Diving into STEM with Oceanic Research Group Secondary Unit: Teaching STEM with Sharks Sharkwreck Mystery: Teacher Vocabulary Resources Concepts: Scientific Inquiry, Hypothesis, Theory, Study design Grade Level: 9 Estimated Time: Afterschool: 20 hours Classroom: 9 hours Overview: Thirty miles off the coast of North Carolina there is a shipwreck on the bottom and swarming around the wreck are dozens of Sand Tiger sharks. They look menacing, but they seem to be very docile. What are they all doing there, in one spot? That’s what Jonathan wants to find out. Biologists think they are coming to mate, as evidenced by the shark teeth they find scattered on the wreck. But while observing the sharks, Jonathan can’t see them doing much of anything except swimming around. He and his crew try various ways to learn more about why these Sand Tiger sharks congregate at this wreck. What do they learn by diving with and recording these sharks both during the day and at night? Resources: Jonathan Bird’s Blue World - Webisode 7 - http://www.blueworldtv.com/webisodes/watch/a- sharkwreck-mystery Introduction Objectives People are able to study land animals such as bears, • Introduce viewers to the Sand Tiger shark, and its lions or birds by sitting for many hours and observing specialized teeth designed for catching fish. them. In order to not affect the natural behavior of the animals, this observation usually occurs from a • Teach how a hypothesis can be tested by distance or by people camouflaging themselves in experimentation. the surrounding environment. Studying behavior of • Demonstrate just how little we know about some animals underwater is much more challenging due to species and how hard it is to learn new things about the limitations of time, underwater visibility, location wildlife. and difficulty blending in with the environment. Consequently, long hours of observational research is • Review different types of scientific study design not possible for underwater animals which means there are many unanswered questions about underwater animal behavior. NGSS and Common Core Standards It has been known for years that Sand Tiger sharks Next Generation Science Standards gather in certain locations at certain times of the year Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics but the exact reason for this is not known. This lesson highlights the progressive attempts and challenges of Biological Evolution: Unity and Diversity learning what the Sand Tiger sharks are doing on this North Carolina shipwreck. Results are reviewed and Common Core Standards hypotheses revised while considering other ways to Reading Standards 6-12 research the question. Considerations for study design Speaking and Listening 6-12 such as open, blind and double blind are also included in this lesson. Writing Standards 6-12

Secondary Unit Lesson 3- Sharkwreck Mystery: Teacher Resources - Page 1 Learn more at www.BlueWorldTV.com! ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY Sharkwreck Mystery: Teacher Answer Key

Directions: Find a picture or a synonym (similar word) for each of the Essential Vocabulary words. Use a dictionary, thesaurus, internet, or any other resource available to you. These are in alphabetical order. For an additional activity, pair words with opposite meanings.

AGGRESSIVE - ready and willing to fight, argue, etc.; using forceful methods to succeed or to do something ANCHOR LINE – the rope or chain that connects the anchor to a boat or ship BIAS - a tendency to believe that some people, ideas, etc., are better than others that usually results in treating some people unfairly BIOLOGIST - a scientist who studies living organisms, often in the context of their environment BLIND STUDY - of, relating to, or being an experimental procedure in which the experimenters but not the subjects know the makeup of the test and control groups during the actual course of the experiments BOTTOM - the lowest part, point, or level of something CLUE - something that helps a person find something, understand something, or solve a mystery or puzzle; an understanding of something COINCIDENCE - a situation in which events happen at the same time in a way that is not planned or expected CONVERGE - to move toward one point and join together CONFIRM - to state or show that (something) is true or correct; to give official approval to (something or someone) CONTROL GROUP - A control group is a group separated from the rest of the experiment where the independent variable being tested cannot influence the results. This isolates the independent variable’s effects on the experiment and can help rule out alternate explanations of the experimental results. CREW -the group of people who operate a ship, airplane, or train; a group of people who do a specified kind of work together CRYSTAL CLEAR - perfectly clear: able to be seen through completely; perfectly easy to understand DEPENDENT VARIABLE - the variable being tested in a scientific experiment and represents the output or effect. DETERIORATE -to become worse as time passes DISTURB - to stop (someone) from working, sleeping, etc. : to interrupt or bother (someone or something) DOUBLE-BLIND STUDY - used to describe an experiment that is done so that neither the people who are doing the experiment nor the people who are the subjects of the experiments know which of the groups being studied is the control group and which is the test group EXPLORE - to look at (something) in a careful way to learn more about it : to study or analyze (something); to travel over or through (a place) in order to learn more about it or to find something FOOTAGE - scenes or action recorded on film or video; the size of something measured in feet HAWTHORNE EFFECT (OBSERVER EFFECT)- the alteration of behavior by the subjects of a study due to their awareness of being observed.

Secondary Unit Lesson 3- Sharkwreck Mystery: Teacher Resources - Page 2 Learn more at www.BlueWorldTV.com! ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY Sharkwreck Mystery: Teacher Answer Key (continued) ILLUMINATION - light that comes into a room, that shines on something, etc.; knowledge or understanding INCONSPICUOUS - not very easy to see or notice INDEPENDENT VARIABLE - is the variable that is not changed or controlled in a scientific experiment usually plotted on the x-axis; it represents the inputs or causes MURKY - very dark or foggy; not clearly expressed or understood NOCTURNAL - active mainly during the night OBSERVER BIAS - A form of bias arising from lack of objectivity in those who are recording or measuring subjects’ responses in trials or social surveys. This can be addressed by blinding (single or, preferably, double). OFFSHORE - located in the ocean away from the shore; moving away from the shore toward the water OPEN STUDY -An open-label study or open studyis a type of study in which both the researchers and participants know which treatment is being administered. REMOTE CAMERA - control of the operation or performance of a camera from a distance SCIENTIST - a person who is trained in a science and whose job involves doing scientific research or solving scientific problems SECRET - kept hidden from others: known to only a few people SECTION - one of the parts that form something SHIPWRECK - the destruction or sinking of a ship at sea SHY -feeling nervous and uncomfortable about meeting and talking to people; tending to avoid something because of nervousness, fear, dislike, etc.; having less than a full or expected amount or number SINK - to go down below the surface of water, mud, etc.; a wide bowl that has a faucet for water and a drain at the bottom and is usually positioned in a counter or on a pedestal --- SANK - past tense of sink ------SUNK - past tense and past participle of sink SURFACE - an outside part or layer of something TEST GROUP - the group in a scientific experiment where the experimental procedure is performed. This group is exposed to the independent variable being tested and the changes observed and recorded. TO BE CONFUSED – to be unable to understand or think clearly TO BITE - to press down on or cut into (someone or something) with the teeth, stinger, fang, etc. TO DESCEND - to go down: to go or move from a higher to a lower place or level TO MATE - either one of a pair of animals that are breeding; a person who lives with you, works in the same place as you, etc. — usually used in combination with another noun TO RECORD - to write (something) down so that it can be used or seen again in the future : to produce a record of (something) TO TAPE - to record (something); to attach (something) using sticky tape VARIABLE - an object, event, idea, feeling, time period, or any other type of category you are trying to measure that is capable of changing. There are two types of variables-independent and dependent. WRECK - a vehicle, airplane, etc., that has been badly damaged or destroyed Secondary Unit Lesson 3- Sharkwreck Mystery: Teacher Resources - Page 3 Learn more at www.BlueWorldTV.com! EXTENDED VOCABULARY Sharkwreck Mystery: Teacher Answer Key Directions: Find a picture or a synonym (similar word) for each of the Extended Vocabulary words. Use a dictionary, thesaurus, Internet, or any other resource available to you.

DAZE - to stupefy especially by a blow; to dazzle with light GEAR - supplies, tools, or clothes needed for a special purpose GERMAN U-BOAT - a German submarine LEISURE - time when you are not working : time when you can do whatever you want to do LONELY - sad from being apart from other people NEEDLE - a small slender usually steel instrument that has an eye for thread or surgical sutures at one end and that is used for sewing; a slender usually sharp-pointed indicator on a dial; a teasing or gibing remark PACE - the speed at which someone or something moves POINTY - having a somewhat sharp end : ending in a point SCATTER - to cause (things or people) to separate and go in different directions SHIP - a large boat used for traveling long distances over the sea SLIPPERY - difficult to stand on, move on, or hold because of being smooth, wet, icy, etc.; not easy to understand or identify in an exact way; not able to be trusted SPRING -a source of water issuing from the ground; the season between winter and summer comprising in the northern hemisphere usually the months of March, April, and May; an elastic body or device that recovers its original shape when released after being distorted: the act or an instance of leaping up or forward SWALLOW - to take through the mouth and esophagus into the stomach SUDDENLY - happening or coming unexpectedly TO CUT - to use a sharp tool (such as a knife) to open or divide TO MATERIALIZE - to become visible : to appear especially in a sudden or magical way

IDIOMATIC LANGUAGE: A BUNCH OF - a group of things of the same kind that are held or tied together or that grow together A SIGN - something (such as an action or event) which shows that something else exists, is true, or will happen DEER IN THE HEADLIGHTS - to look stunned and at a loss for words when asked an unexpected question or made the center of attention GIVE UP - cease making an effort; resign oneself to failure HEAD BACK TO A PLACE - to start moving back to some place. ONE BITE – eat all of something with one bite PITCH DARK - extremely or completely dark SCARE SOMEONE HALF TO DEATH- to make you feel extremely frightened SET UP SOMETHING - to establish or create something SUIT UP - To get changed from one’s present attire into a suit. TO BE ATTRACTED TO SOMEONE/SOMETHING - To exert a force or influence on something that tends to draw it toward something else TO SOLVE SOMETHING - to find a way to deal with and end (a problem); to find the correct answer to (something, such as a riddle): to find the correct explanation for (something, such as a mystery) TURN ON - To cause to begin the operation, activity, or flow of: such as turn on the light bulb.

Secondary Unit Lesson 3- Sharkwreck Mystery: Teacher Resources - Page 4 Learn more at www.BlueWorldTV.com! Vocabulary Bingo: Sharkwreck Mystery • Write one word from the list below in each of the 25 boxes in whatever sequence you desire. Do not repeat words, and do not leave any spaces blank. • The instructor will read definitions in sequence. Place the number of the definition in the box with the associated term. When you have five in a row, shout, “Bingo!” a . P O I N T Y g. TEST GROUP m. LEISURE s. CONTROL GROUP b. SHY h. OPEN STUDY n. NOCTURNAL t. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE c. DAZE i. ILLUMINATION o. VARIABLE u. OBSERVER BIAS d. BIAS j. DETERIORATE p. SLIPPERY v. BLIND STUDY e. PACE k. SCIENTIST q. SUDDENLY w. HAWTHORNE EFFECT f. MURKY l. INCONSPICUOUS r. FOOTAGE x. DEPENDENT VARIABLE y. DOUBLE-BLIND STUDY

Secondary Unit Lesson 3- Sharkwreck Mystery: Teacher Resources - Page 5 Learn more at www.BlueWorldTV.com! Vocabulary Bingo: Sharkwreck Mystery - Definitions 1. BIAS - a tendency to believe that some people, ideas, etc., are better than others that usually results in treating some people unfairly 2. VARIABLE - an object, event, idea, feeling, time period, or any other type of category you are trying to measure. There are two types of variables-independent and dependent. 3. BLIND STUDY - of, relating to, or being an experimental procedure in which the experimenters but not the subjects know the makeup of the test and control groups during the actual course of the experiments 4. CONTROL GROUP - A control group is a group separated from the rest of the experiment where the independent variable being tested cannot influence the results. This isolates the independent variable’s effects on the experiment and can help rule out alternate explanations of the experimental results. 5. DOUBLE-BLIND STUDY - used to describe an experiment that is done so that neither the people who are doing the experiment nor the people who are the subjects of the experiments know which of the groups being studied is the control group and which is the test group 6. FOOTAGE - scenes or action recorded on film or video; the size of something measured in feet 7. HAWTHORNE EFFECT (OBSERVER EFFECT)- the alteration of behavior by the subjects of a study due to their awareness of being observed. 8. ILLUMINATION - light that comes into a room, that shines on something, etc.; knowledge or understanding 9. INCONSPICUOUS - not very easy to see or notice 10. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE - is the variable that is not changed or controlled in a scientific experiment usually plotted on the x-axis; it represents the inputs or causes 11. MURKY - very dark or foggy; not clearly expressed or understood 12. SCIENTIST - a person who is trained in a science and whose job involves doing scientific research or solving scientific problems 13. SHY -feeling nervous and uncomfortable about meeting and talking to people; tending to avoid something because of nervousness, fear, dislike, etc.; having less than a full or expected amount or number 14. TEST GROUP - the group in a scientific experiment where the experimental procedure is performed. This group is exposed to the independent variable being tested and the changes observed and recorded. 15. DAZE - to stupefy especially by a blow; to dazzle with light 16. LEISURE - time when you are not working : time when you can do whatever you want to do 17. PACE - the speed at which someone or something moves 18. NOCTURNAL - active mainly during the night 19. OBSERVER BIAS - A form of bias arising from lack of objectivity in those who are recording or measuring subjects’ responses in trials or social surveys. This can be addressed by blinding (single or, preferably, double). 20. OPEN STUDY -An open-label study or open studyis a type of study in which both the researchers and participants know which treatment is being administered. 21. DEPENDENT VARIABLE - the variable being tested in a scientific experiment and represents the output or effect 22. DETERIORATE -to become worse as time passes 23. POINTY - having a somewhat sharp end : ending in a point 24. SLIPPERY - difficult to stand on, move on, or hold because of being smooth, wet, icy, etc.; not easy to understand or identify in an exact way; not able to be trusted 25. SUDDENLY - happening or coming unexpectedly

Secondary Unit Lesson 3- Sharkwreck Mystery: Teacher Resources - Page 6 Learn more at www.BlueWorldTV.com! Vocabulary Crossword Puzzle: Sharkwreck Mystery

AGGRESSIVE CREW MURKY SINK BOTTOM DISTURB SECRET SPRING CLUE EXPLORE SECTION SURFACE CONFIRM LONELY SHIP WRECK

Secondary Unit Lesson 3- Sharkwreck Mystery: Teacher Resources - Page 7 Learn more at www.BlueWorldTV.com! Prior Knowledge Expectations Students should have a basic understanding of the scientific method or process. Steps to the Scientific Method: 1. The scientific method begins with aquestion . 2. Information is gathered about the question. 3. Next a hypothesis or possible solution is formed. 4. The hypothesis is then tested with an experiment. 5. Results are analyzed and a conclusion is reached. The conclusion may prove or disprove the original hypothesis. In either outcome, more information is known about the original problem and if we are curious, this leads to even more questions. Inquiry, or the search for knowledge, doesn’t end as long as there is curiosity. Terminology related to the Scientific Method: VARIABLE - an object, event, idea, feeling, time period, or any other type of category you are trying to measure that is capable of changing. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE - is the variable that is not changed or controlled in a scientific experiment usually plotted on the x-axis; it represents the inputs or causes DEPENDENT VARIABLE - the variable being tested in a scientific experiment and represents the output or effect. QUANTITATIVE VARIABLE - has numeric values such as height, age, temperature CONTROL - A control group is a group separated from the rest of the experiment where the independent variable being tested cannot influence the results. This isolates the independent variable’s effects on the experiment and can help rule out alternate explanations of the experimental results. CONSTANTS - factors that are kept the same during an experiment such as temperature Experimental Designs: Pretest-Posttest Design - the preferred method to compare participant groups and measure the degree of change occurring as a result of treatments or interventions. Control Group - A researcher must only measure one variable at a time, and using a scientific control group gives reliable baseline data for result comparison. For example, a medical study will use two groups, giving one set of patients the real medicine and the other a placebo. Neither the doctors nor the patients are aware of which pill they are receiving, curbing potential research bias. Randomized Controlled Trials - In randomized controlled trials, the research participants are assigned by chance, rather than by choice, to either the experimental group or the control group. Randomization reduces bias as much as possible. Randomization is designed to “control” (reduce or eliminate if possible) bias by all means. Within Subject Design - every single participant is subjected to every single treatment, including the control.

Secondary Unit Lesson 3- Sharkwreck Mystery: Teacher Resources - Page 8 Learn more at www.BlueWorldTV.com! A Sharkwreck Mystery Cloze Exercise The blue world keeps her ______well, and today we’re going to attempt to solve a mystery about an amazing fish. Every spring, Sand Tiger sharks ______at certain shipwrecks off the coast of North Carolina. Nobody knows why they visit these wrecks or what they like about them. They don’t seem to be doing much of______. But scientists have a theory on what they are doing…and we’re going to see if we can confirm it.

Hi, I’m Jonathan Bird and Welcome to my world!

Our adventure begins in coastal North Carolina in the United States. We have loaded piles of ______aboard a dive boat and we’re heading way offshore…to an area of the ocean ______of World War 2 shipwrecks, known as the “Graveyard of the Atlantic.” The wrecks are located here, in a lonely part of the open ocean, more than 15 miles from______. Eighty feet below me is the wreck of the Carib Sea, a ______that was sunk by a German U-boat in World War two. The Carib Sea has deteriorated over 60 years on the bottom of the ocean, but it ______looks like a ship.

My crew and I are suiting up to ______the wreck and the sharks that have come here. We don our gear and ______into the water, descending down the anchor line into the blue. What starts out as crystal clear water near the surface, becomes more murky at the______. Out of the haze, a shark ______materializes, swimming at a leisurely pace.

Sand Tigers have rows of pointy teeth that look ______scary. These needle-like teeth are not designed for biting divers, but in fact they are good for grabbing and holding on to ______fish. They aren’t good for cutting, so the Sand Tiger usually doesn’t take ______out of anything. They usually don’t eat anything that they can’t ______in one bite.

As I swim around looking at the sharks, they ______to be trying to act inconspicuous, as if they are just waiting for me to ______so they can get back to what they are doing when I’m not around. But what are they doing when I’m not______?? They could be coming to the wrecks to eat. After all, there are a lot of fish______. But there are a lot of fish in lots of places. Why would all these sharks come to the wrecks in North Carolina, all at the ______time? Biologists ______this is no coincidence. They think the sharks come ______to mate.

Secondary Unit Lesson 3- Sharkwreck Mystery: Teacher Resources - Page 9 Learn more at www.BlueWorldTV.com! A Sharkwreck Mystery Cloze Exercise (continued) One clue is the shark’s teeth that can be ______on the wreck. As I look around, I find a ______of shark’s teeth scattered on the wreck and in the sand nearby. Sharks have a steady ______of new teeth being regenerated because they lose their teeth every once in ______when they bite something hard. ______sharks mate, the male bites onto the female to hold on. He often loses some teeth in the______. Scientists think these teeth are a ______that the sharks are mating at the wrecks!

They ______aren’t mating while we’re around, even if we use our super-quiet rebreathers. So the next ______is to place some remote cameras on the wreck and leave, to see if we can ______the sharks doing anything without us around. My crew and I ______several remote cameras on the shipwreck. We will ______for an hour with nobody around so that the sharks won’t be ______by our presence.

Later, we look at the tapes to see if the cameras ______anything on tape. See now what’s surprising me about this is that I really ______to see something different with the unmanned cameras. I mean when we’re not down there, there’s no divers, they should be doing ______now that we’re not there. But they’re doing the same thing—which is______! While we got some interesting ______of the sharks, we didn’t see any mating. In fact, they looked like they are doing the same exact thing they do when we are ______there with them. I would expect a lot more______.

Hmm, I think we are going to have to go back out and see ______they do at night. I think that’s the only thing we can see because if they’re not doing it ______the daytime, maybe it’s a nighttime, maybe it’s a nocturnal activity. Could the sharks be mating at night? There’s only one way to find out, and it’s a pretty ______option.

We decide to take the boat out to the wreck to stay ______. We are the first film crew to ______filming Sand Tigers on this wreck at night. We head down into the darkness with video lights on our cameras, hoping to see something______. When we reach the wreck, we don’t really see anything except ______darkness. Until…

Out of nowhere, a dazed Sand Tiger shark ______comes right at me and scares me half to death! During the day the Sand Tigers are far too ______to come this close. They don’t seem aggressive…but they do seem ______by the lights. They act like they are sleep-swimming, almost like a deer in the headlights when the bright video lights get too______. After an hour looking for mating ______and not seeing any, we give up and head back to the boat. But we still have one ______idea. Secondary Unit Lesson 3- Sharkwreck Mystery: Teacher Resources - Page 10 Learn more at www.BlueWorldTV.com! A Sharkwreck Mystery Cloze Exercise (continued) And you liked the camera positions earlier? Those were good. We will try the remote cameras again, this time at night. Alright. And the sharks do, they go through there, they go around the front of the______, and then when they circle around they come across that front…

But in order for the cameras to be able to see anything, we will need at ______some light. The following day, we set up a super ______movie light over the bow of the wreck by hanging it from an air-filled lift bag. This 200 Watt HMI light is as bright as a 1,000 watt lightbulb. If we hang it ______enough over the wreck, it should throw just enough light to provide some ______illumination for the cameras, but not so much that will daze the sharks.

While Rick is ______the light, Gator, Tim and I are setting up cameras. Finally, everything is ready. Now we head back to the ______to wait for darkness. Later, we dive back down to the wreck and turn on both the cameras and the light. It’s a ______dive, and then we return to the boat to wait.

Whoa! I don’t know we might have just put down the world’s ______plankton-attracter! I don’t know! But I can tell you one thing: the sharks are around the wreck at night. Um hmm! Oh yeah, they’re there!

In the morning we ______all the cameras again. Reviewing the______, our light above the wreck worked out well. In fact, it worked so well that it attracted a huge school of fish below it.

(Discussion while watching footage) We learned that the sharks are ______not feeding on these fish because if they were, how could they not be attacking such an easy meal? Every once in a while we see a shark or two pass through the______, but we don’t see any mating.

You might think that our ______experiment was for nothing because we didn’t see the sharks mating. But in fact it proved that the sharks don’t seem to be very ______at night. And it showed us that they ______not be mating at the wrecks, though we can’t prove it either way.

The ocean is filled with______, many of which will never be solved. We’re a little closer to understanding the Sand Tiger shark, but we have a lot to learn. For now, we still have no idea why the Sand Tigers come to the wrecks in North Carolina. This mystery will continue to remain unsolved. Secondary Unit Lesson 3- Sharkwreck Mystery: Teacher Resources - Page 11 Learn more at www.BlueWorldTV.com! A Sharkwreck Mystery Cloze Exercise - Answer Key 1. secrets 19. same 37. something 54. bow 2. converge 20. think 38. shots 55. least 3. anything 21. here 39. down 56. bright 4. gear 22. found 40. action 57. high 5. land 23. bunch 41. what 58. gentle 6. ship 24. supply 42. during 59. hanging 7. still 25. shile 43. spooky 60. surface 8. explore 26. when 44. overnight 61. quick 9. bottom 27. process 45. attempt 62. largest 10. slowly 28. sign 46. incredible 63. collect 11. pretty 29. sure 47. pitch 64. footage 12. slippery 30. step 48. suddenly 65. probably 13. bites 31. catch 49. shy 66. school 14. swallow 32. place 50. confused 67. entire 15. seem 33. record 51. close 68. active 16. leave 34. disturbed 52. behavior 69. might 17. around 35. caught 53. last 70. mysteries 18. here 36. expected

Secondary Unit Lesson 3- Sharkwreck Mystery: Teacher Resources - Page 12 Learn more at www.BlueWorldTV.com!