Chapter 1: Introduction

Notes

1. F. Bacon (n.d.) ‘The New Atlantis’, in H. Morley (ed.), Ideal Commonwealths, 10th edn (London: Routledge, and New York: Dutton), p. 202. Subsequent page references in the text are to this edition. 2. G. Claeys (2011) Searching for Utopia: The History of an Idea (London: Thames & Hudson), p. 151. 3. M.I. Finley (1967) ‘Utopianism Ancient and Modern’, in K.H. Wolff and B. Moore, Jr (eds), The Critical Spirit: Essays in Honor of Herbert Marcuse (Boston, MA: Beacon Press), p. 13. 4. K. Kumar (1991) Utopianism (Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1991), pp. 54, 59. 5. A. Huxley (1971) Brave New Worldd (London: Folio Society), p. 154. Subsequent page references in the text are to this edition. 6. Kumar (1991), p. 55. 7. See E. Hansot (1974) Perfection and Progress: Two Modes of Utopian Thought (Cambridge, MA and London: MIT Press), p. 100. 8. See B. Goodwin and K. Taylor (1982) The Politics of Utopia: A Study in Theory and Practice (London: Hutchinson), p. 63. 9. It is sometimes claimed that the whole social structure of Plato’s Republicc is based on a ‘noble lie’. For a brief commentary, see Plato (1987) The Republic, trans. D. Lee, 2nd edn (London: Penguin), p. 177. 10. On politics in News from Nowhere, see R. Levitas (2013) Utopia as Method: The Imaginary Reconstitution of Societyy (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan), p. 111. 11. Kumar (1991), p. 55. 12. Goodwin and Taylor (1982), p. 63. 13. L.T. Sargent (2010) Utopianism: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press), p. 104; Kumar (1991), pp. 11–12. 14. H.G. Wells (2005) A Modern Utopia, ed. G. Claeys and P. Parrinder (London: Penguin), p. 11. 15. The exact generic relationship between utopia and science fiction has been much debated, and few would now accept Darko Suvin’s somewhat reductive view of utopia as the ‘sociopolitical subgenre’ of science fiction. See D. Suvin (1979) Metamorphoses of Science Fiction: On the Poetics and History of a Literary Genre (New Haven, CT and London: Yale University Press), p. 61; also G. Paschalidis (2000) ‘Modernity as a Project and as Self-Criticism: The Historical Dialogue between Science Fiction and Utopia’, in K. Sayer and J. Moore (eds), Science Fiction: Critical Frontiers (Basingstoke: Macmillan), pp. 35–47; and P.E. Wegner (2014) ‘Utopianism’, in R. Latham (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Science Fiction (New York: Oxford University Press), pp. 573–83. 16. Hansot (1974), pp. 9, 97.

189 190 Notes

17. Ibid., p. 95. 18. T.S. Kuhn (1962) The Structure of Scientifific Revolutions (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press). 19. See e.g. C.H. Waddington (1941) The Scientifific Attitude (Harmondsworth: Penguin); B. Russell (1931) The Scientifific Outlook (London: Allen & Unwin). 20. F. Jameson (2005) Archaeologies of the Future: The Desire Called Utopia and Other Science Fictions (London and New York: Verso, 2005), pp. 10–11, 184. 21. Jameson’s use of this term perhaps reflects his own disbelief in the ability of modern utopian thinkers to resolve the formal dilemmas of the classical utopia that he outlines: its purported timelessness, and its aim of resolving all political differences and material difficulties while also spurring us into some kind of action. See Jameson (2005), p. xiv. 22. The nineteenth-century satirical utopias such as Bulwer Lytton’s The Coming Race and Samuel Butler’s Erewhon (both published in 1872) are entirely lack- ing in Shelley’s dark romanticism. 23. J.W. von Goethe (1987) Faust: Part One, trans. D. Luke (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press). 24. The fellows of Salomon’s House are, in fact, divided into four different cat- egories of specialist, including the ‘interpreters of Nature’, tasked with gener- ating new scientific theories, and the ‘dowry-men or benefactors’, entrusted with translating new discoveries into ‘things of use and practice for man’s life and knowledge’ (210–11). 25. On the role of ‘desire’ in the definition of utopia, see R. Levitas (1990) The Concept of Utopia (New York and London: Philip Allan), esp. pp. 7–8. 26. O. Stapledon (1972) Star Makerr (Harmondsworth: Penguin), p. 16. 27. K.S. Guthke (1990) The Last Frontier: Imagining Other Worlds from the Copernican Revolution to Modern Science Fiction, trans. H. Atkins (Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press), p. 353. 28. J.B.S. Haldane, ‘Auld Hornie, F.R.S.’, Modern Quarterlyy 4 (Autumn 1946), 32–40. 29. See e.g. R. Coward (1983) Patriarchal Precedents: Sexuality and Social Relations (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul). 30. V. Nabokov (1980) Lectures on Literature, ed. F. Bowers (New York and London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich), p. 280. 31. J. Raulerson (2013) Singularities: Technoculture, Transhumanism, and Science Fiction in the Twenty-First Centuryy (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press), p. 4.

Chapter 2: Beyond the Telescope: From Astronomy to (Dystopian) Fiction

1. ‘Democritus Junior’ (1879) The Anatomy of Melancholyy (London: Tegg), p. 327; E. Bloch (1986) The Principle of Hope, trans. N. Plaice, S. Plaice and P. Knight (Oxford: Blackwell), I, p. 12. 2. H.G. Wells (1936) wrote about Burton in the opening pages of The Anatomy of Frustration: A Modern Synthesis (London: Cresset Press); he uses the epithet ‘warehouse-like’ on p. 13. On Burton’s utopianism, see V. Fortunati and R. Trousson, eds (2000) Dictionary of Literary Utopias (Paris: Champion), pp. 49–50. Notes 191

3. O. Stapledon (1972) Star Makerr (Harmondsworth: Penguin), p. 16. 4. See Bloch (1986), and R.L. Stevenson (1920) ‘A Humble Remonstrance’, in Memories and Portraits (London: Chatto & Windus), pp. 175–6: ‘Desire is a wonderful telescope, and Pisgah the best observatory’. 5. J. Kepler (1965) Kepler’s Conversation with Galileo’s Sidereal Messengerr, trans. E. Rosen (New York and London: Johnson Reprint), esp. p. 39. See also S.J. Dick (1982) Plurality of Worlds: The Origins of the Extraterrestrial Life Debate from Democritus to Kantt (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 22, 77. 6. Lucretius (1951) On the Nature of the Universe, trans. R. Latham (Harmondsworth: Penguin), pp. 91–2. 7. See Dick (1982), p. 27. 8. D.W. Singer (1950) Giordano Bruno: His Life and Thought, with Annotated Translation of His Work ‘On the Infifinite Universe and Worlds’’ (New York: Henry Schuman), pp. 54–7; and see also Guthke (1990), pp. 38–41. 9. Singer (1950), p. 45. 10. Ibid., p. 323. 11. Dick (1982), p. 93. 12. ‘Democritus Junior’ (1879), pp. 327–8. 13. Photography largely superseded real-time observation in the late nineteenth century, and the radio-telescope came to dominate the twentieth century. Significantly, in Fred Hoyle’s 1957 novel The Black Cloud, the Professor of Astronomy at Cambridge admits that the only times he actually looks through a telescope are when he has to show visitors round his observatory; Hoyle (1960) The Black Cloudd (Harmondsworth: Penguin), p. 41. Nevertheless, optical telescopes remain necessary for various kinds of astronomical observation. 14. I. Calvino (1997) ‘Two Interviews on Science and Literature’, in The Literature Machine, trans. P. Creagh (London: Vintage), p. 31. 15. In John Banville’s historical novel about Kepler’s life (1981), no sooner has the great astronomer started using his new telescope than he begins to grumble about the repeated optical strain of ‘peering into the sky’. J. Banville (1999) ‘Kepler’, in The Revolutions Trilogyy (London: Picador), p. 439. 16. J. Kepler (1967) Kepler’s ‘Somnium’: The Dream, or Posthumous Work on Lunar Astronomy, trans. E. Rosen (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press), p. 109n. 17. Quoted in M.H. Nicolson (1960) Voyages to the Moon (New York: Macmillan), p. 26. 18. Ibid., pp. 127–9. 19. I.B. Cohen (1961) The Birth of a New Physics (London: Heinemann), p. 135; G. Galilei (1989) Siderius Nuncius or The Sidereal Messengerr, trans. A. van Helden (Chicago, IL and London: University of Chicago Press), pp. 103–4. 20. Kepler (1967), ‘Introduction’, p. xvii. 21. Ibid., pp. 125, 128. 22. Kepler (1965), p. 28. 23. C. de Bergerac (1976) Other Worlds: The Comical History of the States and Empires of the Moon and Sun, trans G. Strachan (London: New English Library), p. 30 (title of ch. 2). 24. Wells owned the 1893 Shilleto edition of Burton’s Anatomy, although it is not known when he acquired it. See D.Y. Hughes and H.M. Geduld, 192 Notes

eds (1993) A Critical Edition of The War of the Worlds: H.G. Wells’s Scientifific Romance (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press), p. 195. 25. F. Godwin (1972) The Man in the Moon (Amsterdam: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, and New York: Da Capo Press), esp. pp. 73, 102–5. 26. J. Wilkins (1973) The Discovery of a World in the Moone (Delmar, NY: Scholars’ Facsimiles and Reprints), p. 207. 27. Dick (1982), p. 131. 28. On Adams, see M.J. Crowe (1986) The Extraterrestrial Life Debate 1750–1900: The Idea of a Plurality of Worlds from Kant to Lowell (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 202–14; H.B. Franklin (1978) Future Perfect: American Science Fiction of the Nineteenth Centuryy (London: Oxford University Press), pp. 292–3; Nicolson (1960), pp. 241–2. 29. M.H. Nicolson (1956) Science and Imagination (Ithaca, NY: Great Seal Books), p. 25. 30. Guthke (1990), pp. 232, 239–40, 266. 31. Crowe (1986), pp. 265–7; Guthke (1990), p. 332. 32. Crowe (1986), p. 335. 33. For a full account see R. Crossley (2011) Imagining Mars: A Literary History (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press), especially chs. 3 and 4. 34. Guthke (1990), p. 356. 35. Among the many scholarly accounts of Mars fiction, Crossley (2011) is now the most authoritative. 36. E. Bellamy, ‘The Blindman’s World’, in Franklin (1978), p. 296. Subsequent page references in the text are to this edition. 37. B. Pascal (1961) The Pensées, trans. J.M. Cohen (Harmondsworth: Penguin), p. 57. 38. Guthke (1990), p. 353. 39. R. Burns (1950) ‘To a Louse’, in Poems, ed. L. Brander (London: Oxford University Press), p. 106. 40. Kepler (1965), pp. 43–6. 41. Quoted in Guthke (1990), p. 98. 42. Quoted in ibid., pp. 223, 226. 43. Quoted in Sir D. Brewster (1855) Memoirs of the Life, Writings, and Discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton (Edinburgh: Constable), ii, p. 407. 44. See, for example, the discussion of Laplace’s early influence on Saint-Simon’s utopianism in S. Schaffer (1993) ‘Comets and the World’s End’, in L. Howe and A. Wain (eds), Predicting the Future (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 69–73. 45. H. MacPherson (1933) Makers of Astronomyy (Oxford: Clarendon Press), pp. 145, 229. 46. T. Hardy (1999) Two on a Tower: A Romance, ed. S. Shuttleworth (London: Penguin), esp. pp. 249–50. 47. J.B.S. Haldane (1927) Possible Worlds and Other Essays (London: Chatto & Windus), pp. 1, 286. 48. Ibid., p. 5. 49. H.G. Wells (2005) The Island of Doctor Moreau, ed. P. Parrinder (London: Penguin), p. 131. 50. H.G. Wells (1898) ‘From an Observatory’, in Certain Personal Matters (London: Lawrence & Bullen), pp. 265, 266. Notes 193

51. I. Asimov (1971) ‘Nightfall’, in R. Silverberg (ed.), Science Fiction Hall of Fame (New York: Avon Books), p. 145. 52. H.G. Wells (2007) ‘Under the Knife’, in The Country of the Blind and Other Selected Stories, ed. P. Parrinder (London: Penguin), p. 79. 53. T. de Quincey (2003) ‘System of the Heavens as Revealed by Lord Rosse’s Telescopes’, in Works, ed. F. Burwick (London: Pickering & Chatto), xv, p. 404. 54. O. Stapledon (1976) Nebula Makerr (Hayes: Bran’s Head Books), pp. 6, 19. 55. H.G. Wells (2005) The War of the Worlds, ed. P. Parrinder (London: Penguin), p. 7.

Chapter 3: A Sylph under the Microscope: Science and Romance

1. F. O’Brien (2012) ‘The Diamond Lens’, in The Diamond Lens and Other Stories (London: Hesperus Press), p. 9. Subsequent page references in the text are to this edition. 2. Nicolson (1956), p. 18. 3. W. Wordsworth (1936) ‘Lines Composed a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey’, in Poetical Works, ed. T. Hutchinson, 2nd edn (London: Oxford University Press), p. 164. 4. W.J. Croft (2006) Under the Microscope: A Brief History of Microscopyy (Singapore: World Scientific), p. 1. 5. F. Bacon (n.d.) ‘New Atlantis’, in Ideal Commonwealths, ed. H. Morley, 10th edn (London: Routledge, and New York: Dutton), p. 208. 6. Nicolson (1956), p. 165. 7. B. Pullmann (1998) The Atom in the History of Human Thoughtt, trans. A. Reisinger (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 124–7. 8. Ibid., p. 198. 9. W. Whewell (2001) Of the Plurality of Worlds: A Facsimile of the First Edition of 1853, Plus Previously Unpublished Material, ed. M. Ruse (Chicago, IL and London: University of Chicago Press), p. 25. 10. W. Blake (1966) ‘Auguries of Innocence’, in Complete Writings, ed. G. Keynes (London: Oxford University Press), p. 431; T. Chalmers (1817) A Series of Discourses on the Christian Revelation, Viewed in Connection with the Modern Astronomy, 5th edn (Glasgow: John Smith & Son), pp. 112–14. 11. J. Gunn, ed. (1977) The Road to Science Fiction: From Gilgamesh to Wells (New York: New American Library), p. 227; Chalmers (1817), p. 112. 12. M. Shelley (1965) Frankenstein Or, The Modern Prometheus (New York: New American Library), p. 46. Subsequent page references in the text are to this edition. 13. For the argument that Frankenstein is fully fledged science fiction, see M.R. Page (2012) The Literary Imagination from Erasmus Darwin to H. G. Wells: Science, Evolution, and Ecologyy (Farnham: Ashgate), pp. 71–95. 14. See B. Stableford (1985) Scientifific Romance in Britain 1890–1950 (London: Fourth Estate), pp. 5–10 for the history of the term. 15. N. Hawthorne (1928) ‘Rappaccini’s Daughter’, in Tales, ed. C. van Doren (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 410, 420. 194 Notes

16. H.G. Wells (1898) ‘Through the Microscope: Some Moral Reflections’, in Certain Personal Matters (London: Lawrence & Bullen), pp. 238, 239, 244–5. (First published in Pall Mall Gazette, 31 December 1894.) 17. H.G. Wells (1898) ‘Of a Book Unwritten’, in Certain Personal Matters, p. 168. 18. On ‘The Diamond Lens’ and this myth from Ovid’s Metamorphoses, see Franklin (1978), pp. 326–7. 19. A. Pope (1714) The Rape of the Lock (London: B. Lintott), ‘To Mrs Arabella Fermor’. 20. On Odoevsky and O’Brien, see N. Cornwell (1998) Vladimir Odoevsky and Romantic Poetics: Collected Essays (Providence, NJ and Oxford: Berghahn), pp. 157–67, and Cornwell’s (1992) ‘Introduction’ to V. Odoevsky, The Salamander and Other Gothic Tales, trans. N. Cornwell (London: Bristol Classical Press), p. 7. Cornwell’s translation of ‘The Sylph’ is at pp. 40–59. However, his case about ‘The Diamond Lens’ seems overstated. 21. [Abbot de Villars] (1714) The Count de Gabalis: Being a Diverting History of the Rosicrucian Doctrine of Spirits, viz, Sylphs, Salamanders, Gnomes, and Dæmons: Showing their Various Inflfl uence upon Human Bodies. Done from the Paris Edition (London: B. Lintott and E. Curll), pp. 21, 23. Subsequent page references in the text are to this edition. 22. In ‘The Sylph’, Platonovich’s friends forcibly awaken him from the trance- like state in which he believes himself to have coupled with the sylph. He survives, but is changed from a promising young poet to a typically dissolute Russian aristocrat. The story has an epigraph from The Republic, making explicit the link between the name Platonovich and Plato’s expulsion of the poets. 23. J.W. von Goethe (1966) ‘Der Zauberlehrling’, in Poems of Goethe: A Selection, ed. R. Gray (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 140–43. 24. ‘The Birthmark’, in Hawthorne (1928), p. 281. Subsequent page references in the text are to this edition. 25. See note 19.

Chapter 4: Satanism and Genetics: Haldane’s Daedalus and Its Begetters

1. J.W. von Goethe (1994) Faust: Part Two, trans. D. Luke (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press), pp. 72–3. 2. J. Carey, ed. (1999) The Faber Book of Utopias (London: Faber & Faber), p. xvii. 3. J. Turney (1998) Frankenstein’s Footsteps: Science, Genetics and Popular Culture (New Haven, CT and London: Yale University Press), p. 3. The use of Brave New World in modern biotechnological debates is exemplified by B. Appleyard (1999) Brave New Worlds: Staying Human in the Genetic Future (London: HarperCollins). More recent examples include F. Fukuyama (2003) Our Posthuman Future: Consequences of the Biotechnology Revolution (London: Profile); L.M. Silver (2007) Remaking Eden: How Genetic Engineering and Cloning Will Transform the American Familyy (New York and London: Harper Perennial), where Shakespeare’s lines from The Tempestt supply the epigraph; and L. Garrett (2013) ‘Biology’s Brave New World’, Foreign Affairs (November/ December), 28–46. Notes 195

4. M. Shelley (1965) Frankenstein Or, The Modern Prometheus (New York: New American Library), p. 158. 5. G.K. Chesterton (1914) ‘Mr H.G. Wells and the Giants’, in Heretics, 12th edn (New York and London: John Lane), pp. 85, 89. 6. See e.g. P.J. Bowler (1989) The Mendelian Revolution: The Emergence of Hereditarian Concepts in Modern Science and Societyy (London: Athlone Press), p. 118. 7. See D.J. Kevles (1995) In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity, 2nd edn (Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press), esp. pp. 69, 184–5. 8. For a recent overview of the series, see M. Saunders (2009) ‘Future Sublime’, Times Literary Supplementt, June 26, p. 14–15. 9. J.B.S. Haldane (1924) Daedalus; or, Science and the Future (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner), pp. 46, 49. Subsequent page references in the text are to this edition. 10. For analysis of five later texts in the ‘Today and Tomorrow’ series debating ectogenesis, see S.M. Squier (1994) Babies in Bottles: Twentieth-Century Visions of Reproductive Technology (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press), pp. 67, 73–89. 11. K.R. Dronamraju, ed. (1995) Haldane’s Daedalus Revisited (Oxford: Oxford University Press), p. 1. 12. J.B.S. Haldane (1976) The Man with Two Memories (London: Merlin), p. 91. 13. R. Clark (1968) J.B.S.: The Life and Work of J.B.S. Haldane (London: Hodder & Stoughton), p. 33. 14. See P. Parrinder (2002) ‘Dedalus (Thus Spelt)’, James Joyce Broadsheet 63 (October), 1. 15. J.B.S. Haldane (1932) The Inequality of Man and Other Essays (London: Chatto & Windus), p. 84. 16. R. Buchanan (1901) Complete Poetical Works, 2 vols (London: Chatto & Windus), ii, p. 276. 17. C. Baldick (1987) In Frankenstein’s Shadow: Myth, Monstrosity and Nineteenth- Century Writingg (Oxford: Oxford University Press), p. 7. 18. Ibid., p. 43. 19. H.G. Wells (2005) The Island of Doctor Moreau, ed. P. Parrinder (London: Penguin), p. 30. 20. Buchanan (1901), p. 251. 21. A. Stodart-Walker (1901) Robert Buchanan: The Poet of Modern Revoltt (London: Grant Richards), p. 253. 22. Buchanan (1901), p. 254. 23. J.A. Cassidy (1973) Robert W. Buchanan (New York: Twayne), p. 101. 24. Goethe (1994), p. xxix. 25. Buchanan (1901), p. 288. Subsequent page references to The Book of Orm in the text are to this edition. 26. C.S. Lewis (1955) That Hideous Strength (London: Pan), p. 25. 27. B. Aldiss (1982) Moreau’s Other Islandd (London: Triad/Panther), p. 156. 28. Lewis (1955), p. 117. 29. Haldane (1946), p. 34. 30. C.S. Lewis (1943) The Abolition of Man, or Reflflections on Education (London: Oxford University Press), p. 39. 196 Notes

31. B. Russell (1924) Icarus, or the Future of Science (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner), pp. 47–8. 32. Dronamraju (1995), p. 16. 33. Kevles (1995), pp. 298–9. 34. Robert Sinsheimer, quoted in Kevles (1995), p. 297. 35. Kevles (1995) pp. 293, xii. The latter quote is from the Preface to the second edition. 36. Ibid., p. 301. 37. Silver (2007), p. 13. 38. Russell (1924), p. 50. 39. See I. Sample (2009) ‘Scientists Unravel Neanderthal Genome’, The Guardian, 12 February.

Chapter 5: Eugenics, Utopia, Eudemonics: Bellamy, Galton and Morris

1. E. Bellamy (1966) Looking Backward, 2000–1887, ed. R.C. Elliott (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin), p. 161. Subsequent page references in the text are to this edition. 2. W. Morris (1995) News from Nowhere, or an Epoch of Rest: Being Some Chapters from a Utopian Romance, ed. K. Kumar (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. 65. Subsequent page references in the text are to this edition. 3. J. Goode (1995) Collected Essays of John Goode, ed. C. Swann (Keele: Keele University Press), p. 135. For a recent discussion of News from Nowhere fol- lowing in the footsteps of Goode, A.L. Morton and E.P. Thompson, see M. Beaumont (2009) Utopia Ltd.: Ideologies of Social Dreaming in England 1870– 1900 (Chicago, IL: Haymarket). 4. K. Pearson (1930) The Life, Letters and Labours of Francis Galton, vol. 3A (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. 220. 5. F. Galton (1909) Essays in Eugenics (London: Eugenics Education Society), p. 33. 6. Morton (1984), p. 132. 7. Pearson (1930), pp. 411–12. 8. F. Galton (c. 1911) ‘The Eugenic College of Kantsaywhere’, Galton Papers, University College London, item no. 138/6. 9. For a very recent exception (covering only the later twentieth century), see C. Hanson (2013) Eugenics, Literature and Culture in Post-War Britain (London: Routledge). 10. E.P. Thompson (1977) William Morris: Romantic to Revolutionary, 2nd edn (London: Merlin Press), p. 791. 11. See e.g. Suvin (1979), pp. 182–6. 12. Plato (1987) The Republic, trans. D. Lee, 3rd edn (London: Penguin), p. 240. 13. T. More (1910) Utopia with the ‘Dialogue of Comfort’’ (London and Toronto: Dent, and New York: Dutton), pp. 85–6. 14. E.H. Baruch (1979) ‘“A Natural and Necessary Monster”: Women in Utopia’, Alternative Futures 2.1, 29–48, p. 32. 15. Pearson (1930), p. 413. Subsequent page references to Kantsaywhere in the text are to this (abridged) edition. 16. See C.P. Blacker (1952) Eugenics: Galton and Afterr (London: Duckworth), p. 122. Notes 197

17. Galton (1909), pp. 70, 99, 106. 18. Blacker (1952), p. 94. 19. F. Galton (1901) MS. Notebook, Galton Papers, University College London, item no. 138/5. 20. F. Galton, E. Westermarck, P. Geddes, E. Durkheim, H.H. Mann and V.V. Branford (1905) Sociological Papers (London: Macmillan), ‘Discussion’, p. 59. 21. Wells (2005), p. 101 and n. 22. My discussion of libertarian eugenics is indebted to Morton (1984), pp. 133–44. 23. Blacker (1952), p. 289. 24. On Allen and eugenics, see Morton (1984), pp. 137–44. 25. G. Allen (1899) ‘The Child of the Phalanstery’, in Twelve Tales (London: Grant Richards), pp. 45–64. 26. G. Allen (1890) ‘The Girl of the Future’, Universal Revieww 7.25 (May), 49–64, pp. 55, 61–3. 27. Goode (1995), p. 312. 28. For a full discussion including reference to earlier authorities, see N. Salmon (2001) ‘A Study in Victorian Historiography: William Morris’s Germanic Romances’, Journal of the William Morris Societyy 14.2, 59–89. I am also indebted to conversations with the late Nicholas Salmon and to his (1992) ‘William Morris: The Political Vision 1883–1890’ (PhD thesis, University of Reading) for suggesting some of the lines of argument followed here. 29. C.H. Oberg (1978) A Pagan Prophet: William Morris (Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia), pp. 112–13. 30. W. Morris (1893) The Roots of the Mountains (London: Reeves and Turner), p. 90. Subsequent page references in the text are to this edition. 31. See Salmon (2001), p. 70; A. Hodgson (1987) The Romances of William Morris (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. 145. Goode (1995), pp. 313–14, mistakenly identifies the Dusky Men with the Romans of The House of the Wolfifings. 32. W. Morris (1913) The Well at the World’s End, 2 vols (London: Longmans Green), I, p. 314. Subsequent page references in the text are to this edition. 33. H.G. Wells (1980) H.G. Wells’s Literary Criticism, ed. P. Parrinder and R.M. Philmus (Sussex: Harvester, and Totowa, NJ: Barnes & Noble), p. 113. 34. W. Morris (1913) The Wood Beyond the Worldd (London: Longmans Green), p. 157. Subsequent page references in the text are to this edition. 35. Blacker (1952), pp. 65–6.

Chapter 6: Strains of the Non-human: The Coming Race, Erewhon, A Crystal Age

1. H.G. Wells (1895) The Time Machine, ed. P. Parrinder (London: Penguin), p. 91. 2. W.H. Hudson (1950) A Crystal Age (New York: Doric Books), p. 29. Subsequent page references in the text are to this edition. 3. Sir E. Bulwer-Lytton (2002) The Coming Race (Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview), p. 91. Subsequent page references in the text are to this edition. 4. Cf. A. Van Gennep (1977) The Rites of Passage, trans. M.B. Vizedom and G.L. Caffee (London: Routledge), pp. 15–17. 198 Notes

5. V. Turner (1974) Dramas, Fields, and Metaphors: Symbolic Action in Human Societyy (Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press), p. 238. 6. Ibid., p. 239. 7. Ibid., p. 273. 8. For an account of resemblances between The Coming Race and The Time Machine, see S. Derry (1995) ‘The Time Traveller’s Utopian Books and His Reading of the Future’, Foundation 65, 16–24. 9. See especially Levitas (2013), pp. 41–59. 10. S. Butler (1985) Erewhon, ed. P. Mudford (London: Penguin), p. 139. Subsequent page references in the text are to this edition. 11. J. Clute and P. Nicholls, eds (1995) The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (New York: St Martin’s), p. 181; V. Fortunati and R. Trousson, eds (2000) Dictionary of Literary Utopias (Paris: Champion), p. 205; D. Suvin (1983) Victorian Science Fiction in the UKK (Boston, MA: Hall), p. 352. 12. P. Raby (1991) Samuel Butler: A Biographyy (London: Hogarth), p. 127. 13. Suvin (1983), p. 353. 14. Raby (1991), p. 126; A.D. Culler (1968) ‘The Darwinian Revolution and Literary Form’, in G. Levine and W. Madden (eds), The Art of Victorian Prose (New York: Oxford University Press), p. 234. 15. J.C. Garrett (1984) Hope or Disillusion: Three Versions of Utopia: Nathaniel Hawthorne, Samuel Butler, George Orwell (Christchurch, NZ: University of Canterbury), p. 26. 16. W. Reade (1924) The Martyrdom of Man [1872] (London: Watts). 17. H.L. Sussman (1968) Victorians and the Machine: The Literary Response to Technologyy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press), p. 158. 18. S. Butler (1923) A First Year in Canterbury Settlement and Other Early Essays (London: Cape, and New York: Dutton), p. 217. 19. Ibid., pp. 233, 236–7. 20. W. H. Hudson (1904) The Purple Land: being the Narrative of one Richard Lamb’s Adventures in the Banda Orientál, in South America, as told by Himselff, 2nd edn (London: Duckworth), p. 338. 21. Hudson (1950) ‘Preface’ (unpaginated). The first (1887) edition was published anonymously. See also John Rieder’s account of A Crystal Age as a ‘deliber- ately ambiguous utopia’: J. Rieder (2008) Colonialism and the Emergence of Science Fiction (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press), esp. p. 84. 22. On the ‘atavistic, animal nature’ of Smith’s desires, see J. Prystash (2014) ‘Sexual Futures: Feminism and Speculative Fiction in the Fin de Siècle’, Science Fiction Studies 41.2, 341–63, pp. 356–8. Prystash’s diagnosis of Smith’s ‘grow- ing insanity’ and ‘schizophrenic visions’ seems overstated, however. See also Rieder (2008), p. 83, who argues that ‘the human society of A Crystal Age is simply no longer entirely human’.

Chapter 7: Gorilla Warfare: Darwin, Freud and the Stone Age Romance

1. S. Butler (1985) Erewhon, ed. P. Mudford (London: Penguin), p. 66–7. 2. W.H. Hudson (1950) A Crystal Age (New York: Doric Books), Preface (unpaginated). Notes 199

3. E. Clodd (1905) The Story of ‘Primitive’ Man (London: Newnes), p. 11. 4. C. Herbert (1991) Culture and Anomie: Ethnographic Imagination in the Nineteenth Centuryy (Chicago, IL and London: University of Chicago Press), p. 25. 5. H.G. Wells (1927) ‘The Grisly Folk’, in Complete Short Stories (London: Benn), p. 620. 6. For a full history of prehistoric fiction, see N. Ruddick (2009) The Fire in the Stone: Prehistoric Fiction from Charles Darwin to Jean M. Auel (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press). 7. G. Allen (1890) ‘Sacred Stones’, Fortnightly Revieww 47 n.s., 1 January, 97–116. 8. See especially Salmon (2001). 9. Sir E. Bulwer-Lytton (2002) The Coming Race (Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview), p. 24. 10. H.G. Wells (2005) The Time Machine, ed. P. Parrinder (London: Penguin), pp. 26, 30. 11. R. Kipling (1958) Just So Stories for Little Children (London: Macmillan), p. 181. Subsequent page references in the text are to this edition. 12. Clodd (1905), p. 56. 13. On matrifocal tribes, see R. Jann (1994) ‘Darwin and the Anthropologists: Sexual Selection and Its Discontents’, Victorian Studies 37.2, 287–306, p. 303. The subsequent novels in Auel’s ‘Earth’s Children’ sequence are The Valley of Horses (1982), The Mammoth Hunters (1985), The Plains of Passage (1990), The Shelters of Stone (2002) and The Land of Painted Caves (2011). 14. See G.W. Stocking, Jr (1987) Victorian Anthropology (New York: Free Press); Coward (1983); Herbert (1991). 15. Engels not only suggests that a ‘communistic common household’ was characteristic of barbaric humanity, but hypothesises a ‘period of promiscu- ous intercourse corresponding to the period of transition from animality to humanity’. F. Engels (1972) The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State (New York: Pathfinder), pp. 53, 50. 16. C. Darwin (1913) The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (London: Murray), pp. 924, 926. Subsequent page references in the text are to this edition. 17. Cf. Jann (1994), p. 293. 18. Darwin (1913), p. 69n. This footnote was added to later editions of the Descent. 19. Cf. E. Richards (1997) ‘Redrawing the Boundaries: Darwinian Science and Victorian Women Intellectuals’, in B. Lightman (ed.), Victorian Science in Context (Chicago, IL and London: University of Chicago Press, p. 121; Richards argues that Darwin’s reconstruction of human evolution in the Descent is ‘pervaded by Victorian racial and sexual stereotypes’. 20. H.G. Wells (2007) ‘A Story of the Stone Age’, in The Country of the Blind and Other Selected Stories, ed. P. Parrinder (London: Penguin), p. 238. Subsequent page references in the text are to this edition. 21. Nicholas Ruddick quotes a passage, later deleted, from the first (May 1897) serial instalment of ‘A Story of the Stone Age’, which, he says, anticipates William Golding’s and Jean M. Auel’s portrayal of ‘telepathic communion preceding alienating language’. In this passage, Wells attrib- utes telepathy to animals, not human beings, and describes the tribe of 200 Notes

Uya as belonging to the ‘brotherhood of the beasts’. Ruddick (2009), pp. 228n–229n. 22. See C. DePaolo (2000) ‘Wells, Golding, and Auel: Representing the Neanderthal’, Science Fiction Studies 82, 418–38, pp. 424–5, and Andy Sawyer’s note to Wells’s text in H.G. Wells (2007), p. 424. 23. See N. Ruddick (2007) ‘Courtship with a Club: Wife-Capture in Prehistoric Fiction, 1865–1914’, Yearbook of English Studies 37.2, 45–63, p. 55. 24. On Wells’s use of prehistoric science in ‘The Grisly Folk’, see C. De Paolo (2003) Human Prehistory in Fiction (Jefferson, NC: McFarland), pp. 48–55, and Ruddick (2009), pp. 58–9. 25. A. Conan Doyle (2001) The Lost World and Other Thrilling Tales, ed. P. Gooden (London: Penguin), p. 153. Subsequent page references in the text are to this edition. 26. C. De Paolo (2003), pp. 94–112, discusses the representation of the genesis of religion in several Wells texts but not, unfortunately, in ‘A Story of the Stone Age’. 27. E.B. Tylor (1903) Primitive Culture: Researches in the Development of Mythology, Religion, Language, Art, and Custom, 4th edn (London: John Murray), ii, p. 144. 28. G. Allen (1931) The Evolution of the Idea of Godd (London: Watts), p. 14. 29. For a fuller account of Wells and Allen. see P. Parrinder (2005) ‘The Old Man and His Ghost: Grant Allen, H.G. Wells, and Popular Anthropology’, in W. Greenslade and T. Rodgers (eds), Grant Allen: Literature and Cultural Politics at the Fin de Siècle (Aldershot: Ashgate), pp. 171–83. See H.G. Wells (1966) Experiment in Autobiographyy (London: Gollancz and Cresset Press), vol. ii, pp. 551–2 for his 1895 visit to Hindhead. Wells, however, voiced a number of reservations about Allen’s theories in The Evolution of the Idea of God. 30. G. Allen (1893) ‘Pallinghurst Barrow’, in Ivan Greet’s Masterpiece, etc. (London: Chatto & Windus), p. 89. 31. A. Lang and J.J. Atkinson (1903) Social Origins and Primal Laww (London: Longmans), pp. 220–21. 32. See Parrrinder (2005), pp. 172–3. 33. H.G. Wells (1920) The Outline of History: Being a Plain History of Life and Mankindd (London: Cassell), p. 63n. 34. S. Freud (1938) Totem and Taboo: Resemblances between the Psychic Lives of Savages and Neurotics, trans. A.A. Brill (Harmondsworth: Pelican), p. 138. Subsequent page references in the text are to this edition. 35. Coward (1983), pp. 194–5. 36. B. Malinowski (1927) Sex and Repression in Savage Societyy (London: Kegan Paul), pp. 153, 164–5. 37. Ibid., p. 159. 38. S. Freud (1964) Moses and Monotheism: Three Essays, in The Standard Edition of the Complete Pyschological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. J. Strachey (London: Hogarth), vol. xxiii, p. 81. 39. H. Belloc (1926) A Companion to Mr Wells’s ‘Outline of History’’ (London: Sheed and Ward), pp. 36–7. 40. J.L. Mitchell (1989) Gay Hunterr (Edinburgh: Polygon), p. 115. 41. J.L. Mitchell (2000) Three Go Back (Edinburgh: Polygon), pp. 90, 62. Subsequent page references in the text are to this edition. Notes 201

42. I. Campbell, ‘Introduction’, in Mitchell (2000), p. xi. 43. Mitchell (2000), pp. 91, 146. See also Ruddick (2009), pp. 220–21n. 44. Ruddick (2009), pp. 65, 66. 45. Mitchell (1989), p. ix.

Chapter 8: From Human to Animal: Wells and Kafka

1. F. Kafka (1961) Metamorphosis and Other Stories (Harmondsworth: Penguin), p. 9. Subsequent references in the text are to this edition. 2. F. Kafka (1980) Erzählungen (Frankfurt: S. Fischer Verlag), p. 57. 3. F. Kafka (2009) The Metamorphosis and Other Stories, trans. J. Crick (Oxford: Oxford University Press), p. 29. 4. Cf. M.M. Anderson (1994) Kafka’s Clothes: Ornament and Aestheticism in the Habsburg Fin de Siècle (Oxford: Clarendon Press), esp. pp. 124–5, to which my commentary in this paragraph is indebted. 5. Suvin (1979), pp. 29–30; R. Baccolini and T. Moylan, eds (2003) Dark Horizons: Science Fiction and the Dystopian Imagination (New York and London: Routledge), ‘Introduction’, p. 1. 6. See R. Gerber (1973) Utopian Fantasy: A Study of English Utopian Fiction since the End of the Nineteenth Centuryy (New York: McGraw-Hill), pp. 110–12. (First published in 1955.) 7. A. Strindberg (1968) Inferno, Alone and Other Writings, trans. E. Sprinchorn (Garden City, NY: Anchor Books), p. 370. 8. F. Kafka (1978) Letters to Felice, ed. E. Heller and J. Born (Harmondsworth: Penguin), p. 206. 9. Anderson (1994), p. 144. 10. See P. Parrinder and J.S. Partington, eds (2013) The Reception of H.G. Wells in Europe (London and New York: Bloomsbury), pp. xxiv, 166. 11. H.G. Wells (1966) Experiment in Autobiographyy (London: Gollancz and Cresset Press), ii, p. 518. 12. H.G. Wells (2005) The Time Machine, ed. P. Parrinder (London: Penguin), pp. 31–2. Subsequent references in the text are to this edition. 13. See for example Richie Robertson’s note in Kafka (2009), p. 142: ‘The details of Gregor’s body do not correspond to any insect, and do not cohere. If his belly is so domed, how do his small legs reach the ground?’ 14. See Anderson (1994), p. 125. 15. Suvin (1979), pp. 223–33, discusses the ‘devolutionary series’ connecting the Eloi to the crabs in The Time Machine, but does not mention the giant butterfly. 16. Anderson (1994), p. 128, citing K. Wagenbach (1958) Franz Kafka: Eine Biographie Seiner Jugend 1883–1912 (Berne: Francke), p. 60. 17. See e.g. S. Vint (2010) Animal Alterity: Science Fiction and the Question of the Animal (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press), esp. pp. 5–6. 18. G. Agamben (2004) The Open: Man and Animal, trans. K. Attell (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press), p. 7. 19. Ibid., pp. 25–6. 20. Cf. Vint (2010), p. 52, on resemblances between pet animals and science- fictional aliens. 202 Notes

21. M. Wood (2003) Franz Kafka (Tavistock: Northcote House), p. 28. 22. Vint (2010), p. 227. 23. http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/kafka_franz#sthash.8S6U2SGO.dpuf. Accessed July 9, 2014. 24. See Anderson (1994), pp. 126–7n. 25. G. Deleuze and F. Guattari (1986) Kafka: Toward a Minor Literature, trans. D. Polan (Minneapolis, MN and London: University of Minnesota Press), p. 22. Stanley Corngold, however, describes Kafka’s tale as ‘the story of a meta- morphosed metaphor’: S. Corngold (1988) Franz Kafka: The Necessity of Form (Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press), p. 76. 26. S. Corngold (1973) The Commentators’ Despair: The Interpretation of Kafka’s ‘Metamorphosis’’ (Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press). 27. Deleuze and Guattari (1986), p. 38. 28. Clute and Nicholls (1995), p. 191. 29. K. Cˇapek (1976) War with the Newts, trans. M. and R. Weatherall (New York: Berkley), p. 95. Subsequent page references in the text are to this edition. 30. Deleuze and Guattari (1986), p. 15. 31. W. Shakespeare (1954) Hamlett, ed. J. Dover Wilson (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. 61. 32. T.S. Eliot (1963) Collected Poems 1909–1962 (London: Faber), p. 222. 33. Robert M. Philmus has argued on rather different grounds that the Time Traveller’s final disappearance is central to the meaning of The Time Machine. See R.M. Philmus (1970) Into the Unknown: The Evolution of Science Fiction from Francis Godwin to H.G. Wells (Berkeley, CA and London: University of California Press), esp. pp. 77–8. 34. See Note 23. 35. For Marina Warner’s comment that Nabokov is embarking on a ‘difficult, perhaps impossible task, and one not entirely appropriate either’, see M. Warner (2002) Fantastic Metamorphoses, Other Worlds: Ways of Telling the Self (Oxford: Oxford University Press), p. 115. 36. Nabokov (1980), pp. 258–9. 37. F. Kafka (1978) ‘A Fasting Showman’, trans. W. and E. Muir, in Wedding Prepara- tions in the Country and Other Stories (Harmondsworth: Penguin), pp. 165–74. 38. Deleuze and Guattari (1986), p. 15. 39. Nabokov (1980), p. 280. 40. Ibid., p. 282n. 41. For a classic discussion of The Time Machine as anti-utopia, see M.R. Hillegas (1967) The Future as Nightmare: H.G. Wells and the Anti-Utopians (New York: Oxford University Press), esp. pp. 25–34.

Chapter 9: War Is Peace: Conscription and Mobilisation in the Modern Utopia

1. G. Orwell (1954) Nineteen Eighty-Fourr (Harmondsworth: Penguin), p. 33. 2. H. James (1922) ‘The Great Good Place’, in The Author of Beltraffifio, The Middle Years, Greville Fane and Other Tales (London: Macmillan), pp. 195–231. 3. Y. Zamyatin (1972) We, trans. M. Ginsburg (New York: Bantam), p. 6. Subsequent page references in the text are to this edition. Notes 203

4. M. Morris (1966) ‘Introduction’ to W. Morris, Collected Works, vol. 16 (New York: Russell & Russell), p. xxviii. 5. S.E. Bowman (1958) The Year 2000: A Critical Biography of Edward Bellamy (New York: Bookman Associates), p. 112. 6. E. Bellamy (1966) Looking Backward 2000–1887, ed. R.C. Elliott (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin), p. 154. Subsequent page references in the text are to this edition. 7. K. Kumar (1987) Utopia and Anti-Utopia in Modern Times (Oxford: Blackwell), p. 157. 8. Among the many critics who have commented on the role of consumption in Looking Backward, see e.g. Beaumont (2009), pp. 75–6. 9. On the political impact of the representation of nineteenth-century social conditions in Looking Backward, see e.g. R. Brunt (2014) ‘“A Specific Contemporary Sadness”: Raymond Williams and the Speculative Socialist Tradition’, Key Words: A Journal of Cultural Materialism 12, 40–42. 10. Kumar (1987), p. 160. 11. W. James (1924) Memories and Studies (New York and London: Longmans, Green), p. 273. Subsequent page references in the text are to this edition. 12. F.W. Taylor (1913) The Principles of Scientifific Managementt (New York: Harper). 13. D. Craig (1973) The Real Foundations: Literature and Social Change (London: Chatto & Windus), pp. 143–67. 14. D.H. Lawrence (1933) Women in Love (London: Martin Secker), p. 241–2. Subsequent page references in the text are to this edition. 15. James apparently made these additions to the 1911 version of his essay, and I am grateful to John S. Partington for drawing them to my attention. Wells’s deletions were made after the First World War. In the Preface to one of the subsequent reprints, he claimed that the now deleted sections of First and Last Things were ‘not worth reading’. H.G. Wells (1925) The Undying Fire and Philosophical and Theological Speculations, Atlantic Edition of the Works of H.G. Wells, Vol. XII (New York: Scribner’s), p. ix. 16. H.G. Wells (1908) First and Last Things: A Confession of Faith and Rule of Life (London: Constable), p. 169. 17. Ibid., p. 180. 18. ‘Moral Equivalent of War’, in A. Huxley, ed. (1937) An Encyclopædia of Pacififism (London: Chatto & Windus), pp. 69–72. 19. Huxley (1971), p. 11. Subsequent page references in the text are to this edition. 20. For further discussion of Huxley’s novel see P. Parrinder (forthcoming) ‘Brave New Worldd as a Modern Utopia’, in J. Greenberg and N. Waddell (eds), ‘Brave New World’: Contexts and Legacies (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan). 21. A. Huxley (1964) Island: A Novel (Harmondsworth: Penguin), pp. 152–3. Subsequent page references in the text are to this edition. 22. See e.g. C.H. Gray (1994) ‘“There Will Be War!’: Future War Fantasies and Militaristic Science Fiction in the 1980s’, Science Fiction Studies 21.3 (November), 315–36, and D. Seed (2012) ‘The Strategic Defence Initiative: A Utopian Fantasy’, in Seed (ed.), Future Wars: The Anticipations and the Fears (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press), pp. 180–200. 204 Notes

23. E. Callenbach (1977) Ecotopia: The Notebooks and Reports of William Weston (New York: Bantam), p. 7. Subsequent page references in the text are to this edition. 24. U.K. Le Guin (1975) The Dispossessedd (New York: Avon), p. 77. Subsequent page references in the text are to this edition. 25. M. Atwood (1985) The Handmaid’s Tale (Toronto: McLelland and Stewart), p. 222.

Chapter 10: Towards the Singularity? Cˇ apek’s R.U.R. and Its Times

1. See J. Raulerson (2013) Singularities: Technoculture, Transhumanism, and Science Fiction in the Twenty-First Centuryy (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press), p. 9. 2. The outstanding critical account of Cˇapek as a science-fiction writer is Chapter 12 (pp. 270–83) of Suvin (1979). 3. On theories of post-humanity in general, see R. Pepperell (1997) The Post- Human Condition (Exeter: Intellect Books). 4. Raulerson (2013), pp. 33, 11–12. 5. See the entries on ‘Androids’ and ‘Cybernetics’ in Clute and Nicholls (1995), esp. pp. 34, 287. 6. For the use of ‘robotic’ here, see ibid., p. 1018 (entry on ‘Robots’). 7. K. Cˇapek (1923) ‘The Meaning of R.U.R.’, Saturday Review, cxxxvi (21 July), 79. 8. K. Cˇapek (1976) War with the Newts, trans. M. and R. Weatherall (New York: Berkley), p. 198. 9. Clute and Nicholls (1995), p. 290. 10. J.R. Hammond (1999) An H.G. Wells Chronologyy (Basingstoke: Macmillan), p. 85. 11. On Jennings and Mcfie in particular, see A. Wood (2009) ‘Darwinism, Biology, and Mythology in the To-day and To-morrow Series, 1923–1929’, Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 34.1 (March), 22–31. See also Saunders (2009) for a convenient overview of the series. 12. J. Rodker [1926] The Future of Futurism (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, and New York: Dutton), pp. 15–34. 13. J.D. Bernal (1970) The World, the Flesh and the Devil: An Inquiry into the Future of the Three Enemies of the Rational Soul, 2nd edn (London: Cape), p. 39. 14. Ibid., pp. 43, 46. 15. Pepperell (1997), p. 181. 16. See Clute and Nicholls (1995), pp. 290, 538. 17. Ibid., p. 886. 18. E.V. Odle (1923) The Clockwork Man (London: Heinemann), pp. 156, 161. Subsequent page references in the text are to this edition. Odle makes no attempt to explain how a six-dimensional world could be chronologically continuous with ours. 19. H.G. Wells (1923) Men Like Gods (London: Cassell), Bk. 1, ch. 3 (chapter title). Subsequent page references in the text are to this edition. 20. Notable in this respect are Utopia’s ‘Five Principles of Liberty’, including the rights to privacy, freedom of movement, and freedom of speech and publication (Men Like Gods, pp. 252–5), foreshadowing the campaigns for Notes 205

human rights that began in 1933 with Wells’s appointment as President of International PEN. See H.G. Wells (1928) The Open Conspiracy: Blue Prints for a World Revolution (London: Gollancz), and (1940) The Rights of Man, Or What Are We Fighting For? (Harmondsworth: Penguin). 21. The phrase ‘only a beginning’ is taken from the finale of the Wells/ Alexander Korda film Things to Come (1936), dir. W.C. Menzies, London Film Productions. See H.G. Wells (1940) Two Film Stories (London: Cresset Press), p. 141. 22. J.B.S. Haldane (1924) Daedalus, or Science and the Future (London: Kegan Paul), p. 69. Subsequent page references in the text are to this edition. 23. Cˇapek (1923), p. 79. 24. K. Cˇapek (1961) R.U.R., trans. P. Selver, in The Brothers Cˇapek, R.U.R. and The Insect Playy (London: Oxford University Press), p. 5. Subsequent page references in the text are to this edition. 25. The name Domain, together with those of the other characters and their job titles, is taken from Nigel Playfair’s adaptation of the Selver translation of R.U.R. for the English stage; more correctly, the Manager’s name is Domin. In the Playfair adaptation the action of R.U.R. apparently takes place in the 1960s, although in the original Czech production the setting was some forty years later. See I. Klíma [2002] Karel Cˇapek: Life and Work, trans. N. Comrada (North Haven, CT: Catbird Press), p. 80. 26. Cˇapek’s admiration for Wells was both acknowledged and reciprocated; in the late 1930s Wells hoped that Cˇapek would succeed him as President of International PEN. On Rossum and Moreau, see M.R. Hillegas (1967) The Future as Nightmare: H.G. Wells and the Anti-Utopians (New York: Oxford University Press), pp. 97–8. 27. Suvin (1979), pp. 271–2. 28. See S. Butler (1923) ‘Darwin among the Machines’, in A First Year in Canterbury Settlement and Other Early Essays (London: Cape, and New York: Dutton), pp. 208–13. As seen in Chapter 6, this argument was later incorpo- rated into Erewhon. 29. W.E. Harkins (1962) Karel Cˇapek k (New York and London: Columbia University Press), p. 88; B.R. Bradbrook (1998) Karel Cˇap ek: In Pursuit of Truth, Tolerance, and Trust (Brighton: Sussex Academic), p. 45; and for the statement by Cˇapek referred to in this sentence, see ibid., p. 46. Kamila Kinyon’s (1999) account of R.U.R. in ‘The Phenomenology of Robots’, Science Fiction Studies 26.3, 379–400, highlights both the ambiguity of Alquist’s final speech and, more generally, the problems of the English translations of Cˇapek’s play (see note 25 above).

Chapter 11: Olaf Stapledon and the Shape of Things to Come

1. O. Stapledon (1972) Star Makerr (Harmondsworth: Penguin), p. 78–9. Subsequent page references in the text are to this edition. 2. L.A. Fiedler (1983) Olaf Stapledon: A Man Dividedd (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press), p. 3. 3. Olaf Stapledon, unpublished journal entry for 31 March 1912, in the Stapledon Archive, University of Liverpool. The transcription is by Robert 206 Notes

Crossley. See also R. Crossley (1994) Olaf Stapledon: Speaking for the Future (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press), p. 99. 4. O. Stapledon (1972) Last and First Men and Last Men in London (Harmondsworth: Penguin), p. 286 [LFM]. Subsequent page references in the text are to this edition, prefixed LFMM or LML as appropriate, even though this double Penguin edition has continuous, not separate, pagination. 5. C. Milburn (2014) ‘Posthumanism’, in R. Latham (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Science Fiction (New York: Oxford University Press), p. 531. 6. Stapledon uses ‘twi-minded’ on a number of occasions. See for example LML, p. 482. 7. O. Stapledon [1948] ‘Interplanetary Man?’, in R. Crossley, ed. (1997) An Olaf Stapledon Readerr (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press), p. 231. 8. Ibid., p. 237. 9. Ibid., p. 240. 10. See O. Stapledon (1945) Old Man in New Worldd (London: Allen & Unwin), p. 20. Subsequent page references in the text are to this edition. Stapledon sets out his ‘agnostic mysticism’ (among much else) in his 1939 two-volume Pelican Philosophy and Livingg (Harmondsworth: Penguin), where he argues that ‘in some sense mind or spirit is basic to the universe’ (vol. 1, p. 32). 11. R. Crossley (1982) ‘The Letters of Olaf Stapledon and H.G. Wells, 1931–1942’, in G. Wolfe (ed.), Science Fiction Dialogues (Chicago, IL: Academy Chicago), p. 41. 12. R.W. Maslen (2000) ‘Towards an Iconography of the Future: C.S. Lewis and the Scientific Humanists’, Inklings-Jahrbuch fuu" r Literatur und Ästhetik 18, 222–49, p. 226. 13. H.G. Wells (n.d.) The Food of the Gods and How It Came to Earth (London: Nelson), p. 286. The suspension points are in the original. 14. Isaiah 66: 1 (Authorised Version). These words are repeated almost verbatim in Acts 7:49. 15. H.G. Wells (1989) The Discovery of the Future with The Common-Sense of World Peace and The Human Adventure, ed. P. Parrinder (London: PNL Press), p. 36. 16. The phrase ‘fantastically alien to men’ is taken from an early draft for Star Maker. See O. Stapledon (1976) Nebula Makerr (Hayes: Bran’s Head Books), p. 31. 17. O. Stapledon, ‘The Remaking of Man’, in Crossley (1976), p. 167. 18. O. Stapledon (1954) Odd John (London: Science Fiction Book Club), p. 7. Subsequent page references in the text are to this edition. 19. O Stapledon (1964) Sirius: A Fantasy of Love and Discordd (Harmondsworth: Penguin), pp. 73, 110. Subsequent page references in the text are to this edition. 20. O. Stapledon, ‘The Flames: A Fantasy’, in Crossley (1976), p. 94. Subsequent page references in the text are to this edition. 21. S. Lem (1986) ‘On Stapledon’s Last and First Men’, trans. I. Csicsery-Ronay, Jr, Science-Fiction Studies 13.3 (November), 272–91, p. 283. 22. See for example Stapledon, Odd John, p. 195; Crossley (1976), p. 240. 23. J.B.S. Haldane (1927) Possible Worlds and Other Essays (London: Chatto & Windus), p. 286; A.C. Clarke (1973) ‘Possible, That’s All!’, in Report on Planet Three and Other Speculations (London: Corgi), p. 120. 24. Lem (1986), p. 276. Notes 207

25. M.M. Rodriguez (2014) ‘From Stapledon’s Star Makerr to Cicero’s Dream of Scipio: The Visionary Cosmic Voyage as a Speculative Genre’, Foundation 118 (Autumn), 45–58. 26. Milton, Paradise Lostt I: 16. 27. A. Sawyer (2010) ‘[William] Olaf Stapledon (1886–1950)’, in M. Bould, A.M. Butler, A. Roberts and S. Vint (eds), Fifty Key Figures in Science Fiction (London and New York: Routledge), p. 207. 28. However, I believe that I am the first Stapledon critic to make this decoding. 29. W. Reade (1924) The Martyrdom of Man (London: Watts), first published in 1872.

Chapter 12: The Expulsion of the Poets

1. R. Bradbury (1965) Fahrenheit 451 (London: Corgi), p. 145. Subsequent page references in the text are to this edition. 2. H.G. Wells, letter to Stapledon (22 June 1937). See Crossley (1982), p. 41. 3. Plato (1938) ‘Apology’, in Portrait of Socrates, ed. R.W. Livingstone (Oxford: Clarendon Press), p. 28. Subsequent page references in the text are to this edition. 4. It would be tempting to write ‘the historical Socrates’, were it not that our understanding of the latter also owes so much to Plato’s record. 5. R. Bradbury (1951) ‘The Fireman’, in Galaxy Science Fiction 1.5 (February), 4–61, p. 25. 6. L.S. Mercier (1999) L’An 2440: Rêve s’il en fut jamais, ed. C. Cave and C. Marcendier-Colard (Paris: La Découverte), pp. 165–6, 174 (my translations). 7. H.G. Wells (1906) In the Days of the Comett (London: Macmillan), pp. 285, 288. 8. G. Orwell (1954) Nineteen Eighty-Fourr (Harmondsworth: Penguin), p. 251. 9. Plato (1987) The Republic, trans. D. Lee (London: Penguin), p. 157. Subsequent page references in the text are to this edition. 10. Letter to R. Woodhouse, 27 October 1818, in J. Keats (n.d.) Letters, ed. H. l’Anson Fausset (London: Nelson), p. 222. 11. Plato (1973) Phaedrus and Letters VII and VIIII, trans. W. Hamilton (London: Penguin), p. 48. 12. Sir P. Sidney (1962) The Defence of Poesie, ed. A. Feuillerat (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. 33. 13. S. Johnson (2009) The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abissinia, ed. T. Keymer (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 27, 29. 14. P.B. Shelley (1910) Shelley’s Prose in the Bodleian Manuscripts, ed. A.H. Koszul (London: Henry Frowde), p. 117; W. Wordsworth (1950) ‘Preface to Lyrical Ballads’, in Poetical Works, ed. T. Hutchinson (London: Oxford University Press), p. 738. 15. Wordsworth (1950), p. 738. 16. Zamyatin (1972), pp. 40, 41. Subsequent page references in the text are to this edition. 17. Huxley (1971), p. 155. Subsequent page references in the text are to this edition. 18. Wells (2005), p. 190. 208 Notes

19. J.L. Borges (1979) ‘Utopia of a Tired Man’, in The Book of Sand, trans. N. Thomas di Giovanni (Harmondsworth: Penguin), p. 69. 20. R. Graves (1983) Seven Days in New Crete (Oxford: Oxford University Press), p. 19. Subsequent page references in the text are to this edition. 21. See T. Moylan (1986) Demand the Impossible: Science Fiction and the Utopian Imagination (New York and London: Methuen). 22. H.G. Wells (1940) ‘Things to Come’ in Two Film Stories (London: Cresset Press), p. 93. It should be noted that Wells’s published ‘film story’ differs in many respects from the final release script of Things to Come; among other things, the future date given in the film (2036) was originally to have been 2054. For the different versions see L. Stover (1987) The Prophetic Soul: A Reading of H.G. Wells’s ‘Things to Come’’ (Jefferson, NC and London: McFarland). 23. See the ‘Release Script’ in Stover (1987), p. 269. 24. Stover (1987), p. 279. Bibliography of Secondary Sources

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Note: ‘n’ after a page reference denotes a note number on that page.

Agamben, Giorgio, Open, The 117 Baccolini, Raffaella and Moylan, Albertus Magnus 49 Tom 113 alchemy 39, 40, 44–5, 48–50, 59–60 Bachofen, J.J. 100 Aldiss, Brian, Moreau’s Other Islandd 61 Bacon, Francis, New Atlantis, Allen, Grant 13, 73, 80, 97, 98, The 1, 2, 8, 10, 23, 37, 181, 104–6, 107, 110, 200 n29; 190 n24 ‘Child of the Phalanstery, Bacon, Roger 49 The’ 73; Evolution of the Idea of Baldick, Chris 57 God, The 105–6, 200 n29; ‘Girl Banville, John 191 n15 of the Future, The’ 73, 74, Bateson, William 53 79–80; Great Taboo, The 105–6; Bauer, Felice 114 ‘Pallinghurst Barrow’ 105 Beaumont, Matthew 196 n3, 203 n8 American Association for the Bellamy, Edward 12, 13, 73–4, Advancement of Science 63 80, 130–4, 136, 138, 143, Anderson, Mark M. 114, 201 n4 146, 147, 161; ‘Blindman’s android 148; see also robot World, The’ 31–2; Looking anthropology 15–16, 75, 84, 97–112 Backwardd 14, 17, 67, 73–4, 75, anti-utopia see dystopia 79, 82, 84, 87, 130–4, 136, 137, Appleyard, Bryan 194 n3 145, 184, 203 n8, 203 n9 Apuleius 116–17; Golden Ass, Belloc, Hilaire 108 The 116, 118 Bernal, J.D. 150–1, 153; World, the Aquinas, St Thomas 25 Flesh and the Devil, The 150–1 Arabian Nights 41–2 biology 6, 10, 12, 39, 40, 52, 54, 60, Aristophanes 177 61, 62–3, 96, 100–2, 139–40, Aristotle 97, 180; Poetics 180 148, 150–1, 154–5, 163, 168, Arnold, Matthew 47; ‘Dover 182; see also biotechnology, Beach’ 177 genetics, microscopy, Asimov, Isaac, ‘Nightfall’ 35 physiology, sociobiology astronomy 11, 23–36, 37–8, 167, biotechnology 10, 18, 63, 148, 168, 175, 191 n13; see also 194 n3 cosmology Blacker, C.P. 72 Atkinson, J.J. 106; Primal Laww 102, Blake, William 38, 54; ‘Marriage of 106–7, 108 Heaven and Hell, The’ 54 atomic theory 25, 38–9 Bloch, Ernst 24, 86–7; Principle of Atwood, Margaret 145–6; Hope, The 23 Handmaid’s Tale, The 5, 17, Bloom, Harold 102, 106 130, 143, 145–6 Booth, William 136 Auel, Jean M. 100, 103, 199 n13, Borges, Jorge Luis, ‘Utopia of a Tired 199 n21; Clan of the Cave Bear, Man’, 184 The 100, 109 Bradbrook, Bohuslava R. 159

215 216 Index

Bradbury, Ray 31, 175, 176–7; Clarke, Arthur C. 166, 168; ‘Nine Fahrenheit 451 19, 176–7, 180; Billion Names of God, The’ 35 ‘Fireman, The’ 176–7 Clodd, Edward 97, 100 Bruno, Giordano 25, 28, 29 Clute, John 119, 120, 123; see also Brunt, R. 203 n9 Encyclopedia of Science Fiction Buchanan, Robert 13, 56, 59–61, Cockaigne, Land of 130 154; Book of Orm, The 56, Columbus, Christopher 37 59–61; ‘Devil’s Case, The’ 56 Commonweal, The 75, 80 Buddha 177 Communist Manifesto 157 Burns, Robert 32 Comte de Gabalis, Le see Montfaucon Burton, Robert, Anatomy of de Villars, Abbé de Melancholy, The 23, 26, 27, 28, Confucius 177 191 n24 Conrad, Joseph 120 Butler, Samuel 82, 87–93, 98, 158; Contemporary Revieww 98 ‘Darwin among the Machines’ 91, Cornelius Agrippa 49 158; Erewhon 14, 82, 84, Corngold, Stanley 119, 202 n35 87–93, 94, 97, 98, 190 n22, Cornwell, Neil 194 n20 205 n28; Erewhon Revisitedd 88; cosmology 18–19, 32, 33–4, 36, ‘Lucubratio Ebra’ 91; 167–8, 169–74; see also ‘Mechanical Creation, The’ 91 astronomy Butler, Samuel (poet), Hudibras 27 Cosmopolis 161 Byron, Lord 178 Coward, Rosalind 100, 108 Craig, David 135 Cabala 44, 46 Crick, Joyce 113 Callenbach, Ernest 17; Crossley, Robert 192 n33, 192 n35, Ecotopia 143–4, 145 205 n3 Calvino, Italo 26 Culler, A. Dwight 89 Campanella, Tommaso 2, 3, 29, 30; cybernetics 148 Apologia pro Galileo 26; City of cyborg 18, 91, 148, 151; the Sun, The 23, 26, 70 see also robot Cˇapek, Josef 120 Cyrano de Bergerac 28; Voyages to Cˇapek, Karel 119–20, 147–59, 205 the Moon and Sun 29 n26; Insect Play, The 120; R.U.R. 18, 120, 147–8, 149, Dalton, John, New System of Chemical 152, 154–9, 205 n25, 205 Philosophy, A 38 n29; War with the Newts Dante 41, 54, 58 120, 149 Darwin, Charles 55, 82, 83, 91, 93, Carey, John 51 100, 103, 107, 108, 110, 116, Carroll, Lewis 88; Alice in 130, 168, 175, 177; Descent Wonderlandd 185 of Man, The 15, 101–2, 106, Cassidy, John A. 59 199 n19 Chalmers, Thomas 41; Astronomical Dawkins, Richard 62 Discourses 11, 38–9 Defoe, Daniel, Robinson Crusoe 100 Chapple, W.A., Fertility of the Unfit, De Fontenelle, Bernard, Entretiens sur The 72 la pluralité des mondes 30 chemistry 39, 41, 48–50, 55 degeneration, 90, 91, 93, 96, 101 Chesterton, G.K. 52–3, 149 Deleuze, Gilles, and Guattari, Churchill, Winston 152 Félix 119–20, 123, 124 Claeys, Gregory 1, 3 democracy 1, 2–3, 83, 133, 187 Index 217

Democritus 25, 38 Monotheism 106, 108; Totem ‘Democritus Junior’ see Burton, Robert and Taboo 15, 102, 106, 107–8 Depaolo, Charles 200 n22, 200 n24, Fukuyama, Francis 194 n3 200 n26 futurology 8, 149–50; see also ‘Today De Quincey, Thomas, ‘System of the and Tomorrow’ series Heavens’ 35–6 Derry, Stephen 198 n8 Galaxy Science Fiction 176 Descartes, René 150 Galileo 11, 23–4, 25–8, 30, 32, 33, Dickens, Charles 178 36, 37, 38; Siderius Nuncius Dictionary of Literary Utopias 87, 26, 27 190 n2 Galton, Francis 13, 68–9, 70–2, 80–1; Doyle, Arthur Conan 103–4; Lost Huxley lecture 69; Inquiries World, The 15, 103–4, 106, into Human Facultyy 68; 111 Kantsaywhere 13, 14, 69, Durkheim, Emile 107 70–2, 81 Dyson, Freeman 55 Garrett, Garet 150 dystopia 5–6, 9, 12, 13–14, 16, 17, Garrett, J.C. 89 19, 24, 28, 36, 50, 61, 73, 82–3, Garrett, L. 194 n3 84, 87–8, 93, 94, 113–14, 116, Genesis, Book of 18, 56–7, 99, 100, 120, 125, 129–30, 138, 139, 101, 152, 159 142–3, 145–6, 147, 149, 157–8, genetics 2, 12–13, 14, 34, 51–62; 176, 180–1, 190 n22 see also eugenics Gibbon, Lewis Grassic see Mitchell, Einstein, Albert 177 J. Leslie electricity 40, 58 Godwin, Francis, Man in the Moone, El Greco 187 The 28 Eliot, T.S., Four Quartets 121 Goethe, J.W. von, Faust 9, 51, 59–60; Emerson, Ralph Waldo 35 ‘Zauberlehrling, Der’ 48 Encyclopedia of Science Fiction 87, 119 Golding, William, Inheritors, The 15, Engels, Frederick, Origin of the Family, 103, 199 n21 The 100, 108–9, 199 n15 Goode, John 75, 196 n3, 197 n31 Epstein, Jacob 148 Goodwin, Barbara and Taylor, ethnography see anthropology Keith 3 eugenics 2, 6, 12–14, 51, 53, 61, Graves, Robert 184–7, 188; Lars 62–3, 67–81, 82, 86, 90, 91–3, Porsena 54; Seven Days in New 101, 132, 152–3 Crete [Watch the North Wind Rise] 20, 184–7, 188 Faust legend 9, 12, 19, 47 Gray, C.H. 203 n22 Fiedler, Leslie 160 Gray, Thomas 27 Finley, M.I. 1 Guattari, Félix see Deleuze, Gilles and Flammarion, Camille 30 Guattari, Félix Fortnightly Revieww 98 Gunn, James 39 Fortunati, Vita see Dictionary of Guthke, Karl S. 11, 32 Literary Utopias Frazer, J.G. 105, 107, 110; Golden Haeckel, Ernst 116 Bough, The 102, 106, 185 Haldane, J.B.S. 34, 51–62, 150, Frederick the Great 134 153–4, 161; Callinicus 53; Freud, Sigmund 101, 106, Daedalus 12, 18, 53–62, 149, 107–8, 110; Moses and 153–4; Heredity and Politics 62; 218 Index

Haldane – continued James, William 17, 102, 133–5; Man with Two Memories, ‘Moral Equivalent of War, The 54; ‘Possible Worlds’ 168 The’ 133–5, 138–9, 142, Hamilton, Edmond 151 203 n15; Varieties of Religious Handel, George Frederick 87, 89 Experience, The 140 Hanson, Clare 196 n9 Jameson, Fredric 8, 190 n21 Hansot, Elisabeth 3, 4, 4–5 Jann, R. 199 n13 Hardy, Thomas 59; Two on a Jennings, H.S. 149–50, 204 n11 Towerr 34 Johnson, Samuel, Rasselas 180–1 Harkins, William E. 159 Joyce, James 55, 173; Finnegans Hatfield, H.S. 150 Wake 173; Ulysses 55 Hawthorne, Nathaniel 12, 40–1, 47, 52; ‘Birthmark, The’ 12, Kafka, Franz 113–25; Castle, 40, 48–50; Blithedale Romance, The 114; ‘Hunger Artist, The 12, 50; ‘Rappaccini’s A’ 124, 125; ‘Josephine the Daughter’ 40–1, 48, 58 Singer’ 124; ‘Metamorphosis, Heinlein, Robert A., Starship The’ 16, 113–25, 201 n13, 202 Troopers 143; Universe 35 n25; Trial, The 114 Herbert, Christopher 100 Keats, John 179 Herodotus 177 Kepler, Johannes 11, 23–8, 29, 32–3; Herschel, Sir John 29–30 Conversation with Galileo 23, Hillegas, Mark R. 202 n41, 205 n26 27–8, 33; Somnium 27 Hitler, Adolf 137, 157, 173 Kevles, Daniel J. 13, 62–3 Homer 179 Kinyon, Kamila 205 n29 Hooke, Robert, Micrographia 37–8 Korda, Alexander 138, 162 Hoyle, Fred, Black Cloud, The 35, Kuhn, Thomas 7 191 n13 Kumar, Krishan 1–2, 3, 6–8, Hudson, W.H. 82, 93–6, 97; Crystal 79, 132 Age, A 14, 82, 84, 87, 93–6, 97, 198 n21, 198 n22; Green Mansions Lang, Andrew 97, 98, 107; Social 94; Purple Land, Thee 94 Origins 107 Human Fertilisation and Embryology Laplace, Pierre Simon de 34, Authority 63 192 n44 Huxley, Aldous 139–42, 146, 147; Lawrence, D.H. 135–6; Women in Brave New Worldd 2, 5, 5–6, Love 135–6 9, 13–14, 17, 19, 51–2, 54, Lear, Edward 88 63, 129–30, 139–41, 142, 145, Leeuwenhoek, Antoni van 38, 41, 147, 176, 178, 181–2, 194 n3; 42, 43 Encyclopaedia of Pacifism 139; Le Guin, Ursula K. 17, 130, 144–5, Islandd 17, 141–2 184; Dispossessed, The 8, 143, Huxley, T.H. 9, 36, 47, 59 144–5, 186–7 Huygens, Christiaan, Lem, Stanislaw 166, 168 Kosmotheoros 29, 30 Lenin, V.I. 17, 138, 173 Lethbridge, Millicent Galton 69 International PEN 205 n20, 205 n26 Levitas, Ruth 86–7, 189 n10, 190 n25 James, Henry, ‘Great Good Place, Lewis, C.S. 61–2; Abolition of Man, The’ 130 The 61–2; Out of the Silent Index 219

Planett 61; Perelandra [Voyage More, Thomas 2, 3, 183; Utopia 13, to Venus] 61; That Hideous 70, 84, 183 Strength 13, 61, 62 Morgan, Lewis Henry 100 Linnaeus, Carolus 117 Morris, May 131 Lintott and Curll 44 Morris, William 12, 13, 17, 73, Locke, Richard Adams 29–30 75–81, 98, 131; Dream of Lowell, Percival 30 John Ball, A 75; House of the London, Jack 120 Wolfings, The 75, 76, 197 n31; Lubbock, Sir John 97, 100 News from Nowhere 3, 6, 13, Lucian 48 14, 50, 68, 69–70, 73, 76, 77, Lucretius 25, 54 78–81, 82, 84, 130, 131, 183, Ludovici, Anthony M. 149 184; Roots of the Mountains, Luke, David 59–60 The 75–6, 77, 197 n31; Story Lytton, Edward Bulwer 82–7; Coming of the Glittering Plain, The 76; Race, The 14, 82–7, 93, 94, 98, Sundering Flood, The 75; Well 190 n22, 198 n8 at the World’s End, The 76–7, 78, 80; Wood Beyond the World, Macaulay, Thomas Babington 54 The 77 Macfie, R.C. 150, 204 n11 Morton, A.L. 196 n3 McGonagall, Alexander 60 Morton, Peter 13, 197 n22 McLeish, Archibald 177 Moylan, Tom 187; see also Baccolini, McLennan, John 97, 100 Raffaella and Moylan, Tom Maine, Sir Henry 97, 100 Muir, Willa and Edwin 113 Malinowski, Bronislaw, Sex and Repression 102, 108 Nabokov, Vladimir 16, 123, 124, Malthus, T.R. 96 125, 202 n35 management, scientific see Taylor, Napoleon I 182 Frederick Winslow NASA 147 Marlowe, Christopher 186 Nature 31 Maslen, Robert W. 161 Nazism 62 Mendel, Gregor 53, 55 Newman, J.H. 5 Mercier, Louis Sébastien, Newton, Isaac 34 L’An 2440 177–8 New York Times Magazine 57 microscopy 11, 24, 36, 37–9, 40, Nietzsche, Friedrich 18, 52 41–7, 60 Nicholas of Cusa 25, 29 Milburn, Colin 160 Nicholls, Peter see Encyclopedia of Milton, John 54, 56, 169, 178; Science Fiction Paradise Lostt 27, 33, 57, 58, 60, 100, 169 Oberg, Charlotte H. 75 Mitchell, J. Leslie 109–12; Gay O’Brien, Fitzjames 39, 44, 47, Hunter 109, 112; Scots Quair, 194 n20; ‘Diamond Lens, A 109; Three Go Back 103, The’ 11–12, 37, 39, 40, 41–7, 109–12 48, 50, 58, 194 n20 Modern Quarterlyy 61 Odle, E.V. 149, 151; Clockwork Man, Montfaucon de Villars, Abbé de 44; Thee 18, 149, 151, 159, 204 n18 Comte de Gabalis, Le 43–6, 49 Odoevsky, Vladimir, ‘Sylph, ‘Moon Hoax, The’ see Locke, Richard The’ 44–5, 46, 194 n20, Adams 194 n22 220 Index

Ogden, C.K. 53, 149 Robinson, Kim Stanley 17, 142, 184; Orwell, George 138, 146, 147; Mars trilogy 142–3; Pacific Nineteen Eighty-Fourr 5–6, 9, 17, Edge 142, 143 19, 129–30, 133, 140, 145, robot 18, 120, 147–59, 204 n6; see 146, 176, 178, 182 also android, cyborg Ovid 116; Metamorphoses 43, Rodker, John 150 194 n18 Rodriguez, Mariano Martín 169 romance see scientific romance, Page, M.R. 193 n13 utopian romance Pall Mall Gazette 194 n16 Rosicrucianism 43–6, 49 Paracelsus 49 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 110 Parrinder, Patrick 200 n29 Royal Society 38, 49 Partington, John S. 203 n15 Ruddick, Nicholas 103, 111, 199 n6, Pascal, Blaise 32, 34 199 n21, 200 n23 Peace Pledge Union 139 Rumsfeld, Donald 121 Pearson, Karl 69 Russell, Bertrand 62, 177; Icarus 53, PEN clubs see International PEN 62, 63 Pepperell, Robert 150, 204 n3 Perutz, Max 55 Saint-Simon, Claude Henri de Philmus, Robert M. 202 n33 192 n44 physiology 40, 155 Salmon, Nicholas 197 n28 physics 10, 55, 61, 168; see also Sappho 177 astronomy Sargent, Lyman Tower 3, 4 Plato 68, 83, 175–6, 178–80, satire see dystopia 181, 186, 188, 194 n22; Saturday Revieww 35 Apologyy 179–80; Ion 180; Saunders, Max 195 n8, 204 n11 Phaedrus 180; Republic, Sawyer, Andy 200 n22 The 2, 4, 13, 19, 70, 130, Schiaparelli, Giovanni 30 175–6, 178–80, 183, 185, 189 Schiller, F.C.S. 149 n9, 194 n22 Schopenhauer, Arthur 177 Playfair, Nigel 205 n25 Schreiner, Olive 59 Plutarch 24–5, 29 science fiction 4, 8, 17, 18, 31, 34–5, Pope, Alexander 44, 45, 46; Essay 40, 47, 51, 54, 61, 82, 113, 115, on Man 33; Rape of the Lock, 118, 119–20, 142–3, 147, 149, The 44, 45, 49 151, 160, 161, 162, 166, 189 post-humanity 14–15, 16–19, 67, n15, 193 n13, 201 n20, 204 n2; 115, 147–8, 149–51, 153, 154, see also scientific romance 158, 159, 160, 162, 166–7 scientific romance 9, 11, 12, 16–17, prehistory 15–16, 97–112, 121, 164 18, 40, 41, 47–8, 50, 51, 52, Prystash, J. 198 n22 120, 151 Seed, David 203 n22 Raby, Peter 88, 89 Shakespeare, William 172, 178, 181, Raulerson, Joshua 148 186; Hamlett 121; Tempest, Reade, Winwood 90, 172 The 194 n3 Reynolds, Sir Joshua 171 Shaw, Bernard 59, 149, 155 Richards, E. 199 n19 Shelley, Mary 41, 47, 57–9, 190 n22; Richardson, Dorothy 151 Frankenstein 9, 11, 12, 39–40, Rieder, John 198 n21, 198 n22 42, 46, 48, 50, 51–2, 55, 57–8, Robertson, Richie 201 n13 60, 63 Index 221

Shelley, Percy 59, 62, 180–1 ‘Today and Tomorrow’ series 18, 53, Sidney, Sir Philip 180 54, 62, 149–50, 151, 153, 161, Silver, Lee M. 63, 194 n3 195 n10, 204 n11 ‘Singularity, The’ 17–18, 147–8, Todorov, Tzvetan 119 158, 159 Trousson, Raymond see Dictionary of Social Darwinism 75 Literary Utopias Socialist League 75, 79 Turner, Victor 84 sociobiology 15, 102 Turney, Jon 52 Socrates 19, 70, 155, 175–6, 179–80, Tylor, E.B. 97–8, 105, 107; Primitive 207 n4; see also Plato Culture 105, 106 Spencer, Herbert 97, 107; Principles of Sociology, The 105 Universal Revieww 80 spiritualism 42–3 utopia, modern 3–6, 8–10, 17, Stableford, Brian 193 n14 19–20, 67–8, 83, 129–46, 147, Stapledon, Olaf 11, 18–19, 24, 163, 177, 183, 184, 186–7, 160–74, 175, 183; Flames, 190 n21 The 164–5, 167; Last and First utopian romance 12–13, 14, 18, 50, Men 18–19, 34, 160, 161, 162, 75, 78–81, 82, 86, 87, 94–6 167, 168, 169–74, 175; Last Men in London 160, 167–8, 173; van Gennep, Arnold 84 Nebula Makerr 36, 206 n16; Verne, Jules 29, 31 Odd John 53, 163, 164, 166; Vinge, Vernor 17–18, 147–8, Old Man in New Worldd 160–1, 158, 159 163, 164; Philosophy and Vint, Sherryl 118, 201 n20 Livingg 206 n10; Sirius 163–4, 165; Star Makerr 18–19, 34, Wallace, Alfred Russel, Man’s Place in 160, 161, 162, 167, 168, the Universe 30 169–74, 175 Warner, Marina 202 n35 Stevenson, Robert Louis 24, 191 Westermarck, Edward Alexander 100 n4; Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Wells, H.G. 9, 13, 17, 29, 31, 36, 12, 46 40, 42, 52–3, 72, 77, 98, 109, Stocking, George W. 100 110, 113–25, 138–9, 147, Stodart-Walker, Archibald 59 149, 150, 151, 152–3, 161–2, Strindberg, August 114; Alone 167, 175, 177, 187–8, 190 114 n2, 191 n24, 200 n29, 205 Suvin, Darko 87–8, 113, 157–8, 189 n26; Anatomy of Frustration, n15, 201 n15, 204 n2 The 200 n29; ‘Chronic Swift, Jonathan 83, 178; Gulliver’s Argonauts, The’ 40; ‘Crystal Travels 19, 85–6, 93, Egg, The’ 36; Discovery of the 116–17, 177 Future, The 162; Experiment in Autobiographyy 200 n29; Taylor, Frederick Winslow, Principles First and Last Things 138–9, of Scientific Management, 203 n15; First Men in the Moon, The 134, 135, 136, 137 The 28; Food of the Gods, Taylor, Keith see Goodwin, Barbara The 18, 52–3, 161–2; ‘From an and Taylor, Keith Observatory’ 35; ‘Grisly Folk, Tennyson, Alfred 30 The’ 15, 98, 103, 104, 111; Terence 148, 153 In the Days of the Comett 178, Thompson, E.P. 196 n3, 196 n10 184; Invisible Man, The 9, 40, 222 Index

Wells – continued Worlds, The 23, 31, 36, 40, 41, 46, 48, 151; Island of Doctor 168; When the Sleeper Wakes Moreau, The 9, 12, 35, 40, 46, [Sleeper Awakes, The] 40, 138; 48, 52, 58, 61, 155; Men Like Wonderful Visit, The 151 Gods 8, 18, 20, 149, 152–3, Whewell, William 30, 41, 47; 184, 204 n20; Modern Utopia, Of the Plurality of Worlds 30, A 2, 3, 6, 72, 130, 136, 138, 38, 39 140, 141–2, 144, 184; Open Whistler, James McNeill 114 Conspiracy, The 152; Outline Whitman, Walt 59 of History, The 102, 103, 107, Wilkins, John, Discovery of a World in 108, 109–10, 149, 163; Rights the Moone, The 29 of Man, The 152; Science of Williams, Raymond, People of the Life, The 163; Shape of Things Black Mountains 109 to Come, The 187; ‘Story of Wood, A. 204 n11 the Stone Age, A’ 15, 102–3, Wood, Michael 118 104–5, 106, 199 n21, 200 Wordsworth, William 37, 181; n26; Things to Come 20, 138, Lyrical Ballads 181 162, 183, 187–8, 208 n22; ‘Through a Microscope’ 41; Yeats, W.B., Vision, A 173 Time Machine, The 14–15, Young, Edward, Night Thoughts 33–4 16–17, 40, 52, 82, 84, 86, 88, 98, 110, 113–25, 198 n8, 201 Zamyatin, Yevgeny 136–8, 146, 147; n15, 202 n33, 202 n41; ‘Under We 17, 19, 129–30, 136–8, the Knife’ 35; War of the 144, 145, 146, 147, 176, 181