Journal of Clinical Medicine Review Lipid and Lipoprotein Dysregulation in Sepsis: Clinical and Mechanistic Insights into Chronic Critical Illness Grant Barker 1, Christiaan Leeuwenburgh 2, Todd Brusko 3 , Lyle Moldawer 4, Srinivasa T. Reddy 5 and Faheem W. Guirgis 1,* 1 Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine-Jacksonville, University of Florida, 655 West 8th Street, Jacksonville, FL 32209, USA;
[email protected]fl.edu 2 Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA; cleeuwen@ufl.edu 3 Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; tbrusko@ufl.edu 4 Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA;
[email protected]fl.edu 5 Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
[email protected] * Correspondence:
[email protected]fl.edu; Tel.: +1-904-244-4986 Abstract: In addition to their well-characterized roles in metabolism, lipids and lipoproteins have pleiotropic effects on the innate immune system. These undergo clinically relevant alterations during sepsis and acute inflammatory responses. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) plays an important role in regulating the immune response by clearing bacterial toxins, supporting corticosteroid release, decreasing platelet aggregation, inhibiting endothelial cell apoptosis, reducing the monocyte inflam- Citation: Barker, G.; Leeuwenburgh, matory response, and inhibiting expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules. It undergoes C.; Brusko, T.; Moldawer, L.; Reddy, quantitative as well as qualitative changes which can be measured using the HDL inflammatory index S.T.; Guirgis, F.W.