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Rubber Physics RUBBER PHYSICS ALEXANDER DUBCEK UNIVERSITY OF TRENCIN J. Gleick: Chaos: Making a New Science. /in Slovak translation/, copyright Ando publishing 1996. Computer simulation of different fractal plants creation as a model of a polymer structure building SUMMARY The module ‘Physics of polymers’ is the field of physics associated to the study of polymers, understanding of the mechanical, physical, electrical and thermodynamic properties of polymeric materials. Current areas of focus include structural and mechanical behavior of networks, segmental relaxation and the glass transition, miscible polymer blends, and polymer-based composites. Polymer physics is part of the wider field of polymer science. All of these aspects are discussed in this module, which consists therefore of the following seven parts: • Structure of polymers & Physical and phase states of polymers • Mechanical properties of solid state polymers • Payene effect & Viscosity and mechanical properties of viscous and viscoelastic materials & Fracture properties of polymers • Models of viscoelastic behavior of materials • Selected physical properties of polymeric materials • Electrical properties of polymers • Physical Processes Influencing Surface Contact of Two Materials The first sub-module discusses polymer materials; their basic structure units, that is good for better understanding of distinctiveness of polymers as materials, it is purposeful to consider the conception of the hierarchic disposition of macromolecular materials. We have tried to explain the constitutional unit, there are shown here some types of polymer chains. Density of cohesive energy is explained here and we introduce for polymers derived quantity, namely the parameter of solubility and geometry of polymer chain. The aim of the second part of the first sub-module that is called physical and phase states of polymers explains basic states for polymers as gaseous, liquid and solid state, structural and phase transformation that takes place in them. Readers can obtain iformation about 14 different crystal lattices, called Bravais Lattices. It describes also phenomenological description of glassy state. Next there is phase transitions described as transition of state, transformation of amorphous substance into crystalline and vice versa, or transformation of one crystalline system into another. Glass transition temperature defined as temperature, at which bend or discontinuity occurs on dependence of specific volume on temperature. There are deffined several methods for the determination of glass transition temperature. The second sub-model deals with a description of deformation of solid elastic materials as well as to set up phenomenological values describing mechanical properties of these substances. We are going to learn about thermodynamic and microstructural aspects of the process of elastic deformation. Later on these concepts and knowledge will be generalized on polymers and rubber. The third sub-module has three important parts. First part deals with a description of Payne effect and also with its physical description. The second one introduces the viscosity terms and viscoelastic behaviour of materials under loading. There is presented the terminology of complex physical parameters (modules), WLF transformations and results of rubber mixtures measurements and temperature dependence of viscosity. And the third one is devoted to the issue of the fracture attributes of polymeric materials, where fracture mechanics provides a methodology evaluating the structural integrity of components containing such defects, and demonstrating whether they are capable of continued, safe operation. The basic criterion in any fracture mechanics analysis is to prevent failure. You can find there information about the historical overview where are presented some approaches. In the fourth sub-model are introduced basic theoretical approaches describing viscoelastic behavior of materials. Readers will be familiared with basic models: Maxwell, Voigt and their combinations. The fifth sub-model provide readers with a schematic review of results of measurements of selected physical quantities (especially mechanic and thermal) gained for various polymeric materials and rubber as well as their connection with theoretical background knowledge presented in previous parts. At the same time we are going to point out differences between physical properties of elastomers and polymers. The sixth sub-model introduces the specific resistivity and conductivity, dielectric properties of polymers, electrical stress of polymers and finally percolation threshold. The last one sub-model presents hysteretic attributes of viscoelastic materials in the process of their deformation. Some theoretical approaches of hysteresis explanation from the point of view of solids' contact are discussed. It also deals with gluing questions and adhesion at mutual contact of materials problems, as well as with theory of friction. ©Alexander Dubcek University of Trencin 2007 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Structure of polymers............................................................................................. 5 1.1. Basic information............................................................................................ 5 1.2. The density of the cohesive energy................................................................. 7 1.3. Geometry of polymer chains........................................................................... 9 1.4. Physical and phase states of polymers.......................................................... 13 1.4.1. Glassy state ............................................................................................ 13 1.4.2. Phase transitions .................................................................................... 15 1.4.3. Glass transition temperature .................................................................. 18 References:........................................................................................................... 24 2. Mechanical properties of solid state polymers..................................................... 25 2.1. Description of deformation of solid elastic materials................................... 25 2.2. Thermodynamic aspects of deformation....................................................... 35 References............................................................................................................ 37 3.Viscosity and mechanical properties of viscous and viscoelastic materials......... 38 3.1. Viscosity ....................................................................................................... 38 3.2. Time dependence of deformation ............................................................... 46 3.3. The temperature dependence of viscosity – micro structural view.......... 54 3.4. Thermodynamic aspects of viscous elastic and rubber deformation ....... 56 3.5. Payne effect................................................................................................... 60 3.6. Fracture properties of polymers.................................................................... 65 References........................................................................................................... 75 4. Models of viscoelastic behavior of materials....................................................... 77 References:........................................................................................................... 83 5. Selected physical properties of polymeric materials ........................................... 85 References:......................................................................................................... 102 6. Electrical properties of polymers....................................................................... 103 6.1. Electrically Conductive Polymers............................................................... 103 6.2. Electrically Conductive Composites........................................................... 104 6.3. Influence of Force Field on Polymer Behaviour......................................... 106 6.4. Electrical Strength of Polymers .................................................................. 107 6.5. Dielectric Properties of Polymers ............................................................... 108 References......................................................................................................... 110 7. Physical Processes Influencing Surface Contact of Two Materials................... 112 7.1. Hysteresis.................................................................................................... 112 7.1.1. Theories of Hysteresis ......................................................................... 113 7.1.2. Unified Theory..................................................................................... 113 7.1.3. Relaxation Theory................................................................................ 115 7.2. Gluing and adhesion ................................................................................... 115 7.2.1. Adhesion as a surface problem ............................................................ 117 7.2.2. The Role of Adhesion at Dynamic Contact of Two Materials – Macroscopic and Molecular Understanding .................................................. 120 7.2.3. Ratio Theory ........................................................................................ 121 7.2.4. Mixed Theory .....................................................................................
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