Tamil Nadu Human Development Report Government of Tamil Nadu in association with Social Science Press Delhi 2003 Published by The Government of Tamil Nadu in association with Esha Béteille Social Science Press 69 Jor Bagh, New Delhi 110003 E-mail: [email protected] Distributed by D.K. Publishers and Distributors (P.) Ltd. 1 Ansari Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi 110002 E-mail: [email protected] © The Government of Tamil Nadu ISBN 81 87358 14 9 Front and back cover picture Courtesy Government of Tamil Nadu Cover design Neelima Rao Social Science Press logo design Arpan Mukhopadhyay Set in Giovanni Book Typeset by Eleven Art, Delhi-110035 Printed by Ravindra Printing Press 1590 Madrasa Road Kashmiri Gate Delhi 110006 Contents List of Boxes v List of Figures vi List of Tables vii List of Appendix Tables ix Foreword xi Acknowledgements xiii Message by M.S. Swaminathan, Vice Chairman, State Planning Commission xv Message by Kamaluddin Ahmed, Member, Planning Commission xvii Message by Brenda Gael McSweeney, UN Resident Coordinator and UNDP Resident Representative xix Introduction xxi CHAPTERS 1—Tamil Nadu—A Profile 1 2—Status of Human Development in Tamil Nadu 13 3—Employment, Income and Poverty 19 4—Demography, Health and Nutrition 39 5—Literacy and Education 67 6—Gender 93 iv ✦ CONTENTS 7—Social Security 113 8—The Road Ahead: Tamil Nadu in the New Millennium 131 Appendix Tables 139 Technical Notes 184 Statistical Gaps 197 Abbreviations 200 References 203 List of Boxes 1.1—Education in Early Years of Madras Presidency 10 2.1—State of Human Development 13 3.1—Child Labour Declines in Tamil Nadu 23 3.2—District-level Income Categories 31 4.1—Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) Project 45 4.2—Empowering Female Field Functionaries 46 4.3—DANIDA Tamil Nadu Area Health Care Project (TNAHCP) 48 4.4—The Noon Meal Programme 56 4.5—Women’s Empowerment through Self Help Groups 57 4.6—Towards a Health Management Information System (HMIS)—A Tamil Nadu Initiative 62 5.1—History of Elementary Education in Tamil Nadu 70 5.2—Incentives for Enrolment 72 5.3—Quality Improvement in Primary Education: District Primary Education 74 Programme (DPEP) 5.4—Teachers in Elementary Education 79 5.5—Elementary Education: Areas of Concern and Initiatives Required 80 5.6—Education and Panchayati Raj 87 5.7—Information Technology Initiatives in Education 88 5.8—Women in Tertiary Education 89 5.9—External Assistance for Elementary Education 91 6.1—Socio-cultural Ethos and Efforts to Change it: A Historical Road Map 94 6.2—Time Use Studies 95 6.3—Tamil Nadu Women’s Development Project (Mahalir Thiuttam)97 6.4—Wife Battering in Chennai 100 6.5—Breaking the Glass Ceiling? 109 7.1—OAP Schemes: Year of Introduction and Eligibility 118 List of Figures 1.1—Total Fertility Rate (Major States) 9 1.2—Infant Mortality Rate (Major States) 10 1.3—Educational Level (Major States) 11 3.1—Total Employment and Employment in Organized Sector, 1999–2000 28 4.1—CBR and CDR for Tamil Nadu and India, 1971–7 40 4.2—Total Fertility Rate 43 4.3—IMR for Tamil Nadu By Place of Residence 47 4.4—Trend in Nutritional Status of Rural Tamil Nadu Children (0–36 Months) 51 4.5—District-wise Access to Water Supply 59 5.1—Literacy Rate, India vs Tamil Nadu 68 5.2—Literacy Rate and Male/Female Ratio 68 5.3—Mean Per cent of Achievement of Class I Students 74 5.4—Mean Per cent of Achievement of Class IV Students 75 5.5—Percentage Rural Habitation with Higher Secondary School (HSS) at Desired Distance 85 5.6—Growth of Arts and Science Colleges in Tamil Nadu, 1991 and 2000 89 5.7—Growth of Engineering Colleges and Polytechnics, 1991–2000 90 6.1—Percentage Ever Married, Southern States 99 6.2—Employment in State Government 105 6.3—Employment in Central Government 106 List of Tables 1.1—Basic Demographic Indicators 5 1.2—Sectoral Distribution of State Domestic Product 6 1.3—Annual Growth Rate at 1980–1 Prices, Tamil Nadu and India 7 2.1—Top and Bottom Five Districts in Human Development Indicators 15 2.2—District-wise HDI and GDI Values, 1999 16 2.3—Top and Bottom Five districts in Gender Development Indicators 17 2.4—Comparison of Districts 17 2.5—Comparison between District GDP and District HDI 18 3.1—Total Workers and Non-workers in Tamil Nadu 20 3.2—Tamil Nadu WPR and Number of Workers 20 3.3—Growth of Employment by Sex 21 3.4—Age-specific Worker Population Ratio, 1993–4 and 1999–2000 22 3.5—Industrial Classification of Workers in 1981 and 1991 Censuses 23 3.6—Industrial Classification of Workers 24 3.7—Composition of Workers by Major Sectors, 1997–8 and 1999–2000 25 3.8—Sectoral Distribution of Workers by Sex 25 3.9—Sectoral Share of NSDP, Employment and per Worker Output, 1993–4 26 3.10—Distribution of Workers (Usual Status) into Various Categories 26 3.11—Per capita Income and Literacy 32 3.12—Per capita Income and Longevity (LEB) 32 3.13—Trends in Poverty Levels in Tamil Nadu 33 3.14—Tamil Nadu—Region-wise Estimates of Poverty 34 3.15—Districts according to Level of Poverty 35 3.16—Poverty levels among SC and ST Households, 1993–4 35 3.17—Share of Consumption Expenditure 36 3.18—Gini Index 37 3.19—Per Capita Income and Poverty in Districts, 1993–4 38 4.1—In-migrants of Last Residence with Duration of Residence 0–9 Years, 1991 41 viii ✦ LIST OF TABLES 4.2—Rural, Urban Sex Ratios in Southern States and India, 1981, 1991 and 2001 41 4.3—Life Expectancy at Birth, 1997 42 4.4—Percentage Prevalence of Malnutrition among Children aged 1–4 years in Selected States 50 4.5—Nutritional Grades in Districts (Upper and Lower Categories) 52 4.6—Prevalence of Nutritional Deficiency Signs among Pre-school Children 54 4.7—Access to Safe Drinking Water by Households (in %) 58 5.1—Sex-wise Enrolment at Elementary Stage 70 5.2—Gross Attendance Ratio 72 5.3—DPEP—Completion Rate, Drop out Rate and Percentage Repeaters 73 5.4—Basic Infrastructure, Select States 76 5.5—Pupil–Teacher Ratio 76 5.6—State-wise Enrolment in Classes IX and X as Percentage of Enrolment in Class I 82 5.7—Female Literacy, Poverty, Enrolment and Gender gap 83 6.1—Number of Electors in Tamil Nadu 101 6.2—Voter Turnout 102 6.3—District-wise Voting Percentages 102 6.4—Membership in Lok Sabha and Cabinet 103 6.5—Members in Tamil Nadu Assembly and Cabinet 104 6.6—Representation in Rural and Urban Local Bodies in Tamil Nadu, 1996 104 6.7—Persons Contested and Elected in Assembly Elections by Sex 1984–96 105 6.8—Trend in Female Employment in Central/ State/Local Bodies 106 7.1—Demographic Profile of the Aged in Tamil Nadu, 1961–91 116 7.2—Dependency Ratio, Ageing Index and Familial Dependency ratio for Tamil Nadu 117 7.3—Literacy Rate for 60+ 117 7.4—Persons Aged 60+ by Sex and Residence in Tamil Nadu 118 7.5—OAP Beneficiaries and Coverage Ratios for Elderly 60+ Population 119 7.6—Correlation Between Elderly Population, Aged WPR, Poverty and OAP Coverage Ratio 120 7.7—Correlation Between Male Elderly Population, Male Aged WPR and OAP Coverage 123 Ratio in Selected Districts. 7.8—Correlation Between Female Elderly Population, Female Aged WPR and OAP 123 Coverage Ratio in Selected Districts. 7.9—Expenditure on OAP Pension Schemes for Elderly 60+ Population in Tamil Nadu 126 7.10—Prevalence Rate (per one lakh persons) of any Physical Disability among Persons 127 aged 60 years and above by Sex. 7.11—Number of Old Age Homes and Day Care Centres under funding from GOI 128 List of Appendix Tables A1—Index and Indicators A1.1—Human Development Indicators 141 A1.2—Human Development Index 142 A1.3—Gender Related Development Index: Income Index 142 A1.4—Gender vs Human Development Ranks 143 A2—Economy Profile A2.1—Inter-State Economy Profile Major States 144 A3—Demographic Profile A3.1—Inter-State Demographic Profile—Major States 146 A3.2—Demograghic Profile—Tamil Nadu 147 A3.3—Tamil Nadu—Sex ratio 147 A3.4—Tamil Nadu—Population of SCs and STs 148 A3.5—Tamil Nadu—Work Participation Rates by Residence 149 A4—Health Profile A4.1—Health Profile—Tamil Nadu by Residence 151 A4.2—Health Profile—Tamil Nadu by Gender 152 A4.3—Inter-State Health Profile 153 A5—Education Profile A5.1—Education Profile—Major States 154 A5.2—Literacy rate 155 A5.3—Gross Enrolment Rate and Drop out Rate 156 A5.4—Pupil–Teacher Ratio and Access to Schooling 157 A5.5—Availability of Ancillary Facilities in Schools 158 x ✦ LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES A6—Domestic Product Profile A6.1—Gross District Domestic Product (at Current and Constant (1993–4) Prices) 160 A6.2—Per capita Income at Current and Constant Prices 161 A6.3—Share of District Domestic Product to State Domestic Product 162 A6.4—Estimates of Gross District Domestic Products at Current Prices 163 A6.5—Sectorwise Growth of Gross District Domestic Product at Constant (1993–4) Prices 164 A6.6—Estimates of Poverty in Tamil Nadu, 1993–4 165 A6.7—District Domestic Product Series—Per capita Income, Growth Rate and Sectoral Contribution 166 A7—Housing Profile A7.1—District-wise Housing Units by Number of Rooms per Housing Unit—Rural 167 A7.2—District-wise Housing Units by Number of Rooms per Housing Unit—Urban 168 A8—Drinking Water, Electricity and Sanitation Profile A8.1—Safe Drinking Water and Electricity (Total, Rural and Urban) 169 A8.2—Percentage of Households with Access to Toilets and Safe Drinking Water and Electricity 170 A8.3—Percentage of Households with Access to Electricity and Toilets and all 3 Facilities 171 A9—Deprivation Profile A9.1—Percentage of Households having none of the 3 facilities and those without Access to Toilets 172 A10—Gender Disparities Profile A10.1—Female Population and Sex ratio 173 A10.2—Female Literacy, 1991 174 A10.3—Enrolment of Girls in Primary School and Married Women per 1000 persons 175 A10.4—Victims of Molestation and Rape 1991, 1996 177 A10.5—Married Males and Females (1981, 1991), Percentage of Married Females of ages 15–19 178 and Percentage of Widows in Female Population A11—Ageing Profile 1991 A11.1—Elderly Population in Thousands and as Percentage of Total Populaton and Elderly Sex Ratio 179 A11.2—Proportion of Elderly by Residence and Sex 180 A11.3—Dependency Ratio, and Aged Work Participation Rate 181 A11.4—Old Age Pension Schemes in Tamil Nadu, OAP, DALP, DPHP, DWP and DDWP 182 Chapter 1 Foreword I have pleasure in introducing the Human Development Report for Tamil Nadu.