'UUSlHEO 20951 .. NATIONAL SECURITY NATIONAL SPACE POLIC

MEMORANDUM FOR THE THE THE THE S THE A -..~...... THE SE THE SEC TION DIRECTOR MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET CHIEF OF SS;Tfit,.iN;.(.i~'RESIDENT THE ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT FOR NATIONAL SECURITY RS THE ASSIST~~~~~~SIDENT FOR SCIENCE AND TEC THE DI ELLIGENCE CHAI OF STAFF ADMIN AERONAUTICS AND

SUBJECT: NATIONAL (U)

I • INTRODUCTION This directive estab quidelines, and implementing actions ted States space programs and related des National Security Decision Directive (NS elated NSDDs 50, 70, 257, 258, 276, and NSD 1 This directive is consistent with quidance co !1~.-~!rexisting directives and executive orders, and law. This national is a living directive. It is ~~~ii&iei~!serve as a baseline for ongoing review and modi fi !dent • (U) To facilitate handl ssued at the security classification level a corresponding but separate Directive y classified material. Sections otated when related material exists in United States space distinct sectors: sectors (Civil, Mili and a separate, non-gove~nerl~ · coordination, cooper exchange will be ma

Partially Oedassified/Re!eased on ~ under provisions of E.O. 12958 by R. Soubers, Natiooal Security Council 'f-'1-1~1:. ~~J[VJ MS\HEU 2 unnecessary duplication a~>4tr~oti~\ainment of United States space goals. All progr in these sect rs vill operate under conditions that prote hnol and data and that promote accept~ce a it States space activities. (,e)

II. A fundamental has been, and conti an increasingly com require United State space enterprise. It the key areas of spac national security, scie policy goals. (U) a. The overall goals of United States space activities are: (1) to strengthen the · of the United States; (2) to · obtain scientific, techn onomic benefits for the general population and lity of life on Earth through space-related ncourage continuing united States privat sect invest ~ce and related activities; (4) to p mot .internatio ~rative activities taking into account nit States nat ecurity, foreign policy, scientific, nd onomic interests; (5) to cooperate with other nations in ma tai ng the freedom of space for all activities that enh e security and welfare of mankind; and, as a long-range goa to expand·human presence and activity beyond Earth orbit e solar sys {U) b. United Sta all be conducted in accordance with'the f

(l) The Unit~~ itted to the exploration and use of outer space by a:?~--~s~for peaceful purposes and for the benefit of all mankind. wpeaceful purposes• allow for military and intelligence-r tivities in pursuit of national security and ot

(2) The Un ue military and· intelligence-related support of its inherent ri9ht of s 'WIIIIiiliW se commitments to its allies. (.e)

(3) The sovereignty by any or any portion ther fundamental right o space. (0}

(4) The the space systems of ~HSifltO ~SSIHEO 3 the right of passage terference. Purposeful ewed as an

(5) . The u tates shall encourage and not preclude the commercial use loitation of space technologies and systems ~or nationa mic benefit. These commercial activities aust be ent with national security interests, and international a stic legal obligations. (U) (6) The U a&tter of policy, pursue its commercial out the use of direct Federal subsidies. (

(7) The United ~~~~.. ~~ encourage other countries to engage in free and fair commercial space goods and services. (U) (8) The Unite nduct international cooperative space-rela are expected to achieve sufficient scientific , or national security benefits for the nat e United will seek mutually beneficial internati rticipatio ...... _ .... -ce and space-related programs. (U) III. a. The Unite contribute signific ..~~-tion's science, technology, economy, ing and direction, as well as United State adership. Civil sector activities sha d strategy of research, development, operations or science, exploration, and appropriate applicat b. The objectives of the United States civil space activities shall be (1) to wledge of the Earth, its environment, the solar s !verse; (2) to create new opportunities for vironment through the conduct of appropriat entation in advanced technology and syste e technology for ci vi 1 applications and, wh such technology available to the co l sector; (4) to preserve the United States preeminence !cal aspects of space science, applications, techn and manned space flight; (5) to establish a permane ned presence in space; and (6) to engage in internati operative efforts that further United States overall spac (U) 4

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The United Sta~s gov nmen~lh:i~ p~lude or deter the continuing developme of separate }\on-gOvernmental Commercial Space Sector. Expan ng ivate sect~stment in space by the market-driven C al Sector generates economic benefits for the Nation and s governmental Space Sectors with an increasing range of goods and services. Governmental Space Sectors shall purch ercially available space goods and services to the ful tent feasible and shall not conduct activities with pote ommercial tions that preclude or deter Commercial pace act except for national security or public sa ons. ial Sector space activities shall be su d only to the extent required by law, nation national obligations, and public safety. (U) ~

The United States will ivities in space that are necessary to national 'vities will contribute to national security ) d rring, or if necessary, defending ack, (2) assuring that forces of hostile n cannot prev own use of space; (3) negating, if ne , hostile space systems; and (4) enhancing operation ited States and Allied forces. Consistent with tre ligations, the military space program shall support such ns as command and control, communications, nav , environmental monitoring, warning, tactical intelligen geting, oce battlefield surveillance, _and fo lication ing research and development programs port ctions) • In addition, military spa ntribute to the satisfaction of nationa quirements. (.e)

VI. NATIONAL FOBEIGN INTELLIGENCE SPACE POLICY (.e'5

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This section conta to, and binding on, the military, national '~~.. ~ civil space sectors. (.e1 a. The United maintain and coordinate separate civil operational space Um!SSIFIEU .5

. "J:,.--:1.~·-=l;:.:. '• # •• systems where differing n_~s of the"""l'ectors dictate. (U} -~~ --;...__ b. Survi vabi 1 i trf.'·and tional security space systems, inclu~nq al~ nee nts, will be pursued commensurate with th fpla ~;~•and conflict, with the threat, and with r assets to perform the mission. (0)

d. All sectors feasible, the development space capabilities.

e. (U) (1) A cont otely sense the Earth from space is impor space goals. To ensure t United States gover LANDSAT-type remote issues and activitle regulating the priva continue government r remote sensing techno! development of commerci space, competitive with, or commercial systems.

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f. sufficient element of national transportation syst flexible capability operations despite fai llb\SSlHtU 6

_ ...... :-.;.:-~-· !·:·~ . States government will con~ihue researqh and development on component technologies ~'"".suppost:

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j. All ~ace s imize the creation of . ~esi tests, experiments and systems will st minimize o accumulation of space debris consist h mission requirements and cost effectiveness. The States government will encourage other space-faring nati t policies and practices aimed at debris minimization. VIII. Normal interagency pr d wherever possible to coordinate the poli s directive. (U) Executive Order No. 12675 National Space Council 6 to provide a coordinated pro or developing a national space policy and strategy and for monitoring its imp~ementation. (U) The Vice President serve of the Council, and as the President's princi nal space policy and strategy. Other memb the Secretaries of State, Treasury, Oef sportation; the Chief of Staff to the Pres ~--~~he Office of Management and Budg President for National Security A the Assistant to the President for Science and Technol e Director of Central Intelligence, and the Administrator o ational Aeronautics and Space Administration. Th man, from time to~time, invites the·· Chairman of the Join s of Staff, eads of executive agencies and other s fficials t cipate in meetings of the Council. (U)

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The following Policy Guide~~--..--~plementing Actions provide a framework through whic this directive shall be carried out. Agencies ions as guidance on priorities, including and execution of budgets for space ac rall resource and policy guidance prov Affected Government agencies shall ensu their current policies are consistent with this directive here necessary, shall establish policies to impleme e practices. (0) I. a. Introducti other agencies: NASA will continue th Federal Government for advancing space and appropriate U/iWA00il ILLi applications through th vities for research, technoloqy, developmen ;~~~~~- oper ions; National Oceanic and Atmospheri~Admin the data, conduct research, and make p e E th's environment; DOT will license and pro .~~~perations which support ~ivil sector b. Space Sci NASA, with the collaboration of other appropriate agencie conduct a balanced proqram to support scientific research, ration, and ex rimentation to expand understanding ot: ( ophysical na and the origin and evolution ot the uni 2) the E s environment and its dynamic relationship origin and evolution of the solar system; ( cal, chemical, and bioloqical processes; ( the space environaent on human beings; and (6) the rw-.-. ...-~rning the oriqin and spread of lite in the universe. (U)

c. Space Exploratio~.-~~--~ to investigate phenomena and objects both within olar system, .NASA will conduct a balanced pro anned exploration. (U)

(1) Huma ration. To ent the long-range goal of expanding h esence and activity beyond Earth orbit into the solar syst A will continue the systematic development of tee s necessary to enable and support a range of future man sions. This tech{lology program (Pathfinder) will b ted toward a Presidential decision on a focused program of xploration solar system. (0) (2) Unmann will continue to pursue a program of here such exploration can most efficiently an isfy·national space objectives by among other ieving scientific objectives where human presence is undesirable or unnecessary; exploring realms where the risks or costs of life support are unacceptable; and providi to support future manned mis_sions. (U) d. Permanent will develop the Space Station to achieve tiona! capability by the mid-1990s. Spa llllitlllll.. (1) Contribute to United States preem in critical aspects of manned ; (2) pr support and stability to scientific and technological inves ons; (3) provide early benefits, particularly in the ials and li~e sciences; (4) promote private sector expe tion preparator to independent commercial activity; low evolut keeping with the needs of Station use he long- als of the United States; (6) provide o e ercial sector participation; and (7) onger term goal of SSifiEO expanding human presence ond Earth orbit into the solar system. (U)

e. Mann~ Spac Preemine pproved programs such as efforts to improv afely opera Space Transportation system (STS) and to , deploy, and use the Space Station, are inten~ed to ensu ed States preeminence in critical ~spects of manned sp ght. (U) f. Space Appl pursue the identific applications flowing to promote private se applications. (U) (1) Such applic new capabilities, or improve the quality or efficienc o continuing activities, including long-term scientific observations. (U) (2) NASA will its capability to conduct selected critical missi opriate mix of assured access to space, on-or automation techniques, redundanc asures.•. (U) (3) Agenc development agreeme to advance the rele States Government s (4) Manag 'Perational remote sensing is the respo nt of Commerce. The Department of Commerc e Federal needs for civil operational re-o o be ~t either by the private sector or the F (b) identify needed civil operational system evelopment objectives; and (c) in coordination with other artments or agencies, provide for the regulation of private sector operational remote sensing systems. (U) g. Civil·.Gover ation. The unique Space Transportation y to provide manned access to space will reas that offer the greatest national re ncluding c ting to United States preeminence in criti cts of manned spaceflight. The STS fleet will maintain tion's capability and will be used to support critical pr requiring aanned presence and other unique STS capabilit In support of national space transportation goals will establish sustainable STS flight rates to provide for ng and budg of Government space programs. NASA will appropria ncements to STS operational capabilit r sta systems for deploying, servicing, craft as national and UfittiSSlfiEU 10

user requirements are h. Internation ited States will foster increas~ inte .civil space activities by seek ~~~ternational participation in ci ed programs. The National ~pace Counc 11 be responsible for oversight of civil space cooperat th the Soviet Union. No such cooperative activi be initiated until an appropriate interagency review completed. (U) United States i vil space activities will: 1.5{~;. /,i {cj pa internat onal space ventures, whether public or private, must be consistent with United Sta~~tse~~~~~~ogy transfer laws, regulations, Executive Or ential directives. ~ (2} Supper iminatory direct readout of da.ta from o foreign ground · stations and the pro Wllillllllii~n users under · specified conditions

(3) Be c d in such a way as to protect the commercial value of ectual property developed with Federal support. Such coope will not preclude or deter commercial space activities by ted siates · ~ sector, except as required by national y or publ ty. (U) II.

a. NASA, and the O:!~iiiJ=~~~ ommerce, Defense, and Transportation will work coope to develop and implement specific measures to foster the of private sector . A focus for commercial space issues has been created hment of the National Space Council. (U) b. To stimula ment, ownership, and operation of space a the United Government will facilitate private s access to appropriate U.S. space­ related hardware an ities, and encourage the private sector to undertake ace ventures. (U) Governmental (1) e goods and services to the fullest extent ctions that may preclude or deter ctivities except as MSlfiEO (2) Ente appropriate cooperative agreements to encourage and advan ate sector basic research, development, and operations whil cting the commercial value of the intellectual propert oped. (0)

(3) Provid Government facilities on a reimbu (4} Identify, a propose tor elimination, applicable portions of United States laws and regulations that unnecessarily impede commercial space sector activities. {0)

(5) Encoura de in commercial space. activities. Consiste nciples,· and policies set forth in this di es Trade Representative will Pl.-..~ate, negotiate with other countries to ge free and fair trade in commercial space activities. ring into space-related technology development and tr greements with other coqntries, Executive Oepartmen agencies will take into consideration whether such countri ctice and encourage free and fair trade in commercial space ies. (0) ·

(6) Provid fer of Government­ developed space techno sector in such a aanner as to protect its comme stent with national security. (U) · (7) Price Government-provided goods and services consistent with OHB Cireul~.. _..~~~

III. a. General:

(1) The ent of Defense (000) will develop, operate, and mainta ssured mission capability through an appropriate mix of control, assured access to space, on-orbit spar roliferation, reconstitution or other means. (U) (2} dissemination critical .JIJJ\SSJFIEU 12 technologies and mission s · ·~e-.-aecorda.nce with Executive Orders and applicable i ves for the<::..,protection of national security .information · r•~ with both the missions performed and ~e s asures ·1"1\cess·~y to protect related space activities. r. .. ~~~~ . (3) DOD sure that the military space program incorporates the s equirements of the Strategic Defense Initiative. (U) b.

JS[c.) J.S{c) ·payloads ch systems and launch s ze the impact of loss any single launch system launch site on mission per~fo~r~~~~ The DOD will procure unmanned launch vehicles d maintain launch capability on both the ts. DOD will also continue to enhance t satellite control capability through an tellite autonomy and survivable command a and data dissemination syste

(2) DOD udy concepts and technologies which would support futur ngency launch capabilities. (0) c. Force Enha (1} The D the DCI as appropriate, will dev ntain space systems and develop plans and a et the requirements of operational land, sea, a~~~~~~~~~~rough all levels of conflict commensurate with ended use. ~

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(3) a survivability enhancement program for future requirements. The ~~.~~~-- survivability of selected, critical nat assets (including associated terrestrial degree commensurate with the value and utility 0of t!h~e~~=-~~t~hey provide to national- level decision functions, operational forces, and elements associated with ~~QM~~~lf government across the spectrum of conflict.

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e. Force Appl consistent with treaty obligations, c opment, and planning to be prepared to acqu weapon systems should national security condit se efforts must ensure a capability to respond in a and effective manner to the development of space and space-related weapons by any adversary and should support techno! that will place the United States in a favorable st un IV.

The following securi conduct of these programs: ~6SifiEO 14 UIIUSSI~Ito ~:·: .. - ~--_-::-:~-~"':·: ~ ... - -~f··· J·.

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(2) The fa tes conducts satellite photo-reconnaissance fo s, including intelligence collection f arms control agreements, is UNCLASSIFIED. act that such photo- reconnaissance includes a near real time capability and is used to provide defense related for indications and warning is also UNCLASSI details, facts, and products concerning na ligence space program activities are subje ification and security controls. (U) ·

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r with the Secretary of. Defense, may uam~ntations to military space systems foreign intelligence. needs. (.81 v. The following par priority cross­ sector efforts and re plans supporting major United States spa a.

(1) The United ~~~~~~o~n~~al space transportation capability will be based cles, consisting of the Space Transportation Sy launch vehicles (ULVs), and in-space The elements of this mix will be. defi ion needs of national security and civil ~~~ted States space activities in the mo (U)

. (3) The ST in an institutional a NASA/DOD Memorandum in NASA for operati and in the DOD for and intelligence mi responsibility of t (4) Unite .--... ch operations are an integral element of .... .,.,,c_ launch capability. NASA will not maintai vehicle (ELV) adjunct to the STS. NASA will~E:'o,ricl'!lll--eh s for commercial and

lllllr~C?trtffr .Jm Jl;#hJdTflklJ ds must be man-tended, , or it is determined mportant for national cial and foreign ~--~owned or operated ELV ign policy reasons.

(5) Civil maximum extent feas.i contractinq for nece private sector or wi

( 6) NASA an ue to cooperate in the development and use o~ space transportation systems and avoid unneces -~~~~~~~n of activities. They will pursue nev launch and l port concepts aimed at improving cost-effectiveness, responsiveness, capability, reliability, availability, ma · ility, and flexibility. such cooperation between d civil sectors will ensure efficient and ef onal resources. (U)

b. Guidelines gement of Co~ercial unmanned Launch Vehi

(1) The will facilitate the Sta·tes unmanned launch vehicles (UL

· (2) The o ion (DOT) is the lead agency within the Fe eloping, coordinating, and art y and regulatory guidance pertaining to cial launch activities in consultation with DO other concerned agencies. All Executive agencies shall assist the DOT in carrying out its ilities, as set forth in the commercial Space Launch Act and Executive Order 12465. (U)

(3) The Unite nt encourages the use of its launch and launch-r for United States commercial launch ope

(4) The U use of government fa national security States Government v impacts on commerci (5) The 'jllliiilwill not subsidize· the commercializatio the use of its facilities, equipment goal of encouraging viable commercial ULV ce with the

'N~f:nljt . . . "' ;. f .:; ''~ ~:· 1 ~ ·3 lU~u uuUlLU Commercial Space Launch ( 6) The Uni will encourage free market competi .-ton wi private sector. The United States Govern le treatment for all commercial launch op for the sa lease of Government equipment and facili onsistent with its economic, foreign policy, and national ity interests. (0)

(7) NASA releasable capabilit shall~ to the maxim

(a) vide commercial launch firms with access, , to national launch and launch-related facil ~~=~R~ tooling, and services to support commercial laun~ (0) (b) Develop, sultation with the DOT, contractual arrangements ~--~~~~~s by commercial launch . firms to national launc ed property and se·rvices they request in suppor (U)

. (C) technical and assistance to commercial launch fi a reimburs ~~~sis, consistent with the pricing guideli ein. (U) (d) appropriate enviro commercial launch o facilities are in co Policy Act. (0)

c. Government UL s. The price charged for the use of United St facilities, equipment, and service, will be based coPIRI.. Iflf! lovinq principles:

.(1) Price all ~s·e:rv-~~~iiiln~c~ludinq those associated with production and launc~ 1 ULVs) based on the direct costs incurred b s Government. Reimbursement shall opriation from which the cost of providin ice was paid. (U) (2) The u States Gove will not seek to recover ULV design elopment costs or investments associated with any nq facilities or new facilities required to meet On ates Government needs to which the u.s. Government retains (0) (3) Tooli ual ULV hardware on hand at the completio Government's program will be priced on a ba st overall interest of . . ~ : ·'·mm···-~ 1 . - m,. . ' -~to. ' 18 the United States Governm~~·~~~~ o consideration that these sales will not co itute a subsi to the private sector operator. (U) ., d. Commercial firms shall: (l) Maint l facilities and equipment leased from the United States Go nt to a level of readiness and repair specified by the Uni ates Government; (U) (2) ULV o th all requirements of the Commercial Spa lations issued under the Act, and all terms ictions of any license issued or transferred b Transportation under the Act. (U) e. Technology Transfer Guidelines: (l) ork to stem the flow of advanced western space un thorized destinations. Executive departments e.-11111•.....: 11 fully responsible for protecting against a fer in the conduct of their progr~. (U) (2) Sale and relat~d technol .be consistent with agreements and arr be used to further international cooper to enhance defense re· countries. ¢

(3) NSDD-70, ~~~~~~~ applies to technologies for space launch vehicles, s inue in force, as implemented by the Guidelines of the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), announced on 1987. The MTCR will not impede national space pr tional cooperation·in such programs as long ontribute to nuclear weapons delivery syst (4) Agree foreign governments, entities vill conta NSDDs 50 and 70, an transfer safeguards agreed. .c.ef f. Space Infr shall recognize the importance of approp e facilities and human resources necessary t space objectives and 19 maintain investments that_are consistent with such objectives. The National Space Coun~!l willy~onduct -~ feasibility study of alternate methods for ·ncou~~!ng pr4_ vate -.sector investment, including capi~l fu ng, :.iff United ·states space infrastructure such as ground facil ies launcher dev~lo~ents, and orbital assembly and test f ili (0) .,.._.. ,....,~-.

j. Space Arms on nuclear and space with the Soviet Uni States Delegation wi Policy directive, guidance by the Pre consult with its Al resulting agreement and its Allies. activities in space with, and subordinat objectives. (U)