Read Ebook {PDF EPUB} Journey Toward Hope A History of Blacks in Oklahoma by Jimmie Lewis Franklin Journey Toward Hope: A History of Blacks in Oklahoma by Jimmie Lewis Franklin. Access to raw data. [Review of] Jimmie Lewis Franklin, Journey Toward Hope: A History of Blacks in Oklahoma. Abstract. Journey Toward Hope is a welcome volume on blacks west of the Mississippi. The author has effectively demonstrated how Oklahoma\u27s geography, between the West and the South, was responsible for its segregated development; white Oklahomans chose the racial customs, policies, and institutions of the Deep South to “keep Blacks in their place. To submit an update or takedown request for this paper, please submit an Update/Correction/Removal Request. Journey Toward Hope: A History of Blacks in Oklahoma by Jimmie Lewis Franklin. Historian John Hope Franklin was born in Rentiesville, Oklahoma, on January 2, 1915, to Buck Colbert and Mollie Parker Franklin. The family moved to Tulsa in 1925, and young Franklin attended public schools, graduating from Booker T. Washington High School. His father was a pioneer African American attorney in Tulsa. Franklin received a bachelor of arts degree in 1935 from Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee. He then received a master's degree and Ph.D. in history from Harvard University in 1936 and 1941, respectively. Franklin has had a distinguished career as a historian and educator. He has served as professor at Fisk University, Saint Augustine's College (Raleigh, North Carolina), North Carolina Central University (Durham), and Howard University (Washington, D.C.). Subsequently, he chaired the Department of History at Brooklyn College and has been John Matthews Manly Distinguished Service Professor of History at the University of Chicago, James B. Duke Professor of History at Duke University, Fulbright Professor in Australia, and Pitt Professor of American History and Institutions at Cambridge University, England. He also served as visiting professor at Harvard University, the University of Wisconsin, Cornell University, the University of California at Berkeley, and the University of Hawaii. In 1997 and 1998 he chaired the Advisory Board of the President's Initiative on Race. He has been active in civic and professional life for more than sixty years. Franklin is the former president of the Southern Historical Association, the Organization of American Historians, the American Studies Association, the American Historical Association, and the National Society of Phi Beta Kappa. His many awards include a Presidential Medal of Freedom (1995), the Jefferson Medal of the Council for Advancement and Support of Education (1984), the Clarence Holte Literary Prize (1985), the Jefferson Medal of the American Philosophical Society, and the National Endowment for Humanities Charles Frankel Award (presented by President William J. Clinton in 1993). He has been inducted into the Oklahoma Hall of Fame (1978) and the Afro-American Hall of Fame (Ntu Art Association, 1984). Other honors include the Peggy V. Helmerich Distinguished Author Award (Tulsa Library Trust, 1997), the Arrell Gibson Lifetime Achievement Award (1996), the Lincoln Prize for the book Runaway Slaves: Rebels on the Plantation (2000), and the Harold Washington Literary Award (2000). He holds more than 130 honorary doctorates. Among the books written or edited by Franklin are The Free Negro in North Carolina, 1790–1860 (1943), From Slavery to Freedom: A History of American Negroes (1947), The Militant South, 1800–1860 (1956), Reconstruction after the Civil War (1961), The Emancipation Proclamation (1963), Color and Race (1969), Racial Equality in America (1976), George Washington Williams: A Biography (1985), Race and History, Selected Essays (1989), The Color Line: Legacy for the Twenty-First Century (1993), and My Life and an Era: The Autobiography of Buck Colbert Franklin (edited by John Hope Franklin and John Whittington Franklin, 1997). Franklin and Aurelia Whittington of Goldsboro, North Carolina, were married on June 11, 1940, and to this marriage, one son, John Whittington, was born. Mrs. Franklin died in 1999. John Hope Franklin died on March 25, 2009. Bibliography. Jimmie Lewis Franklin, Journey Toward Hope: A History of Blacks in Oklahoma (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1982). Eddie Faye Gates, They Came Searching: How Blacks Sought The Promised Land in Tulsa (Austin, Tex.: Eakin Press, 1997). Kaye Teall, Black History in Oklahoma: A Resource Book (Oklahoma City: Oklahoma City Public Schools, 1971). Tulsa (Oklahoma) Eagle, 16 March 2000. No part of this site may be construed as in the public domain. Copyright to all articles and other content in the online and print versions of The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History is held by the Oklahoma Historical Society (OHS). This includes individual articles (copyright to OHS by author assignment) and corporately (as a complete body of work), including web design, graphics, searching functions, and listing/browsing methods. Copyright to all of these materials is protected under United States and International law. Users agree not to download, copy, modify, sell, lease, rent, reprint, or otherwise distribute these materials, or to link to these materials on another web site, without authorization of the Oklahoma Historical Society. Individual users must determine if their use of the Materials falls under United States copyright law's "Fair Use" guidelines and does not infringe on the proprietary rights of the Oklahoma Historical Society as the legal copyright holder of The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and part or in whole. Photo credits: All photographs presented in the published and online versions of The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture are the property of the Oklahoma Historical Society (unless otherwise stated). Citation. The following (as per The Chicago Manual of Style , 17th edition) is the preferred citation for articles: Hannah Atkins, “Franklin, John Hope,” The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture , https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=FR003. © Oklahoma Historical Society. Oklahoma Historical Society | 800 Nazih Zuhdi Drive, Oklahoma City, OK 73105 | 405-521-2491 Site Index | Contact Us | Privacy | Press Room | Website Inquiries. Back to Birmingham : Richard Arrington, Jr., and His Times. During the 1960s, Birmingham, Alabama, became a major battleground in the struggle for human rights in the American South. As one of the most segregated cities in the United States, the city of Birmingham became known for its violence against blacks and the callous suppression of black civil rights. In October of 1979, the city that had once used dogs and fire hoses to crush protest demonstrations elected a black mayor, Richard Arrington Jr. A man of quiet demeanor, Arrington was born in the small rural town of Livingston, Alabama, and moved to Birmingham as a child. Although he did not play a direct part in the civil rights movement in the 1960s, Arrington was destined to bring about some fundamental changes in a city that once defied racial progress. Professor Franklin's book is guided by the assumption that Americans everywhere can find satisfaction in understanding the dynamics of social and political change, and they can be buoyed by the individual triumph of a person who beat the odds. Ultimately, Back to Birmingham will, perhaps, enable the reader to measure the distance black southerners have traveled over the decades. Oklahoma City African Americans sit-in for integration, 1958-64. In 1955, just one year after the Supreme Court issued its pivotal Brown v. Board of Education ruling, the country was again shaken by the Montgomery Bus Boycotts (see “African Americans boycott buses for integration in Montgomery, Alabama, U.S., 1955-1956”). The campaign, which targeted the city’s practice of segregation on public transportation, brought leaders such as Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr., into the national spotlight. The emergence of King in particular gave the civil rights movement a new momentum, as blacks across America integrated King’s nonviolent philosophy into their local campaigns. King’s emphasis on civil disobedience gave new direction to those who had been involved in past efforts against racism. One such activist was Clara Luper, a local schoolteacher and director of the local NAACP Youth Council who became the face of Oklahoma City’s sit-in campaign. Three years after King’s success in Montgomery, Luper organized a cast of high school students to perform a play entitled “Brother President,” a tribute to Martin Luther King. The group was later asked to perform the play for the NAACP’s national office in New York City. The trip was an eye-opening experience for the students, most of whom had never been outside the limits of Oklahoma City. According to Luper’s account, their exposure to integrated lunch counters in the north had a “permanent effect in their lives.” Upon their return to Oklahoma, the group made a pledge to eliminate segregation in public accommodations across the city. Segregation had long been ingrained in Oklahoma’s culture. Like other states across the country, the ubiquitous “Whites Only” signs were a constant reminder to blacks of their inferior status. Luper felt that legal action alone would not change such a pattern, favoring peaceful sit-ins as a way to confront the problem head-on. She also recognized the strategic value in targeting Oklahoma City: not only did the city have the highest concentration of blacks in the state, but it was also a political center of power and had a history of struggle for racial justice. For the campaign’s initial phases, the Youth Council decided to target downtown restaurants. They staged their first sit-in at a Katz drug store. On August 19th, thirteen black children entered the store, accompanied by Luper. They sat quietly at the lunch counter and ordered their Cokes. When they were refused service, they continued to sit in silence as the surrounding white customers unleashed a wave of threats and racial slurs. The manager called the police, who arrived and hovered over the children as the crowd of hecklers grew in size. The same scene was repeated again the next day, and although the sit-in never escalated into violence, the threats became increasingly hostile. Eventually, after a few days, the company relented and changed its policy. One by one, the Youth Council used this tactic to force integration in a number of downtown restaurants over the next six years. Some establishments, such as S.H. Kress Company, yielded after less than a week. Others restaurants such as Bishop’s and Anna Maude’s waged much longer battles. The group’s initial victories in Oklahoma City triggered a wave of similar protests in cities throughout the state, although the media remained disproportionately focused on Oklahoma City. The media attention allowed Luper to take bolder action and apply more pressure on targeted businesses. Although the group continued with sit-ins, they also organized consumer boycotts of various downtown restaurants. In her memoir Behold the Walls, Luper recalls the experience of calling a restaurant owner to talk about changing the restaurant’s discriminatory practices. Year after year, each time Luper called she was told that the owner was unavailable. It wasn’t until she organized a boycott of the restaurant that she got an urgent call from the owner, who requested her presence for negotiations. Over the course of their campaign, the Youth Council attracted support from members of the black community as well as many whites in the religious community. Important community leaders such as Father Robert Mc Dole of the Corpus Catholic church threw their weight behind the sit-in campaign and condemned the practice of segregation. The desegregation campaign was brought to a formal close in 1964, when Congress passed the Civil Rights Bill that effectively outlawed discrimination in most public accommodations. Although there were no explicitly violent confrontations in Oklahoma City in the early years after the act was passed, the relative peace did not mean that all whites immediately embraced the law. Although attitude change would take many years to achieve, the integration of businesses throughout Oklahoma City meant that the Youth Council’s dreams had been realized. Pre-Kindergarten through Grade 2: Social Studies Academic Standards. "Alice Brown Davis, First Seminole Chieftainess," (vertical file, OHS) Bob Burke and Angela Monson, Rosco Dunjee: Champion of Civil Rights (Edmond: University of Central Oklahoma Press, 1998) "Donna Shirley" (vertical file, OHS) Jimmie Lewis Franklin, Journey Toward Hope: A History of Blacks in Oklahoma (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1982) Bill Moore, Oklahomans and Space (Oklahoma City: Oklahoma Historical Society, 2011) "Native American General: National Hall of Fame for Famous American Indians," (Historic Oklahoma Collection, OHS) Linda W. Reese, Women of Oklahoma, 1890–1920 (Norman: University of Oklahoma, 1997) "Shannon Lucid," (vertical file, OHS) Kaye M. Teall, Black History in Oklahoma: A Resource Book (Oklahoma City, OK: Oklahoma City Public Schools, 1971) Melvena Thurman, ed., Women in Oklahoma: A Century of Change (Oklahoma City: Oklahoma Historical Society, 1982) Muriel H. Wright, A Guide to the Indian Tribes of Oklahoma (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1951) Jimmie Lewis Franklin, Journey Toward Hope: A History of Blacks in Oklahoma (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1982) Donald E. Green, Rural Oklahoma (Oklahoma City: Oklahoma Historical Society, 1977) Paul Lambert, et al. Historic Oklahoma: An Illustrated History (Oklahoma City: Oklahoma Heritage Association, 2000) LaDonna Kramer Meinders, Leaves in the Wind: A Celebration of Childhood in Rural Oklahoma (Perkins, OK: Evans Publications, 1989) Native American General: National Hall of Fame for Famous American Indians" (Historic Oklahoma Collection, OHS) "Sylvan N. Goldman" (vertical file, OHS) Mike Parks, Oklahoma Legends: A Pictorial History of Oklahoma's Indians, Cowboys, Outlaws and Pioneers (Oklahoma City: Oklahoma Press Service, c. 1966) Kaye M. Teall, Black History in Oklahoma: A Resource Book (Oklahoma City, OK: Oklahoma City Public Schools, 1971) Melvena Thurman,ed., Women in Oklahoma: A Century of Change (Oklahoma City: Oklahoma Historical Society, 1982) Tribes in Oklahoma today, with links to tribal government official sites Terry P. Wilson, The Cart that Changed the World: The Career of Sylvan N. Goldman (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1978) Muriel H. Wright, A Guide to the Indian Tribes of Oklahoma (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1951) Audio/Visual Map archives (OHS): search archives catalog Clara Luper Collection (OHS): search archives catalog American Indian oral histories (OHS): search archives catalog. "Goldman shopping cart in use at Humpty Dumpty grocery store" (21412.M433.7, Z. P. Meyers/Barney Hillerman Photographic Collection, OHS) "Sylvan Goldman" (20699.73.80.1, State Museum Collection, OHS) "The Black Maria, the First Complete and Operable Parking Meter" (21412.M48.1, Z. P. Meyers/Barney Hillerman Photographic Collection, OHS) "The First Parking Meter Installed in Any City in the World, Oklahoma City, July 14, 1935" (20699.4577, State Museum Collection-Sam Flood Collection, OHS) Additional Resources. Abner, Julie L. Native American Women: A Biographical Dictionary , ed. Gretchen M. Bataille and Laurie Lisa (New York: Routledge 2000) Darcy, R. et al. Oklahoma Women's Almanac (Stillwater, OK: OPSA Press, 2005. Oklahoma State University Library Historic map collection. Oklahoma City Branch of the Kansas City Federal Reserve Federal Reserve Education. Oklahoma Historical Society | 800 Nazih Zuhdi Drive, Oklahoma City, OK 73105 | 405-521-2491 Site Index | Contact Us | Privacy | Press Room | Website Inquiries.