OCEANIC AREA SYSTEM IMPROVEMENT STUDY (OASIS] Volume II: North Atlantic Region Air Traffic Services System Description

Report No. FAA-EM-81-17,11 OCEANIC AREA SYSTEM IMPROVEMENT STUDY (OASIS] Volume II: North Atlantic Region Air Traffic Services System Description G. J. Couluris EC: SRI International Menlo Park, California 94025 SEPTEMBER 1981 FINAL REPORT Document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service Springfield, Virginia 22161 Prepared for U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION OFFICE OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT WASHINGTON. D.C. 20591 NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. NOTICE The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers' names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of this report. Technical Report Documentation Page FAA-EM-81-17 ,II 4. T,tfe and Subtitle S. Repotl Date OCEANIC AREA SYSTE~1 IMPROVE~IENT STUDY (OASIS) VOLUME II September 1981 NORTH ATLANTIC REGION AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES 6. Pe,fotlfting O•goni zalion Code SYSTEM DESCRIPTION SRI Project 8066 t-;;-:-:-;--:-;-----------------------------4 8. Performing Otganizotion Repo•t No. 7. Author' a) OASIS-NAT-ATS G.J. Couluris 9. Perform•ng Organilolion Nome and Addreaa 10. Work Unit No. CTRAIS) SRI International II. Contract or Grant No. 333 Ravenswood Ave DOT-FA79WA-4265 Menlo Park, CA 94025 13. Type of Ropott ond Period Co,ered ~~~----~--~--~~--------------------------~12. Sponaorint Agency Nome ond Addreu Department of Transportation Final Report Federal Aviation Administration Office of Systems Engineering Management 14. Sponsoring Atency Code Washington, D.C. 20591 FAA-AEM IS. Suppl-ontory Notea 16. Abatract The Oceanic (and selected Non-dceanic) Area System Improvement Study (OASIS), conducted by SRI International under contract with the Federal Aviation Adminis tration (FAA), waa part of a broad oceanic aeronautical system improvement study program coordinated by the "Committee to Review the Application of Satellite and Other Techniques .to Civil Aviation" (also called the Aviation Review Coalnittee or the ARC). The OASIS Project, with inputs from the international aviation com munity, examined current and potential future oceanic air traffic control (ATC) systems in the North Atlantic (NAT), Central East Pacific (CEP), and Caribbean (CAR) regions. This phase of the Aviation Review Committee program began in late-1978 and was completed in mid-1981. · The thrust of the Aviation Review Committee program, which OASIS broadly supported, was to analyze the present ATC systems; examine future system require ments; identify areas where the present systems might be improved; and develop and analyze potential system improvement options. The time frame of this study is the period 1979 to 2005. This report describes the present air traffic services (ATS) system in the NAT region. This system provides ATC, flight information, and alerting services to aircraft in oceanic control areas (CTAa)/flight informaton regions (FIRs). The report address.es the operations, technical components, and costs of the following ATS units: Gander Area Control Center (ACC); Shanwick Oceanic Area Control Center (OACC); New York ACC; Santa Maria ACC; Reykjavik ACC; San Juan ACC, and Miami ACC. 17. Key Word a 18. Diatrilluti ... Stot-ent North Atlantic (NAT), Document is available to the U.S. Air Traffic Services (ATS), public through the National Technical Oceanic Air Traffic Control (ATC) Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161 19. Socut~ty Cloud. (of this <aport) 20. Secvrity Clauil. (of thia povol 21· No. of Pages 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified Form DOT F 1700.7 ca-721 Reproduction of completed po9o outhoriaod Oceanic Area System Improvement Study (OASIS) Final Report This report is one of a set of companion documents which includes the following volumes: Volume I Executive Summary and Improvement Alternatives Development and Analysis Volume II North Atlantie Region Air Traffic Services System Description Volume III Central East Pacific Region Air Traffic Services System Description Volume IV Caribbean Region Air Traffic Services System Description Volume V North Atlantic, Central East Pacific, and Caribbean Regions , Communication Systems Description Volume VI North Atlantic, Central East Pacific, and Caribbean Regions Navigation Systems Description Volume VII North Atlantic Region Flight Cost Model Results Volume VIII Central East Pacific Region Flight Cost Model Results Volume IX Flight Cost Model Description Volume X North Atlantic, Central East Pacific, and Caribbean Regions Aviation Traffic Forecasts PREFACE The Oceanic Area System Improvement Study (OASIS) was cond1;1cted i~. coordination ~ith the "Committee to Review the Applications of Sa~ellite and Other Techniques to Civil Aviation." This study examined the opera tional, technQlQgical, and economic aspects of the current and propos-ed future oceanic air traffic systems in the North Atlantic (NAT), Caribbean (CAR), and Central East Pacific (CEP) regions and assessed the relative merits of improvement options. A key requirement of this study was to develop a detailed description of the present air traffic system. In support of this requirement, and in cooperation with working groups of the Committee, questionnaires were distributed to the providers and users of the oceanic air traffic systems. Responses to these questionnaires, special reports prepared by system provider organizations, other publica tions, and field observations made by the OASIS staff were the basis for the systems descriptions presented in this report. The .description·s also were based on information obtained during Working Group A and B meetings and workshops sponsored by Working Group A. The information given in this report documents the state of the oceanic air traffic system in mid 1979. In the 'course of the work valuable contributions, advice, data, and opinions were received from a number of sources both in the United States and outside it. Valuable information and guidance were received and utilized from the International Civil Aviaiton Organization (ICAO), North Atlantic Systems Planning Group (NAT/SPG), the North Atlantic Traffic Forecast Group (NAT/TFG), several administrations, the International Air Transport Association (IATA), the airlines, the International Federation of Airline Pilots Association (IFALPA), other aviation associated organi zations, and especially from the Committee to Review the Applications of Satellites and Other Techniques to Civil Aviation. It is understood of course, and should be noted, that participation in this work or contribution to it does not imply either endorsement or agreement to the findings by any contributors or policy agreement by any administration which graciou.sly chose to contribute. TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE • • • • • . • i TABLE OF CONTENTS • iii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS • vii LIST OF TABLES ix EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . xi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XV ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS xvii 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 G~neral • • • • • • • • • • 1 1.2 Scope and Objective •• 1 1.3 Contents of Thi~ Report • 1 1.4 ATS Requirements 2 2.0 ATS OVERVIEW--NAT OPERATING ENVIRONMENT 7 2.1 Background • • • • • • • 7 2.2 Air Traffic Flow Patterns 7 2.3 Airspace Organization and ATS Facilities 10 2.4 Technical Systems Overview 13 2.5 Oceanic Route Struytures 14 2.6 ATS Operating Procedures 19 3.0 ATS TECHNICAL STRUCTURE 25 3.1 Introduction 25 3.2 Communications Systems 25 3.3 Navigation Systems 29 3.4 Surveillance Systems •••• 30 4.0 SEPARATION MINL~A 33 4.1 Separation Minima Determination • 33 4.2 NAT Separation Standards Documentation 34 4.3 Vertical Separation • • • • • • • • • • 34 4.4 Lateral Separation 34 4.5 Longitudinal Separation 35 4.6 Composite Separation 36 4.7 Minimum Navigation Performance Specifications 37 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 5.0 ORGANIZED TRACK SYSTEM • o o 5ol Historical Perspective 41 5o2 OTS Establishment Guidelines 41 5o3 OTS Establishment Procedures 43 5o4 OTS Establishment Practices o . 44 6.0 OPERATING PROCEDURES • 53 6.1 Flight Planning 53 6.2 Domestic Airspace Operations 54 6.3 Oceanic Entry Operations 55 6.4 Oceanic Airspace Operations •• 58 6.5 Oceanic Exit Operations • • • 62 6.6 Supersonic Transport Operations ••••••• 63 6.7 Low Level Oceanic Operations •••• 63 6.8 Current Plans for Improvement • • • 64 6.9 Supplemental Operational Information • • • • 64 7.0 ATS COSTS--PRELIMINARY ESTIMATES ••••• 65 APPENDIX A GANDER ACe-SUPPLEMENTAL DESCRIPTIVE DATA (Excerpts from a Draft by Transport Canada) • 67 APPENDIX B SHANWICK OACC--SUPPLEMENTAL DESCRIPTIVE DATA (Excerpts from a Drafy by the CAA, UK) 79 APPENDIX C NEW YORK ACC--SUPPLEMENTAL DESCRIPTIVE DATA • • 91 APPENDIX D SANTA MARIA ACe--SUPPLEMENTAL DESCRIPTIVE DATA (Excerpts from an ACO Letter Draft Report) 101 APPENDIX E REYKJAVIK ACC--SUPPLEMENTAL DESCRIPTIVE DATA (Excerpts from a Paper by DCA, Iceland) 105 APPENDIX F SONDRESTROM FIG--SUPPLEMENTARY DESCRIPTIVE DATA (Excerpts from a Report by DCA, Denmark) 111 APPENDIX G SAN JUAN ACe--SUPPLEMENTAL DESCRIPTIVE DATA 117 APPENDIX H MIAMI ACe--SUPPLEMENTAL DESCRIPTIVE DATA 121 APPENDIX I NAT REGION SEPARATION STANDARDS (Excerpts from ICAO Doc. 7030) . 125 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS (Concluded) APPENDIX J METEOROLOGICAL DATA AND METHODS USED lN GENERATING THE AVIAtiON DIGITAL FORECAST APPENDIX K SELECTED OPERATIONAL SITUATIONS 139 APPENDIX L ATS ANNUAL COST CALCULATIONS 145 REFERENCES

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