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Red Crossbills Figure 1 TTyyppee 55 RReedd CCrroossssbbiillllss ((LLooxxiiaa ccuurrvviirroossttrraa )) iinn NNeeww YYoorrkk:: fifirrsstt ccoonnfifirrmmaattiioonn eeaasstt ooff tthhee RRoocckkyy MMoouunnttaaiinnss MATTHEW A. YOUNG • CORNELL LAB OF ORNITHOLOGY, 159 SAPSUCKER WOODS ROAD, ITHACA, NEW YORK 14850 • ([email protected]) southward onto Coy Street. After travelling for about one kilometer on Coy Street, we stopped in front of a 160-hectare plantation of Norway Spruce ( Picea abies ), European Larch (Larix decidua ), and Red Pine ( Pinus resinosa ). A 30-hectare stand of White Spruce ( Picea glauca ) was across the road to the east, and in the general area were scattered Scots Pine ( Pi - nus sylvestris ), Eastern White Pine ( Pinus strobus ), Eastern Hemlock ( Tsuga canadensis ), and Red Spruce ( Picea rubens ). As we stepped out of the car, we heard Common Ravens (Corvus corax ) giving an interesting mix of vocalizations from a location about 100 me - ters to the west, deeper into the larger planta - tion. Budney decided to record them, while I stayed near the car and observed from a dis - tance. During his last recording, as he was registering data on weather conditions, equip - ment, location, and time, two Red Crossbills Figure 1 . Approximate range of Type 5 Red Crossbill in western North America. Map adapted by permission from original by Jeff Groth. flew over (at 42° 34’ 21’’ N, 75° 41’ 10’’ W). Budney annotated “Red Crossbills” during Abstract resent species, or possibly incipient species, the recording (Macaulay Library of Natural This paper provides documentation of Type 5 and indeed one has already been described as Sounds #138299). Red Crossbill ( Loxia curvirostra ) near a full species, South Hills Crossbill, L. sinesci - In July 2008, I listened to Budney’s raven Pharsalia, Chenango County, New York, urus (Benkman et al. 2009). Types are associ - recording. Red Crossbill calls had been where two calling individuals were audio- ated with differences in morphology, genetics, recorded adequately for audiospectrographic taped on 5 August 2006. This record is the and ecological specialization (Groth 1993, analysis, which I made using Raven Pro 1.3 first of Type 5 verified east of the Rocky Benkman 1993, Parchman et al. 2006). To software. As I analyzed the spectrographs of Mountains. Identification to Type was con - identify a calling Red Crossbill to Type with the crossbills and listened again to the record - firmed by authorities Jeffrey Groth, Craig certainty, audiospectrographic analysis of ing, I realized they most closely matched the Benkman, and Nathan Pieplow. The paper recorded calls is required, although some peo - spectrographs and sounds of Groth’s Type 5. I also reviews identification of this Type 5 and ple have demonstrated the ability to distin - knew that Type 5, widespread in the inter - others types by audiospectrographic analysis. guish some Types by ear. For non-specialists, mountain West (Figure 1), had never been computer programs such as Raven Lite (see confirmed east of the Rocky Mountains, Introduction <http://www.birds.cornell.edu/brp/raven/Rav - where its primary food species occur, namely Since the publication of groundbreaking re - enOverview.html>) can be used to produce seeds of Lodgepole Pine ( Pinus contorta latifo - search on the Red Crossbill ( Loxia curviros - spectrographs from sound recordings relative - lia ) and Engelmann Spruce ( Picea engelman - tra ) complex by Groth (1993; see also ly easily. ni ) (Groth 1993, Benkman 1993, Kelsey <http://research.amnh.org/vz/ornithology/cro 2008). ssbills/nathist.html>), audio-recording Red Field encounter and I sent the recording and spectrograph made Crossbills, particularly birds giving flight confirmation of Type from it (Figure 2) to Jeffrey Groth at the calls, has become more widespread among On 5 August 2006, Greg Budney and I arrived American Museum of Natural History and to amateur ornithologists. Groth (1993), at North Road in Pharsalia, Chenango Coun - Craig Benkman at the University of Wyoming Benkman (1999), and Irwin (2010) have ty, New York at approximately 0930 EDT. for comments. Groth confirmed them as Type demonstrated that at least ten Red Crossbill Type 1 Red Crossbills were immediately heard 5, as did Benkman. Because the crossbills had call-types (hereafter, Types) are distinguish - and recorded. At 1045 EDT, we moved east - been recording flying while an announcement able in North America. These Types may rep - ward on the old CCC Trucking Trail, then was being made, the spectrograph has some 2 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS TYPE 5 RED CROSSBILLS IN NEW YORK Figure 2 . Two spectrographs, using slightly different scales, of Type 5 Red Crossbill (Macaulay Library of Natural Sounds #138299) flight calls recorded near Pharsalia, New York 5 August 2006. Spectrographs by Matthew A. Young. associated noise; however, it does show key theory (Bent 1998). Because both elements elements and their skewed orientation are vis - characteristics (described below) that confirm modulate differently but over essentially the ible, and there is at least a hint that the two el - the identification as Type 5. Later, in the same time span, Type 5 Red Crossbills proba - ements are connected. Spectrographs of flight spring of 2009, Nathan Pieplow at the Uni - bly use both halves of their syrinx simultane - calls of the Red Crossbill Types normally versity of Colorado made an independent au - ously, much like Catharus thrushes (Groth found in the eastern United States are very diospectrographic analysis of the calls, also 1993, Pieplow 2007). The overlapping quali - different from Type 5 flight calls: Types 1 and identifying them as Type 5. ty of the elements is not detectable by the hu - 2 have downward-modulated calls (Groth man ear; instead, we usually perceive a single 1988, Young 2008), Type 3’s call has a zig-zag Discussion note, as when two keys of a piano are struck shape, Type 4 shows “v”-shaped calls, and The flight calls of Type 5 Red Crossbills have at the same time. To the human ear, Type 5 Type 10 often has checkmark-shaped call. two elements that drop in frequency, but the calls sound relatively dry and “twangy.” Type 5 produces one of the call types most two elements are given in very slightly differ - Viewed as a spectrograph, the flight call of easily distinguished by ear, but Type 3 can ent frequency domains (Figure 3). The lower Type 5 shows a distinctive skewed orientation sound similar at times (pers. obs.; N. Pieplow, element is generally simpler and shows less that differs from all other Types’ flight calls pers. comm.) variation, whereas the upper element usually (Figure 4) and is thus unlikely to be misiden - Despite the remarkable variation in vocal - rises sharply before modulating downward tified. A rare variant of Type 1, however, can izations, morphometrics, and ecological asso - (Groth 1993). The second element starts a produce calls polyphonically, and spectro - ciations in the Red Crossbill complex, the fraction of a second after the first element. In graphs of such calls can superficially resemble Types appear to fall into two groups in North the spectrograph, this second element con - those of Type 5 flight calls. Nonetheless, spec - America: those that follow fluctuations in un - nects with, or nearly connects with, the first trographs of Type 5 calls do not show the ini - stable cone crops (Types 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, and element—thus forming a signature that looks tial upward component diagnostic of Type 1 likely 7); and those that occur mostly in areas similar to a lowercase letter “n” or “h” rotated calls (Figure 3), and the orientation and with more stable cone crops, such as certain slightly to the left. The deliveries of these two sound of Type 5 calls are also quite different pine forests (Types 5, 6, and 9) and/or insular elements overlap for part of their durations, a from Type 1 variant calls (pers. obs.; N. (Newfoundland Type 8) or island-like (South texture often called “polyphony” in music Pieplow, pers. comm.). In Figure 2, the two Hills Type 9; see Benkman et al. 2009) geogra - VOLUME 64 (2010) • NUMBER 2 3 TYPE 5 RED CROSSBILLS IN NEW YORK Figure 3 . Spectrograph a flight 1987). In addition to the regularly used the 1980s, and since that time, they have been call of Type 5 Red Crossbill, Lodgepole Pine and Engelmann Spruce, nest - detected in Ontario (Groth 1993), Maryland, recorded at Odell Creek, Oregon ing Type 5 Red Crossbills have been found Maine, New Jersey, (Evans and O’Brien 2002, on 26 July 1988. Spectrograph by feeding on seeds of Douglas-fir and of Blue M. O’Brien pers. comm.), New Hampshire Jeff Groth. Spruce ( Picea pungens ) in Wyoming (Kelsey (Young, in press), and New York (pers. obs.; 2008), and Type 5 has been observed occa - Groth 1993). Benkman (1993b) notes that phy with relatively sta - sionally nesting in Sitka Spruce forests in measurements of the large-billed Type 5 al - ble cone crops. For the coastal California (K. Irwin, pers. comm.). most completely overlap those of Type 2, al - most part, smaller-billed Given their propensity for feeding on seeds though the widths of the grooves in their Types are more no - of Lodgepole Pine and various species of palate used for husking seeds do differ be - madic, following fluctu - spruce in the intermountain West, the Type 5 tween these Types. Although Type 2 should ating cone crops, such Red Crossbills found near Pharsalia were be considered the most likely large-billed as those of Douglas-fir most likely utilizing Norway Spruce, White Type in the East, the verification of Type 5 in (Pseudotsuga menziesii ), Spruce, or possibly Red Pine (see Benkman upstate New York in 2006 means that this Western Hemlock ( Tsuga 1987); both Norway and White Spruce at this Type should be carefully considered as well.
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