral branches collected at a depth of between 100 and 120 m; their assemblage was made up of 44 species, all belonging to the classes Gastropoda and Bivalvia. Some data on the geographical distribution, ecology, taxonomy and dominance of these species, both alive and dead, are given and the most interesting are commented on. Among the recorded species Triv- ia multilirata, Simnia purpurea, Coralliophila brevis, Ocinebrina paddeui, Pleurotomella demosia, Palli- olum striatum and Pseudamussium sulcatum deserve attention. Moreover, the second finding of living specimens of Asperarca secreta, described only on loose valves, is reported, and finally the prey-predator relationships among several gastropods and Cnidarians are confirmed.

Keywords: Mollusca assemblage; Corallium rubrum; Mediterranean Sea; Sardinia; Alghero.

Introduction out the Mediterranean (mainly in the western part and in a few Greek localities) The octocoral anthozoan Corallium and along the neighbouring Atlantic rubrum (Linné, 1758), belonging to the shores (MARCHETTI, 1965; BARLETTA ordo Gorgonacea, is probably the most et al., 1968; ZIBROWIUS et al., 1984; well-known Cnidaria of the Mediter- CHINTIROGLOU et al., 1989; VAFIDIS ranean Sea because of its social and eco- et al., 1994) ranging in depth from a few nomic importance. It is a sciaphilic meters (in submarine caves) to about 200 m species, among the longer living inhabi- (LABOREL & VACELET, 1961; CARPI- tants principally of the circalittoral plane NE & GRASHOFF, 1975; ZIBROWIUS (PÉR S & PICARD, 1964; BALLE- et al., 1984). It is a slow growing species STEROS, 2006), and can be found through- (GARCIA-RODRIGUEZ & MASS ,

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http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 04/10/2021 20:07:55 | 1986; GARRABOU & HARMELIN, thus reduce the commercial value of red 2002; BRAMANTI et al., 2005) whose coral as well as being the main causes of polyps form arborescent colonies that natural mortality (BARLETTA & rarely reach big sizes: GARRABOU & VIGHI, 1968; CORRIERO et al., 1997), HARMELIN (2002), however, report 50 only the papers above and a few others cm as maximum height. have been written about these biological Because of its long history of exploita- relationships so far, and only TEMPLA- tion since the 17th century and the continu- DO et al. (1986), more than 20 years ago, ous collecting activities by scuba divers have given a global vision of the inverteb- (TESCIONE, 1968; SANTANGELO et rate fauna found on rocky bottoms in al., 1993b; SANTANGELO & ABBIATI, association with C. rubrum colonies. 2001) shallow water populations are rarely Our paper, taking the previous ones able to reach a commercial size and are as a starting point and gathering informa- currently dominated by young, small tion from short notes published in local colonies (GARCIA-RODRIGUEZ & collecting reviews, is the first exclusively MASS , 1986; SANTANGELO & dedicated to the Mollusca found in associ- ABBIATI, 1989; CATTANEO-VIETTI ation with red coral. It focuses especially et al., 1993; SANTANGELO et al., 1993a, on molluscs living on it, contributing in 2003), in contrast with the deeper ones, this way to a better understanding of the accessible only to professional coral fish- host-epibiont and prey-predator red ers and situated along the African coasts, coral-molluscs relationships. from Morocco to Tunisia, in Spain and in western Sardinia (CATTANEO-VIETTI Material and Methods et al., 1992), where the Alghero coast, thanks to this peculiarity, is also known as The investigated site of Corallium ‘Riviera del corallo’(COLOMO, 2002). rubrum (Linné, 1758) is located between The red coral is also of great biologi- 12 and 15 nautical miles SW of Capo Cac- cal importance for the large number of cia (Alghero - SS) at a depth of about 100- sponges (MELONE, 1965; BARLETTA 120 m. (Fig. 1). & VIGHI, 1968; CORRIERO et al., 1997; Because red coral is protected under MALDONADO, 1992; BAVESTRELLO the Barcelona and Bern Conventions and et al., 1999; CALCINAI et al., 2000), crus- its fishing is restricted to professional taceans (ZARIQUIEY ALVAREZ, coral fishers, we were not able to use 1968; GARCIA-RASO, 1989; MANCO- standard collecting methods. The red NI & MORI, 1992, 2000), brachiopods coral branches were all hand-collected, (TEMPLADO & LUQUE, 1986; for commercial purposes only, by the RUGGIERO-TADDEI, 1990), molluscs scuba-diving coral fisher Tonino Paddeu. (SALAS & SERRA, 1986; PEN~AS et al., Despite this, the data that were obtained 2006) and echinoderms (PEREZ- were significant, qualitatively valid and RUZAFA & LOPEZ-IBOR, 1986) that partly quantitatively useful. Red coral show a tendency to live on or to form strict branches were collected during the coral associations with it. Even so, except for fishers’ season from April to October and the sponges, which are well studied first put underwater in a landing net with because of their ability to damage and a stretched mesh measurement of 5 mm,

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http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 04/10/2021 20:07:55 | Fig. 1: Capo Caccia (Alghero) 40Æ33”39”N 8Æ09”50”E.

and then, on the boat, were cleaned of meter LCD were specified. the rocky bottom on which they grow and Specimens of Coralliophila spp., Pleu- put in a bowl. From 2002 to 2005 about rotomella demosia, Fusinus pulchellus and 150 kg of red coral colonies have been Asperarca secreta respectively were sent to analyzed and the molluscs on that coral Messrs Carlo Smriglio, Cesare Bogi, harvested. Paolo Russo and Rafael La Perna to con- All molluscan specimens, either living firm our identifications. or not, were observed using a Baush & Regarding systematic arrangement Lomb Stereozoom 4 and the exact num- and nomenclature the ‘CLEMAM - Check ber of living and dead specimens were list of European marine mollusca’ reported in a check list. Dominance was (accessed on 04/2008) was followed. calculated as Di = (ni/N) x 100, where Di All the specimens are currently pre- is the mean dominance index for species i; served in the private collection of the ni the number of individuals belonging to authors to continue investigations on the species i and N the total number of indi- topic. viduals of all species (BELLAN- SANTINI, 1969). For a better under- Results and notes on some species standing two values of Dominance were given, one regarding total specimens The examined samples harbour a (Di† %) and one only living specimens Molluscan assemblage made up of 44 (Di %) sampled. When interesting, the species (Table 1), belonging to the class maximum sampled sizes measured by an Gastropoda (33) and Bivalvia (11). Of a electronic digital caliper Vernier Micro- total of 984 specimens, 863 were taken

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http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 04/10/2021 20:07:55 | Table 1 Mollusca assemblage, number of living specimens ( ) and dead specimens (†) sampled, Dominance value for the whole assemblage (Di† %) and for living specimens only (Di %).

† Di† % Di % photo GASTROPODA FISSURELLIDAE Emarginula adriatica Costa O.G., 1829 2 0 0,20 0,23 3M Emarginula fissura (Linné, 1758) 16 0 1,63 1,85 3L Emarginula rosea Bell T., 1824 7 0 0,71 0,81 3I TROCHIDAE Jujubinus exasperatus (Pennant, 1777) 1 0 0,10 0,12 CALLIOSTOMATIDAE Calliostoma conulus (Linné, 1758) 2 5 0,71 0,23 Calliostoma zizyphinum (Linné, 1758) 19 4 2,34 2,20 CHILODONTIDAE Danilia costellata (Costa O.G., 1861) 37 19 5,69 4,29 3E TURRITELLIDAE Turritella turbona Monterosato, 1877 0 4 0,41 TRIVIIDAE Trivia arctica (Pulteney, 1799) 2 0 0,20 0,23 Trivia multilirata (Sowerby G.B. II, 1870) 1 0 0,10 0,12 OVULIDAE Aperiovula adriatica (Sowerby G.B. I, 1828) 0 1 0,10 Pseudosimnia carnea (Poiret, 1789) 432 0 43,90 50,06 Simnia purpurea Risso, 1826 8 0 0,81 0,93 3C NATICIDAE Euspira pulchella (Risso, 1826) 2 2 0,41 0,23 MURICIDAE Ocinebrina paddeui Bonomolo & Buzzurro, 2006 49 7 5,69 5,68 2A, 2B Muricopsis aradasii (Poirier, 1883) 28 9 3,76 3,24 2C, 2D Orania fusulus (Brocchi, 1814) 0 1 0,10 Coralliophila brevis (de Blainville, 1832) 16 0 1,63 1,85 2F Coralliophila cf. sofiae (Aradas & Benoit, 1876) 0 6 0,61 2G Coralliophila squamosa (Bivona Ant. In Bivona And., 1838) 0 6 0,61 2H, 2I Coralliophila panormitana (Monterosato, 1869) 1 2 0,30 0,12 2E NASSARIIDAE Nassarius lima (Dillwyn, 1817) 0 2 0,20 BUCCINIDAE Chauvetia lineolata (Tiberi, 1868) 0 1 0,10 COLUMBELLIDAE Mitrella gervillii (Payraudeau, 1826) 0 1 0,10 Mitrella minor (Scacchi, 1836) 0 2 0,20 (continued)

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http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 04/10/2021 20:07:55 | Table 1 (continued)

† Di† % Di % photo FASCIOLARIIDAE Fusinus pulchellus (Philippi, 1844) 43 19 6,30 4,98 3F CONIDAE Comarmondia gracilis (Montagu, 1803) 3 0 0,30 0,35 Bela menkhorsti Van Aartsen, 1988 0 1 0,10 Raphitoma concinna (Scacchi, 1836) 0 2 0,20 Pleurotomella demosia (Dautzenberg & Fisher H., 1896) 4 3 0,71 0,46 3A, 3B DRILLIIDAE Crassopleura maravignae (Bivona Ant. In Bivona And., 1838) 4 0 0,41 0,46 ARCHITECTONICIDAE Philippia hybrida (Linné, 1758) 1 0 0,10 0,12 3D MATHILDIDAE Mathilda cochlaeformis Brugnone, 1873 0 2 0,20 3G BIVALVIA ARCIDAE Asperarca secreta La Perna, 1998 6 0 0,61 0,70 3H MYTILIDAE Modiolula phaseolina (Philippi, 1844) 1 0 0,10 0,12 PTERIIDAE Pteria hirundo (Linné, 1758) 6 0 0,61 0,70 PECTINIDAE Palliolum striatum (Müller O.F.,1776) 28 0 2,85 3,24 Palliolum incomparabile (Risso, 1826) 18 0 1,83 2,09 Pseudamussium sulcatum (Müller O.F., 1776) 15 0 1,52 1,74 ANOMIIDAE Heteranomia squamula (Linné, 1758) 32 4 3,66 3,71 Pododesmus patelliformis (Linné, 1761) 41 3 4,47 4,75 GRYPHAEIDAE Neopycnodonte cochlear (Poli, 1795) 34 11 4,57 3,94 TRAPEZIDAE Coralliophaga lithophagella (Lamarck, 1819) 2 0 0,20 0,23 HIATELLIDAE Hiatella arctica (Linné, 1767) 2 4 0,61 0,23

alive, constituting 88% of the specimens during our studies, as Mediterranean found. A list of families, species and spec- Monoplacophora constitute only one imens found is presented in Table 2. species (CESARI et al., 1987; CECA- No specimens of the 6 remaining LUPO & GIUSTI, 1989; SMRIGLIO et classes of Mollusca phylum were raised al., 1989), never found alive (WARÉN &

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http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 04/10/2021 20:07:55 | Table 2 Contribution to the check-list. Specimens found: alive specimens only ( ), both alive and dead († ), dead only (†).

† † Total Class GASTROPODA FAMILY 5 7 5 17 Species 12 9 12 33 Specimens 678 99 777 Class BIVALVIA FAMILY 6 2 0 8 Species 9 2 0 11 Specimens 185 22 207

GOFAS, 1996) and Scaphopoda and Notes about some interesting fam- Caudophoveata need a soft substratum ilies and species of the Alghero red coral. for burrowing. Also, specimens of the above-mentioned classes could not be FISSURELLIDAE: Emarginula adri- collected because of the 5 mm mesh atica Costa O.G., 1829 and E. fissura used. (Linné, 1758) Sampling methods, moreover, did not All the species sampled live principally permit us to find specimens belonging to in circalittoral biocoenoses (PIANI, 1984) the Cephalopoda, while no Polyplacopho- feeding on Porifera (GRAHAM, 1955), a ra has ever been reported in association phylum well represented in red coral bot- with red coral colonies (DELL’ANGELO toms. Both E. adriatica and E. fissura were & SMRIGLIO, 1999). Finally, no previously recorded living on branches and Solenogastres were sampled, although in Corallium rubrum bottoms (BRUSINA, Nematomenia coralliophila (Kowalevsky) 1866; TEMPLADO et al., 1986). is indicated as a cnidarivorous species feeding on Corallium rubrum only CALLIOSTOMATIDAE: Callio- (SALVINI-PLAWEN, 1972). Its distribu- stoma conulus (Linné, 1758) and C. tion, however, seems to be limited to zizyphinum (Linné, 1758) Algiers (SALVINI-PLAWEN, 1986) and Calliostomatidae are carnivorous the species is known only from its original species that feed upon a wide range of description and was never found again in algae and invertebrate phyla, showing the Mediterranean Sea (Salvini-Plawen preference principally for Cnidarians pers. commun.). Though many specimens (BARSOTTI & FRILLI, 1969; SALVI- belonging to the Solenogastres have been NI-PLAWEN, 1972; PERRON, 1975; listed from red coral bottoms KEEN, 1975; FRETTER & GRAHAM, (TEMPLADO et al. 1986), it is specified 1977; PERRON & TURNER, 1978; that Solenogastres have never been found FERRO & CRETELLA, 1993). Both strictly living on Corallium rubrum, in species recorded were previously found agreement with our samples. living on Corallium rubrum (GARA-

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http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 04/10/2021 20:07:55 | VELLI & MELONE, 1968; SPADA, tenero Livorno, Central Tyrrhenian Sea 1968; VAFIDIS et al., 1994), off Alghero (APPELIUS, 1869) and from Dalmatian (GARAVELLI & MELONE, 1968) and red coral (BRUSINA, 1866). More sometimes in great numbers (SPADA, recently several papers have reported this 1968), which could suggest that Corallium relationship (ROGHI, 1966; rubrum is considered by both species as a GARAVELLI & MELONE, 1968; GHI- feeding substratum. SOTTI & MELONE, 1969; SABELLI, 1972; SALVINI-PLAWEN, 1972; SA- Danilia costellata (Costa O.G., 1861) BELLI & SPADA, 1979; TEMPLADO et First separated from its congeneric al., 1986; ABBIATI & SANTANGELO, Danilia tinei (Calcara, 1839), although for 1989; FRANCOUR et al., 1992; about a century it was considered either VAFIDIS et al., 1994; OLIVERIO & the adult or a depth form of the latter VILLA, 1995). The association was species (GHISOTTI & STEINMANN, recorded for the area off Alghero, too 1970). The discussion was reopened by (GARAVELLI & MELONE, 1968) and PALAZZI & VILLARI (2001) who also by analyzing the branches taken by –based on shell differences only– recon- scuba-diving coral fishers (ROGHI, 1966; sidered D. costellata as a good species on GARAVELLI & MELONE, 1968; SA- the basis of shell differences only and usu- BELLI, 1979; FRANCOUR et al., 1992), ally living at a greater depth, even though which sometimes meant the finding of a Gofas (2005) reported for Lusitanian great number of specimens (FRANCOUR seamounts D. tinei only. The species, as in et al., 1992; ROGHI, 1966). A prey-preda- our samples, was previously found in a tor relationship was, however, only great number living on Corallium rubrum hypothesized without detailed analysis colonies, also in the area off Alghero, (SABELLI, 1972; TEMPLADO et al., (GARAVELLI & MELONE, 1968; 1986; SALVINI-PLAWEN, 1972; ABBIA- SPADA, 1968, both as D. tinei). TI et al., 1992). Observations in aquarium and presence of spicules of Corallium Aperiovula adriatica (Sowerby G.B. I, 1828) rubrum into fecal pellets of our speci- Our present knowledge of the ecology ments from the marine environment also of Aperiovula adriatica is very poor and confirm this relationship. only one dead specimen was found during P. carnea was the most common our sampling; this was considered as an species recorded on the Alghero red coral accidental occurrence. This species proba- with a Di† of 43,90% and a Di of bly does not live or feed on red coral, as 50,06%. Its shell chromatism is strong red cited in the literature (DONNARUMMA, as previously reported for red coral pop- 1968; SABELLI, 1972; OLIVERIO & ulations (SANTANGELO et al., 1993a), VILLA, 1995; KABASAKAL et al., 2006). not agreeing with OLIVERIO & VILLA (1995) about the general rarity of this Pseudosimnia carnea (Poiret, 1789) colour pattern and probably linked to the Its association with red coral has been colour of the gorgonians on which they known for centuries and this species was feed by direct accumulation of pigments already reported living on Corallium from the host (ABBIATI & rubrum during red coral fishing off Mon- SANTANGELO, 1989).

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http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 04/10/2021 20:07:55 | The largest specimen sampled in our basis of specimens, including some col- work is 17,15 mm in height and 9,43 mm in lected during our sampling (BONO- width, while the maximum total length of MOLO & BUZZURRO, 2006), is to date 26 mm sampled by SANTANGELO et al. known only from the area off Alghero in (1993a) seems improbable. association with Corallium rubrum, where it seems to be one of the most common Simnia purpurea Risso, 1826 living species (Di† of 5,69% and Di of Often considered rare, it usually lives 5,68%), although more extensive research as a guest on Paramuricea clavata on the whole Tyrrhenian malacofauna asso- (VAFIDIS et al., 1994; OLIVERIO & ciated with red coral could extend its distri- VILLA, 1995), although SABELLI & bution. The largest specimen is 15.03 mm SPADA (1979) reported it living only on in height and 8,51 mm in width (Fig. 2), Corallium rubrum, and OLIVERIO & exceeding the previous largest published. VILLA (1995) mentioned it also for hard substrata with the presence of red coral. It Orania fusulus (Brocchi, 1814) was previously found on the Alghero red Only one crabbed specimen of this coral (GIANNINI, 1975) and we found 8 species was found, previously reported as living specimens (Di† of 0,81% and Di living on Corallium rubrum bottoms by of 0,93%), the largest of which is 19,05 PEN~AS et al. (2006). mm in height and 8,02 mm in width, con- firming that Simnia purpurea can live on Coralliophila brevis (de Blainville, 1832) Corallium rubrum, too. In agreement with Coralliophila brevis’ known preys OLIVERIO & VILLA (1995) about the belong to Gorgonacea (RICHTER & incorrect identification of such species in LUQUE, 2002), and specifically the the past, we believe that both Simnia pa- species Eunicella singularis, Eunicella tula, listed by TEMPLADO et al. (1986) cavolinii and Paramuricea clavata are usu- amongst the molluscs living on the Coral- ally listed as its preys (GARAVELLI & lium rubrum colonies and no longer MELONE, 1967, 1968; ALBERGONI & reported by PEN~AS et al. (2006), and the SPADA, 1969, 1972; TEMPLADO et al., violaceous pullus of Simnia spelta, includ- 1986; OLIVERIO, 1989; RICHTER & ed by SPADA (1968) among the species LUQUE, 2003). However, in Greece found in the material received by coral (VAFIDIS et al., 1994) and in Alboran fishers from Santa Teresa di Gallura (Sar- Island (TEMPLADO et al., 1986; PEN~AS dinia), could probably belong to this et al., 2006) a few live specimens were taxon, even if these discrepancies are not found living in Corallium rubrum bottoms reported in CLEMAM (2008). This leads and on Corallium rubrum colonies and us to assume that its rarity is probably due SABELLI & SPADA (1980) and to misidentifications and research on the RICHTER & LUQUE (2003) report the wrong hosts. species as living on Lophogorgia ceratophy- ta too. So, C. brevis feeds not only on the Ocinebrina paddeui Bonomolo & Buzzur- three species commonly reported by most ro, 2006 previous authors, but probably on the This species, named after Tonino majority of the Mediterranean species Paddeu and recently described on the belonging to the ordo Gorgonacea.

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http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 04/10/2021 20:07:55 | We recorded 16 live specimens, the 5,00 mm in width). They resemble in largest of 13,90 mm in height and 9.00 mm dimension and general shape Coralliophi- in width, although most were juveniles la alboranensis (SMRIGLIO & MA- and did not reach 10 mm total height (Fig. RIOTTINI, 2003), a new synonym for 2F, specimen of 8,37 mm in height and Coralliophila brevis according to PEN~AS

Fig. 2: A-B, Ocinebrina paddeui Bonomolo & Buzzurro, 2006; C-D, Muricopsis aradasii (Poirier, 1883); E, Coralliophila panormitana (Monterosato, 1869); F, Coralliophila brevis (de Blainville, 1832); G, Coralliophila cf. sofiae (Aradas & Benoit, 1876); H-I, Coralliophila squamosa (Bivona Ant. in Bivona And., 1838). Scale bar: 10 mm.

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http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 04/10/2021 20:07:55 | et al. (2006), found also itself in associa- height and 6.58 mm in width). It is a deep tion with Coralliophila panormitana on water species often associated with Coral- coralligenous bottoms at depths between lium rubrum (PALMERI, 1986; OLIVE- 80 and 150 m, although its host was listed RIO, 1989), although no specimens were as unknown and the presence of red coral found in Campan~a Coral Rojo (TEMPLA- was not mentioned. Different sizes among DO et al., 1986; PEN~AS et al., 2006). specimens of a same species, but with dif- ferent diets, have previously been found in COLUMBELLIDAE: Mitrella gervillii Coralliophila meyendorfii, too (OLIVE- (Payraudeau, 1826) and M. minor (Scac- RIO, 1991; OLIVERIO & MARIOTTI- chi, 1836) NI, 2001); the same could be assumed for The two species sampled, belonging Coralliophila brevis. both to the genus Mitrella, show a wide bathymetric range and could live from a Coralliophila cf. sofiae (Aradas & Benoit, few to more than 100 m depth in very dif- 1876) ferent biocoenoses (LUQUE, 1986; Only 6 juveniles of this species were CHIARELLI et al., 2003). Although our found (Fig. 2G, the largest one, of 9.01 specimens were crabbed, Mitrella gervilli mm in height and 5,40 mm in width), all was already found living on red coral without soft parts. We doubt of their colonies (SPADA, 1968; CHIARELLI et determination, even if general shape, spi- al., 2003), while at great depths Mitrella ral cords and siphonal canal lead to minor prefers muddy and detritical bot- Coralliophila sofiae (Smriglio pers. com- toms, present in the immediate vicinity of mun.), we have no juveniles of this species the analyzed areas. TEMPLADO et al. to compare with our specimens, only fur- (1986) listed Mitrella pallaryi among the ther studies and genetic analysis could species found on red coral bottoms in the bring us to a sure identification since a Alboran Sea. purely conchological approach can be misleading. Pleurotomella demosia (Dautzenberg & Fisher H., 1896) Coralliophila squamosa (Bivona Ant. in This species, first well figured in Bivona And., 1838) BOUCHET & WAREN (1980), was Previously recorded species living in described by DAUTZENBERG & association with Corallium rubrum colonies FISHER (1896) only for the European (PEN~AS et al., 2006). We found 6 dead Atlantic Sea and the Azores, but recently specimens of Coralliophila squamosa, 1 found in various areas of the Mediter- with typical form and 5 recalling Pseudo- ranean Sea (BOGI, 1986), Sardinia murex ruderatus (Sturany, 1896) (Fig. 2H, (CECALUPO, 1988), the Tuscan archi- I), now in synonymy with C. squamosa pelago (BOGI et al., 1989) and Spain (BOUCHET & WARÉN, 1985). (GIRIBET & PEN~AS, 1997; PEN~AS et al., 2006). P. demosia was previous sur- Coralliophila panormitana (Monterosato, veyed living on Corallium rubrum bot- 1869) toms (PEN~AS et al., 2006). Our largest Only three specimens, one of them specimen is 14,76 mm in height and 7,35 alive (Fig. 2E, specimen of 10.30 mm in mm in width (Fig. 3A).

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http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 04/10/2021 20:07:55 | Fig. 3: A-B, Pleurotomella demosia (Dautzenberg & Fisher H., 1896); C, Simnia purpurea Risso, 1826; D, Philippia hybrida (Linné, 1758); E, Danilia costellata (Costa O.G., 1861); F, Fusinus pulchellus (Philippi, 1844); G, Mathilda cochlaeformis Brugnone, 1873; H, Asperarca secreta La Perna, 1998; I, Emarginula rosea Bell T., 1824; L, Emarginula fissura (Linné, 1758); M, Emarginula adriatica Costa O.G., 1829. Scale bar: 10 mm.

Philippia hybrida (Linné, 1758) and usually feed on zoantharians and scler- Species occurring in the Mediter- actinians (ROBERTSON, 1970; ranean and nearby eastern Atlantic ROBERTSON et al., 1970; MELONE & (ROBERTSON, 1973) characterized by a TAVIANI, 1984), but P. hybrida has wide bathymetric range, living from the already been found also at about 100 m first meters of the infralittoral to the cir- depth on Corallium rubrum off Bocche di calittoral (BIAGI & CORSELLI, 1978; Bonifacio, amongst the red coral branches MELONE & TAVIANI, 1984; MINNITI picked up by the coral fisher F. Zoboli et al., 1988; PEN~AS et al., 2006), and (SPADA & GARAVELLI, 1969). sometimes found beached too (BIAGI & CORSELLI, 1978; MELONE & Asperarca secreta La Perna, 1998 TAVIANI, 1984). The species, recently described for the Architectonicidae are cnidarivorous central Mediterranean Sea at a depth

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http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 04/10/2021 20:07:55 | between 84 and 155 m on about 1000 although it has also been reported from loose valves from Baie de Calvi (Corsica) coralligenous zones (LUCAS, 1979A; and Isola di Ponza (Italy) (LA PERNA, DIJKSTRA & GOFAS, 2004; 1998). It was first recorded alive at Cen- WAGNER, 1988). Only a few specimens tauri (west of Cap Corse), where 4 living were previously found living on red coral specimens and 4 loose valves were found (SALAS & SIERRA, 1986; TEMPLADO at a depth of 80 m in coralligenous detri- et al., 1986), while we reported 18 live tus (DELONGUEVILLE & SCAILLET, specimens for the Alghero red coral (Di† 2005). We picked up 6 live specimens of of 1,83% and Di of 2,09%). A. secreta; among them the largest was 3,13 mm in height and 7,05 mm in width Pseudamussium sulcatum (Müller O.F., (Fig. 3H), sizes until now never reported. 1776) For the first time we recorded this species It is a sublittoral to bathyal depths living on hard substrata with the presence species, living byssally attached to rocks or of Corallium rubrum. among gravel and/or rubble on soft sedi- ments (DIJKSTRA & GOFAS, 2004). Palliolum striatum (Müller O.F., 1776) Our specimens belong to the morph bruei One dead complete specimen of this (DIJKSTRA & GOFAS, 2004), consid- species, living on muddy, sandy, or rocky ered in the past to be a distinct species bottoms at depths varying from 7 to 800 m (WAGNER, 1988). It is the least common (WAGNER, 1988), was previously (Di† of 1,52% and Di of 1,74%) of the recorded on red coral bottom by SALAS three species of Pectinidae recorded, pre- & SIERRA (1986). It is considered a rare viously found living on red coral species (LUCAS, 1979b), but in the exam- (BRUSINA, 1866). ined area it is the most common scallop recorded (Di† of 2,85% and Di of ANOMIIDAE: Heteranomia squamu- 3,24%). Although only one specimen la (Linné, 1758) and Pododesmus patelli- reaches 17.40 mm in height and 16.50 mm formis (Linné, 1761) in width and most are juveniles or sub- Heteranomia squamula and Podo- adult specimens less than 10 mm in size, desmus patelliformis are among the most WAGNER (1988) reported 17,2 mm in common species recorded on the Alghero height and 16,6 mm in width as maximum red coral (Di† respectively of 3,66 and sizes measured, DELONGUEVILLE & 4,47% and Di of 3,71 and 4,75%). Both SCAILLET (1999) 24,4 mm in height and species have already been found living on 22,8 mm in width for a specimen taken at and in association with Corallium rubrum 30 m depth off Fuengirola (Spain), and (BRUSINA, 1866; SALAS & SIERRA, LUCAS (1979b) up to a height of 27 mm 1986; TEMPLADO et al., 1986) and we for Atlantic specimens. found specimens both living on Pteria hirundo and Neopycnodonte cochlear and Palliolum incomparabile (Risso, 1826) byssed on red coral branches. This species usually lives among algae or rubble on muddy and sandy bottoms or Neopycnodonte cochlear (Poli, 1795) is byssally attached on rocky bottoms from A common sessile species often littoral to abyssal depths (40 to 2000 m), recorded alive on red coral (BRUSINA,

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http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 04/10/2021 20:07:55 | 1866; PARENZAN, 1980; SALAS & found, both identified by analyzing exter- SIERRA, 1986; TEMPLADO et al., nal conchological characteristic and by the 1986). Specimens from off Capo Caccia presence of one tooth on each valve, (SS) show the tendency to live attached according to MICALI & SOLUSTRI only to the base of Corallium rubrum (2004). They were found byssed to red colonies, in the same way reported both by coral branches, as indicated as nestling SALAS & SIERRA (1986) and behaviour by GORDILLO (2001) and TEMPLADO et al. (1986) suggesting that typical of this species (BARSOTTI & their larvae could survive with difficulty if FRILLI, 1969; HRS-BRENKO & they settled on red coral axes. Also speci- LEGAC, 2006), contrary to the boring mens assigned to Ostreola stentina, repor- behaviour often observed in the other ted and illustrated as living on the Coralli- Mediterranean species, Hiatella rugosa um rubrum of Greece (CHINTIRO- (VIO & DE MIN, 1996; MICALI & GLOU et al., 1989) (Chintiroglou pers. SOLUSTRI, 2004; HRS-BRENKO & communication) definitely belong to this LEGAC, 2006). species. Conclusions Coralliophaga lithophagella (Lamarck, 1819) The Mollusca assemblage found on Only one species of Trapeziidae, Corallium rubrum colonies between 100 Coralliophaga lithophagella, lives in the and 120 m of depth is of particular inter- Mediterranean, although SALAS, est for its faunistic, ecologic and taxonom- BARRAJON & CARPENA (1988) also ic significance and is quite heterogeneous reported a dead specimen of Coralliopha- for the presence of 44 species (33 sampled ga coralliophaga (Gmelin, 1791) inside red alive), belonging only to 2 different classes coral stones from around Alboran Island. (Gastropoda and Bivalvia), but to 25 dif- This is now considered a misidentification ferent families of Mollusca. of C. lithophagella (CLEMAM, 2008) and Among the gastropods we only found no longer reported by PEN~AS et al., carnivorous species, with the exception of (2006). It is an endolithic species living Jujubinus exasperatus, of which only one inside cavities mainly in coralligenous that it may be considered an occasional habitats (DELONGUEVILLE & specimen accidentally drifted from neih- SCAILLET, 2005), often recorded as liv- bouring habitats. This species can howev- ing on Corallium rubrum bottoms (SALAS er live at up to a depth of 200 m & SIERRA, 1986; TEMPLADO et al., (FRETTER & GRAHAM, 1977); the 1986). Two living specimens were lack of herbivorous species is connected to obtained during our samples. the poor presence, or sometimes total absence, of algae on red coral bottoms. Hiatella arctica (Linné, 1767) The most ecologically important This species is often recorded as living records belong to four families, all live in association with Corallium rubrum sampled, which include mostly or exclu- (PARENZAN, 1980; SALAS & sively corallivorous species (Calliostom- SIERRA, 1986; TEMPLADO et al., atidae, Ovulidae, Muricidae and Architec- 1986). Only two adult live specimens were tonicidae).

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http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 04/10/2021 20:07:55 | Calliostoma conulus and C. typical C. lamellosa indicates that it could zizyphinum are considered carnovorous be strictly related to red coral bottoms, species with a preference for Cnidaria, probably eating this octocoral too. and were found several times in associ- Finally, Architectonicidae are usually ation with red coral. known to feed on Zoantharia and Sclerac- The relationship between Pseu- tinia only, but at least 3 species (Philippia dosimnia carnea and Corallium rubrum hybrida, Solatisonax alleryi and Heliacus has been known for centuries and is con- fallaciosus) were found living on Coral- firmed by the high number of specimens lium rubrum, too (BRUSINA, 1866; sampled (43,90% of the total abundance), VAFIDIS et al., 1994). Although it is like- while Simnia purpurea’s association with ly that Architectonicidae feed on living red coral was often hypothesized without Zoantharia and Scleractinia in strict asso- conclusive data, probably both due to the ciation with red coral (TEMPLADO et al., rarity of such species and to the difficulty 1986), further research into the relation- of finding and accessing well developed ships between the family Architectonici- red coral colonies. In our samples S. pur- dae and red coral are advisable. purea accounted for 0,81 of the total spec- Of the other carnivorous species imens. Aperiovula adriatica’s host, on the found, some could be surely considered contrary, is still unknown and there is no accidental on red coral branches (but not evidence that it could feed on red coral. in red coral bottoms), such as Emarginula Of the four species of the genus Coral- spp. and Trivia spp., that feed on sponges liophila found in our samples, C. brevis and and ascidians respectively (LEBOUR, C. panormitana, both found live although 1931, 1933) and are well-represented usually considered rare to find, could also groups in red coral bottoms. The record of feed on Corallium rubrum. For the latter it Trivia multilirata in the Tyrrhenian area is certain, for the former only a few speci- deserves attention because it has been so mens have been found in previous far mostly recorded in the Adriatic Sea, research into red coral associated fauna. usually at great depths, but we picked up The record of 16 specimens in our study only a sub-adult living specimen. The high living on red coral strongly suggests Coral- presence of Fusinus pulchellus could be lium rubrum - Coralliophila brevis as a prey- explained by the presence of polychaetes, predator relationship and adds another often found living principally on Neopycn- example of the lack of species-specificity odonte cochlear, at the base of red coral among Coralliophila. This has also been colonies and on the rocks in the nearby documented for Coralliophila meyendorfii red coral bottoms and considered the that can even feed on different orders of principal food of Fusinus spp. which, how- Anthozoa (OLIVERIO, 1991; OLIVE- ever, also feeds on other molluscs (G. RIO & MARIOTTINI, 2001; RICHTER Russo, pers. observation). & LUQUE, 2002). Further studies are Turritella turbona and Nassarius lima needed on the taxonomy of Corall Coral- live principally on mobile bottoms around liophila cf. sofiae, whose identification red coral banks, and the present shells remains questionable, and on the ecology were moved onto the colonies by hermit of C. lamellosa ruderata. The great number crabs. Euspira pulchella could feed on the of specimens of this form compared to the molluscs surveyed (both gastropods and

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http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 04/10/2021 20:07:55 | bivalves) and for this species red coral is a and could live byssed both on the neigh- simple walking and hunting substratum bouring rocks and on the red coral, with like the neighbouring rocks. which they share a habitat particularly rich Among Muricidae the most relevant in currents and nutrient. Such behaviour, and localized species is Ocinebrina pad- typical of Hiatella arctica, is commonly deui, known only from the area off used as a distinguishing parameter from Alghero in association with Corallium the other species of Hiatella living in the rubrum, although further, extensive Mediterranean, and is utilized also by us, research into the malacofauna associated together with shell characters, to identify with red coral colonies could extend its the species. However, observations by present known distribution. Maximum HUNTER (1949) exclude the possibility sizes known for this species are updated in of distinguishing the two Hiatella (H. arc- this paper to 15,03 mm in height x 8,51 tics and H. rugosa) by shell characters and mm in width. Another species, live sam- ecology only, and over the centuries the pled too, also reaches very large sizes: two species have been divided or unified Pleurotomella demosia, of 14,76 mm in according to the ideas of different height and 7,35 mm in width. authors. Among the seven listed, particu- Nothing is known about the ecology of larly relevant is Asperarca secreta, seen Danilia spp. but they are among the most alive for the second time in the Mediter- common species on the Alghero red coral ranean and for the first time associated and are often observed in association with with red coral bottoms. One specimen is Cnidaria. The taxonomic status of Danilia much larger than previous records in the costellata is uncertain; it was considered a Mediterranean Sea (2,83 mm in height good species only by analyzing shell char- and 6,25 mm in width). Also two of the acters, but several intermediates between three species of Pectinidae (Palliolum the two Mediterranean species could be striatum and Pseudamussium sulcatum) easily found, and as BEU & CLIMO are usually considered rare, but are present (1974) asserted more than thirty years ago in a good number on red coral bottoms. ‘without comparative radula and anatomi- On the contrary, Coralliophaga cal information it was impossible to shed lithophagella, is an endolithic species, and light on the taxonomy of Danilia spp.’, we lives principally inside the holes of rocky also consider daring to affirm without red coral bottoms, sometimes not well doubt that Danilia costellata is a species cleaned from the basis of Corallium different from Danilia tinei, exclusively by rubrum axes. analyzing shell characters. Anatomic and Finally , the three remaining species genetic analysis to determine the taxono- (Neopycnodonte cochlear, Heteranomia my of Danilia in the Mediterranean is squamula and Pododesmus patelliformis), strongly suggested. live strongly attached to a hard substra- Among the eleven species of bivalves tum: the former always to the basis of sampled on red coral, seven (Asperarca Corallium rubrum colonies and never secreta, Modiolula phaseolina, Pteria hirun- reported living on the branches, suggest- do, Palliolum striatum, Palliolum incompa- ing that its larvae could not survive on red rabile, Pseudamussium sulcatum and coral axes. Sometimes the fore valves of Hiatella arctica) show nestling behaviour Neopycnodonte cochlear can become a

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http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 04/10/2021 20:07:55 | basis of the settlement of new red coral brevis (Blainville, 1832). Conchiglie, 8 colonies, as observed in our samples. The (1-2): 15-19. two species of Anomiidae, moreover, did APPELIUS, F. L., 1869. Le Conchiglie del not show preference for living on Pteria Mar Tirreno – Parte seconda. Bullettino hirundo and Neopycnodonte cochlear or on Malacologico Italiano, 2 (4): 126-141. red coral branches. BALLESTEROS, E., 2006. Mediter- ranean coralligenous assemblages: a Acknowledgements synthesis of present knowledge. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An We are deeply grateful to Mr Tonino Annual Review, 44: 123-195. Paddeu, who provided us with the red BARLETTA, G., MARCHETTI, R. & coral material, and to Dr Enzo Campani VIGHI, M., 1968. Ricerche sul coral- for his helpful suggestions. We also extend lo rosso. IV - Ulteriori osservazioni our gratitude to Messrs Cesare Bogi, sulla distribuzione del corallo rosso Rafael La Perna, Paolo Russo and Carlo nel Tirreno. Istituto Lombardo, Ren- Smriglio for confirming our identifica- diconti. Instituto Lombardo Scienze tions, to Prof. Salvini-Plawen for sharing Chimiche Phisiche Geologiche, Bio- with us information about the present logiche & Mediche, B, 102: 119-144. knowledge on Nematomenia coralliophila BARLETTA, G. & VIGHI, M., 1968. and to the anonymous referees whose sug- Ricerche sul corallo rosso: V - Poriferi gestions and comments improved the sub- perforanti lo sclerasse di Corallium mitted manuscript. rubrum Lamarck. Istituto Lombardo, Rendiconti. Instituto Lombardo Scien- References ze Chimiche Phisiche Geologiche, Bio- logiche & Mediche, B, 102: 145-159. ABBIATI, M., BUFFONI, G., CAFORIO, BARSOTTI, G. & FRILLI, G., 1969. G., DI COLA, G. & SANTANGELO, Contributo alla conoscenza della G., 1992. Harvesting, predation and malacofauna dei fondi sublitorali del- competition effects on a red coral l’alto Tirreno (Mare toscano). Pubbli- population. Netherlands Journal of Sea cazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Research, 30: 219-228. Napoli, 37 (suppl.): 31-62. ABBIATI, M. & SANTANGELO, G., BAVESTRELLO, G., CALCINAI, B., 1989. A record on Corallium rubrum CERRANO, C., PANSINI, M. & (L. 1758) associated fauna: Balssia CATTANEO-VIETTI, R., 1999. gasti (Balss 1921) (Crustacea, Distribuzione e modalità di erosione Decapoda). Atti della Società Toscana di alcune specie mediterranee di di Scienze Naturali - Memorie serie B, Clionidi (Porifera, Demospongiae) 96: 237-241. associati a Corallium rubrum. p. 115- ALBERGONI, A. & SPADA, G., 1969. 129. In: Biologia e tutela del corallo Conchiglie del basso salernitano. rosso e di altri ottocoralli del Mediterra- Conchiglie, 5 (9-10): 155-162. neo (Red Coral and Other Mediter- ALBERGONI, A. & SPADA, G., 1972. ranean Octocorals: Biology and Protec- Osservazioni sulla morfologia e sull'e- tion), F. Cicogna, G. Bavestrello & R. tologia di Coralliophila (Lepadomurex) Cattaneo-Vietti (Eds). Ministero

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http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 04/10/2021 20:07:55 | delle Politiche Agricole, Roma. MAIO, L. & SANTANGELO, G., BELLAN-SANTINI, D., 1969. Contribu- 2005. Recruitment, early survival and tion à l’étude des peuplement infralit- growth of the Mediterranean red coral toraux sur substrat rocheux (Étude Corallium rubrum (L 1758), a 4-year qualitative et quantitative de la frange study. Journal of Experimental Marine supérieure). Recherche Travaux Sta- Biology and Ecology, 314: 69-78. tion Marine En-doume, France, 63 BRUSINA, S., 1866. Contribuzione pella (47): 9-294. fauna dei molluschi dalmati. Verhand- BEU, A. G. & CLIMO, F. M., 1974. Mol- lungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen lusca from a recent coral community Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in in Palliser Bay, Cook Strait. New Wien 16: 1-134. Zealand Journal of Marine and Fresh- CALCINAI, B., CERRANO, C., water Research, 8 (2): 307-332. BAVESTRELLO, G., MILANESE, BIAGI, V. & CORSELLI, C., 1978. Con- M. & SAR , M., 2000. Il popolamen- tributo alla conoscenza della malaco- to di spugne perforatrici di Corallium fauna di un fondo S.G.C.F. (Pérès- rubrum e di alcuni madreporari del Picard, 1964). Conchiglie, 14 (1-2): 1-22. promontorio di Portofino. Bollettino BOGI, C., 1986. Prima segnalazione di dei Musei e degli Istituti Biologici del- Pleurotomella demosia (Dautzemberg l’Università di Genova, 64-65: 53-59. & Fischer, 1896) in Mar Mediterra- CARPINE, C. & GRASSHOFF, M., neo (Neogastropoda: Turridae). 1975. Les Gorgonaires de la Méditer- Notiziario CISMA, 7-8: 27-28. ranée. Bulletin de l’Institut Oceano- BOGI, C., COPPINI, M. & MARGELLI, graphique de Monaco, 71 (1430): 1-140. A., 1989. Contributo alla conoscenza CATTANEO-VIETTI, R., BAVE- della Malacofauna dell’alto Tirreno STRELLO, G. & SENES, L., 1993. Il (Aggiornamento). La Conchiglia, 21 popolamento a corallo rosso del (233-236): 25-29. Promontorio di Portofino (Mar Lig- BONOMOLO, G. & BUZZURRO, G., ure). p. 109-130. In: Il corallo rosso in 2006. Description of a new Muricid for Mediterraneo: Arte, Storia e Scienza the Mediterranean Sea: Ocinebrina (Red Coral in the Mediterranean Sea: paddeui (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Muri- Art, History and Science), F. Cicogna cidae, Ocenebrinae). Triton, 13: 1-4. & R. Cattaneovietti (Eds). Ministero BOUCHET, P. & WARÉN, A., 1980. delle Risorse Agricole, Alimentari e Revision of the North-East Atlantic Forestali, Roma. Bathyal and Abyssal Turridae (Mol- CECALUPO, A., 1988. Rinvenimento di lusca, Gastropoda). The Journal of specie rare al largo della Sardegna Molluscan Studies, 8: 1-120. sud-orientale (Contributo IV). Bollet- BOUCHET, P. & WARÉN, A., 1985. tino Malacologico, 24 (1-4): 33-39. Revision of the northeast Atlantic CECALUPO, A. & GIUSTI, F., 1989. bathyal and abyssal Neogastropoda Rinvenimenti malacologici a sud- excluding Turridae (Mollusca, Gas- ovest dell’ Isola di Capraia (LI) parte tropoda). Bollettino Malacologico, II. Bollettino Malacologico, 25 (1-4): suppl. 1: 121-296. 97-109. BRAMANTI, L., MAGAGNINI, G., DE CESARI, P., GIUSTI, F. & MINELLI,

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