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Contemporary Patterns of Wild Resource Use by Residents Of CONTEMPORARY PAlTERNS OF WILD RESOURCE USE BY RESIDENTS OF RUSSIAN MISSION, ALASKA Mary C. Pete Technical Paper No. 127 Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Subsistence Juneau, Alaska February 1991 This research was partially supported by ANIJXA Federal Aid funds, administered through the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, Alaska, SG-l-4 and SG-l-5. ABSTRACT This study describes subsistence uses of hh and wildlife by the residents of the predominantly Yup’ik Eskimo community of Russian Mission. The community is situated 213 river miles from the mouth of the Yukon River, along its north bank. Historically, Russian Mission developed from a Russian trading post in the 1830s. Since then, its human population has fluctuated from decimation due to epidemics and from immigration of communities adjacent to it. In 1984, Russian Mission had a population of 236 people in 49 households. Although the community has been reported as having the lowest median income of Alaskan communities in 1980 census, most households were obtaining cash, either through some form of wage employment or through commercial fahing during the study year. State-funded construction jobs provided many opportunities for wage employment in the summer of 1984. All of the 17 commercial salmon fishing permit holders sold fish in 1984. Russian Mission residents f&hed for all five species of Pacitic salmon. Involvement in subsistence salmon fshing was high -- 80 percent of all households cooperated in 22 subsistence salmon production units, primarily composed of parents and their adult children working together. All extended family households were involved in subsistence salmon production; extended families in multiple households also worked together. Salmon was shared with non-harvesting households. Subsistence salmon harvests by Russian Mission residents were typical of levels for the past two decades. In 1984, salmon harvests totaled 6,267 fish or 54,809 edible pounds. King salmon were the most important species for human food, reflected by its proportion (58 percent) of the total edible weight of salmon harvested -- 135 pounds of king salmon per capita compared to 97.6 pounds per capita for all other salmon species. The location of Russian Mission along that portion of the Yukon River was important in its high involvement and success in subsistence salmon fshing. Timing of river ice breakup, salmon abundance when they reach the Russian Mission area, and the later opening of the commercial salmon fishing season in Russian Mission contributed to productive fishing. Fiih camp locations and many productive f=hing areas made for effective and efficient subsistence salmon fshing. Impacts and development of regulations addressing the commercial salmon ftshery have not been as restrictive as they have been on residents of communities downriver from Russian Mission. Moose was another important resource to Russian Mission residents. Although moose was a relatively recent arrival into the geographic areas used by residents of Russian Mission to hunt and fish, it has been incorporated into the seasonal round of subsistence activities. Lie salmon ftshing, household involvement in moose hunting was high (65 percent), and moose was also widely shared. Russian Mission residents also fuhed for at least 11 freshwater fBh species, hunted caribou, black and brown bear, ptarmigan, hare, spruce grouse, porcupine, over 20 species of waterfowl, and hunted, trapped, and snared 9 furbearer species. They also gathered many plants and berries. Geographic areas used for subsistence activities between 1980-84 encompassed approximately 6,500 square miles. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................. iv LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................... vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................... vii , CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1 PURPOSE .................................................................................................................................. 1 METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................. 4 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING ............................................................................................ 8 CHAPTER 2. COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS ..................................................................... 10 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ........................................................................................... 10 1830-1899..................................................................................................................... 12 1900-1939..................................................................................................................... 16 1940-1970..................................................................................................................... 18 CONTEMPORARY COMMUNITY PROFILE ................................................................ 19 Population Profile.. ..................................................................................................... 22 Employment ................................................................................................................ 22 CHAPTER 3. SUBSISTENCE SALMON FISHING .. ., .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .:... 29 SPECIES HARVESTED ......................................................................................................... 29 COMMERCIAL AND SUBSISTENCE FISHERIES.. ...................................................... 31 GEAR .........................................................................................................................................35 SUMMER FISH CAMPS AND FISHING AREAS ........................................................... 38 PARTICIPATION AND HARVEST.. .................................................................................. 43 SubsistenceSalmon Production Units.. ................................................................... 43 Fishermen and Processors.......................................................................... 44 Household Participation ............................................................................................ 48 Distribution of ProcessedSalmon.. .......................................................................... 48 Harvest Levels............................................................................................................. 51 Processing and Use .................................................................................................... 57 HISTORY OF FISHING REGULATIONS ........................................................................ 63 CHAPTER 4. MOOSE HUNTING .................................................................................................... 69 INTRODUCTION.. .................................................................................................................. 69 MOOSE HUNTING IN 1984-85......................... .................................................................... 69 Fall Season: Hunting Parties .................................................................................... 71 Winter Season: Hunting Parties.. ............................................................................ 74 Hunter Characteristics.. ............................................................................................. 75 Processing and Use .................................................................................................... 77 AREAS USED TO HUNT MOOSE.. ................................................................................... 77 TRENDS IN MOOSE POPULATION AND HUNTING EFFORT .............................. 80 REGULATORY HISTORY.. ................................................................................................. 83 CHAPTER 5. OTHER FRESHWATER FISHING, HUNTING, TRAPPING, AND GATHERING .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 86 INTRODUCTION .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 86 ii NON-SALMON FISHING.. .................................................................................................... 91 Sheefish........................................................................................................................ 93 Arctic Grayling and Dolly Varden ........................................................................... % Whitefsh.. .................................................................................................................... 96 CiSCO............................................................................................................................. 97 Burbot .......................................................................................................................... 98 Northern Pike .............................................................................................................. 99 Alaska Blackfish .......................................................................................................... 100 . Arctic Lamprey ...........................................................................................................102 CARIBOU
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