APRIL 2014
Republic of the Philippines Philippine Statistics Authority BUREAU OF AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS
FOREWORD
The Philippine Statistics Authority - Bureau of Agricultural Statistics (PSA– BAS) conducted Costs and Returns Survey (CRS) of Garlic Production in August 2013. The CRS was designed to generate data on the cost structure of garlic production, average use of materials and labor inputs and measures of profitability of garlic farming in the six (6) major producing provinces, namely: Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija, Quezon and Mindoro Occidental.
The costs and returns data contained in this report are presented by province. This report includes other socio-economic variables related to garlic production. The reference period of the survey is the last completed harvest within July 2012 to June 2013.
The PSA-BAS gratefully acknowledges the financial support provided by the National Rice Program of the Department of Agriculture (DA). Further, the PSA-BAS deeply appreciates the cooperation of the respondents who were interviewed by the Contractual Data Collectors (CDCs) during the survey.
We welcome comments and suggestions from our various users for the improvement of our data system on cost of production.
ROMEO S. RECIDE Director
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page
FOREWORD i
TABLE OF CONTENTS ii
LIST OF TABLES iii
I. INTRODUCTION 1 A. Rationale 1 B. Objectives 1
II. SURVEY METHODOLOGY 2 A. Coverage 2 B. Reference Period 2 C. Sampling Frame 2 D. Sampling Design, Sample Size and Sample Selection Procedure 2
III. SURVEY OPERATION 3 A. Pre-survey Training 3 B. Data Collection 4 C. Supervision of Field Operations 4
IV. DATA PROCESSING 4
V. DATA REVIEW AND ANALYSIS 5
VI. HIGHLIGHTS OF THE SURVEY FINDINGS 5 A. Characteristics of Garlic Farmers 5 B. Farm Characteristics 6 C. Farm Practices 8 D. Input Usage 11 E. Average Production Costs and Returns of Garlic 13 F. Other Information 18
STATISTICAL TABLES 25
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LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Page
1 Percentage distribution of garlic farmers by sex, selected 26 provinces, July 2012-June 2013
2 Average age of garlic farmers and percentage distribution 26 by age group, selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013
3 Percentage distribution of garlic farmers by educational 27 attainment, selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013
4 Average farming experience of garlic farmers and percentage 27 distribution by number of years engaged in garlic production, selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013
5 Percentage distribution of garlic farmers by main occupation, 28 selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013
6 Average farm size, area planted and harvested of garlic focus 29 farm parcels, selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013
7 Percentage distribution of garlic farm parcels by tenurial 29 status, selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013
8 Percentage of garlic farmers by type of farm investment, 30 selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013
9 Percentage of garlic farmers by source of seeds, selected 31 provinces, July 2012-June 2013
10 Percentage of garlic farmers planting other crops, selected 31 provinces, July 2012-June 2013
11 Percentage distribution of garlic farmers by month of planting 32 and harvesting, selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013
12a Percentage of garlic farmers by method of land preparation and 32 type of labor used, selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013
12b Percentage of garlic farmers by method of weeding, selected 33 provinces, July 2012-June 2013
13 Percentage of garlic farmers by type of solid fertilizers used, 33 selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013
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14 Percentage of garlic farmers by type of liquid fertilizers used, 34 selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013
15 Percentage of garlic farmers by type of pesticides used, 34 selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013
16 Average quantity of planting materials used per hectare by 35 mode of acquisition, selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013
17 Average quantity of solid fertilizers applied per hectare, 35 selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013
18 Average quantity of liquid fertilizers applied per hectare, 36 selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013
19 Average quantity of fertilizer nutrients applied per hectare, 36 selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013
20 Average quantity of mulching materials used per hectare, 37 selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013
21 Average quantity of pesticides applied per hectare by type, 37 selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013
22 Average labor utilization per hectare of garlic production by 38 source of labor, selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013
23 Average labor utilization per hectare of garlic production 38 by farm activity, selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013
24 Average production costs and returns of garlic per hectare, 39 selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013
25 Average variable and fixed production costs of garlic, 41 selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013
26 Average production costs and returns of garlic per hectare, 42 Ilocos Norte, July 2012 - June 2013
27 Average variable and fixed production costs of garlic, 44 Ilocos Norte, July 2012 - June 2013
28 Average production costs and returns of garlic per hectare, 45 Ilocos Sur, July 2012 - June 2013
29 Average variable and fixed production costs of garlic, 47 Ilocos Sur, July 2012 - June 2013
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30 Average production costs and returns of garlic per hectare, 48 Nueva Vizcaya, July 2012 - June 2013
31 Average variable and fixed production costs of garlic, 50 Nueva Vizcaya, July 2012 - June 2013
32 Average production costs and returns of garlic per hectare, 51 Nueva Ecija, July 2012 - June 2013
33 Average variable and fixed production costs of garlic, 53 Nueva Ecija, July 2012 - June 2013
34 Average production costs and returns of garlic per hectare, 54 Quezon, July 2012 - June 2013
35 Average variable and fixed production costs of garlic, 55 Quezon, July 2012 - June 2013
36 Average production costs and returns of garlic per hectare, 56 Mindoro Occidental, July 2012 - June 2013
37 Average variable and fixed production costs of garlic, 58 Mindoro Occidental, July 2012 - June 2013
38a Inter-provincial comparison of average production costs 59 and returns of garlic per hectare by major cost item, selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013
38b Inter-provincial comparison of profitability of garlic production, 59 selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013
39 Percentage distribution of garlic produce by disposition item, 60 selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013
40 Percentage of garlic farmers reporting on current level of 61 production in comparison with the same period last year, selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013
41 Percentage of garlic farmers with higher volume of production 61 this year by reason for change in production, selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013
42 Percentage of garlic farmers with lower volume of production 62 this year by reason for change in production, selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013
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43 Percentage of garlic farmers reporting problems on production, 62 selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
44 Percentage of garlic farmers who sold produce by major buyer, 63 selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
45 Percentage of garlic farmers reporting problems on marketing 63 of produce, selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013
46 Percentage of garlic farmers who availed of loans for garlic 64 production and by source of loan, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
47 Percentage of garlic farmers who are aware and availed of benefit 64 from government programs/interventions in garlic production, selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013
48 Percentage of garlic farmers who received benefit from 65 government programs/interventions on garlic production, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
49 Percentage of garlic farmers who used the benefit received and 65 increased farm income, selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013
50 Percentage of garlic farmers by perceived effect of climate 66 change on their farming practices, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
51 Percentage of garlic farmers practicing natural farming, 66 selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013
52 Percentage of garlic farmers who are members of farmers' 67 organization and by type of benefit received, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
53 Percentage distribution of garlic farmers reporting on the plan 67 of farm operation, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
54 Percentage of garlic farmers reporting on the recommendations 68 to further improve the garlic production, selected provinces, July 2012-June 2013
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I. INTRODUCTION
A. Rationale
Garlic (Allium sativum L.), otherwise known as “bawang”, is one of the most popular cultivated Alliums. It is mainly used as a condiment for flavoring meat, fish and salads, in fresh and dehydrated forms. It is also known to lower blood sugar and cholesterol levels. Its many other health-promoting attributes have resulted in medicinal pills, drinks and powders based on garlic extracts.
In spite of having many other uses and with increasing demand for garlic, production in the Philippines has been declining by 5.94 percent over the past 10 years. The country produced 8,644 metric tons in 2013. Price per kilogram of garlic was P70.40. Yet, area harvested for garlic decreased by 5.37 percent in 2013 compared with last year’s record.
The Philippine Statistics Authority-Bureau of Agricultural Statistics (PSA- BAS) has been doing its share in the government’s continuing efforts to develop and sustain the growth of agriculture in the country through the provision of basic statistics. The garlic industry has expressed the need for more information that can help policy makers and investors in making decisions and policies. Part of the growing demand for data are statistics on costs and returns of production. However, the generation of CRS data has not yet been made a regular survey undertaking of the PSA-BAS given the limited regular budget of the Bureau. With the funding support from the National Rice Program of the Department of Agriculture (DA), the PSA-BAS conducted the 2013 Costs and Returns Survey of Garlic Production.
B. Objectives
The general objective of the survey is to generate data on costs and returns of garlic production. Specifically, the survey aims to:
• establish an updated production costs structure; • determine indicators of profitability such as gross and net returns, returns above cash cost, returns above variable cost, etc.; • come up with updated data sets on average use of material and labor inputs; and, • generate other related socio-economic variables.
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II. SURVEY METHODOLOGY
A. Coverage
The domain of the survey was the province. The 2013 Costs and returns Survey of Garlic Production covered the six (6) garlic producing provinces. These were Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija, Quezon and Mindoro Occidental.
Garlic farmers who harvested garlic within the reference period and knowledgeable on the details of garlic farming, particularly on the investments, material inputs, labor expenses incurred and the disposition of produce served as samples of the survey.
B. Reference Period
The survey was conducted in August 2013. The reference period of the Costs and Returns Survey of Garlic Production was the last completed harvest within July 2012 to June 2013.
C. Sampling Frame
The lists of garlic producing barangays with cumulative share of 80 percent based on the total area planted served as the sampling frame. These barangays were identified using the information from the Barangay Agricultural Profiling Survey (BAPS). The ranking of barangays was updated through interview of key informants such as Municipal Agricultural Officers (MAOs), Agricultural Technicians (ATs) and Barangay Officials.
D. Sampling Design, Sample Size and Sample Selection Procedure
A two-stage sampling design was employed with the barangay as the primary sampling unit and the sample farmer as the secondary sampling unit. The barangays were drawn using systematic sampling from an ordered list of barangays. The sample farmers were identified in each sample barangay using snowball approach during data collection.
The total number of sample barangays per province was fifteen or less. If the number of major producing barangays that contributed to 80 percent based on area planted were more than 15, 15 barangays were selected. Those provinces 2
with less than 15, all barangays were completely enumerated. The use of systematic sampling ensured representation of the barangays in the province in terms of area planted to garlic. The total number of sample farmers per province was set at 75 and equally allocated to the sample barangays. The list of sample barangays per province and corresponding number of farmers were provided to the Provincial Operations Center (POC) prior to the survey.
During data collection, sample farmers were located using snowball sampling. The names and addresses of garlic farmers residing in the barangay were obtained from the office of the barangay chairman or any other key informants in the barangay. It served as the data collector’s starting point in searching for potential sample farmers.
A set of screening questions was applied to confirm if those listed actually harvested garlic during the reference period and satisfied the other criteria for enumeration.
Whether the interviewed farmer was qualified or not, he/she was asked to identify other farmers of garlic in the barangay to be added in the initial list. The search continued, and the farmer who met the criteria specified in the screening questions was qualified as sample for the survey and was interviewed using the questionnaire for the 2013 Survey on Costs and Returns of Garlic Production. If the interview was successfully carried out (meaning, all the needed information were supplied), the household number, full name and residential address of the sample farmer were written in the List of Sample Farmers. The enumerator selected again any farmer in the list as the next potential sample for the survey. The process continued until the required number of samples in the barangay was covered.
III. SURVEY OPERATION
A. Pre-survey Training
Two (2) levels of training were conducted. This activity aimed to have uniform understanding of the concepts and procedures used during the course of field operations.
The first level training involved the selected Central Office (C.O.) Staff who served as trainers in the next level of training. The second level training was for the Provincial Operations Center (POC) Staff and Contractual Data Collectors (CDCs).
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B. Data Collection
Data collection was carried out by Contractual Data Collectors (CDCs) through personal (face-to-face) interview of the sample farmer in sample barangays using structured questionnaire. The following activities were performed during data collection:
• The usual courtesy call on the Barangay Officials to get permission on the conduct of the survey; • Requested assistance from the Barangay Officials in identifying the names and addresses of garlic farmers residing in the barangay. • Located the residences of the identified garlic farmers and asked the screening questions to determine if the potential sample farmer was qualified for the survey. • Whether the interviewed farmer was qualified for the survey or not, he/she was asked to identify other garlic farmers in the barangay which were added in the list, then the search for potential sample farmers continued until the required sample size for the barangay was achieved.
C. Supervision of Field Operations
Field supervision was conducted by POC Staff and selected Central Office (C.O.) personnel. Among the tasks carried out by field supervisors were the conduct of spot checking, monitoring of data collectors work, field editing of survey returns, back-checking the work of CDCs and preparation of field supervision report. These activities were undertaken to ensure the quality of data that were collected.
IV. DATA PROCESSING
Editing and coding of survey returns were done twice. Initial editing of questionnaires was done at the Provincial Operations Centers (POCs) upon submission of the accomplished questionnaires by the CDCs. The POC staff served as editors. Counter editing of questionnaires was done by selected personnel of Agricultural Accounts and Statistical Indicators Division (AASID), the lead implementing unit at the Central Office (C.O.) upon submission of the edited and coded survey returns.
Electronic data processing was done at Central Office using CSPro-based data capture program that the Information and Communication Technology Division (ICTD) developed. Training session on the use of data capture program was conducted in preparation for the said activity. After the data encoding, data cleaning was done at the AASID using MS Excel program. The output of the data cleaning was the final set of raw data files which were used for the generation of data tables.
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V. DATA REVIEW AND ANALYSIS
Selected personnel of AASID conducted the review and analysis of the micro data files to ensure consistency, completeness, and verification of extreme values. Extreme data were verified from the submitted questionnaires. The generated data tables were validated and compared with the results of the 2006 Costs and Returns Survey of Garlic Production and other relevant surveys.
VI. HIGHLIGHTS OF THE SURVEY FINDINGS
A. Characteristics of Garlic Farmers (Tables 1–5)
Sex, Age, Educational Attainment and Farming Experience
• For the six (6) provinces covered in the survey, 86.67 percent of garlic farmers were males. The remaining 13.33 percent were females. The biggest proportion of male garlic farmers at 97.33 percent was noted each in Ilocos Norte and Mindoro Occidental. The smallest proportion of male farmers was reported in Quezon at 70.67 percent.
• The average age of garlic farmers was 49 years old. In Ilocos Sur, Nueva Vizcaya and Nueva Ecija, the average age was 50 years. Mindoro Occidental had the youngest age of garlic farmers at 46 years old. By age group, farmers in the age bracket 41 to 50 years comprised the biggest group at 36.67 percent. There were 28.22 percent who belonged to age bracket 51 to 60 years. Only 2 percent of garlic farmers were more than 70 years old. By province, Quezon and Ilocos Norte had the biggest proportions of garlic farmers aged 41 to 50 years at 45.33 percent and 41.33 percent, respectively.
• Across the provinces surveyed, 26.89 percent and 23.11 percent of the garlic farmers finished high school and elementary education, respectively. There were 7.56 percent who obtained college degrees. Provincewise, the proportions of high school graduates were 41.33 percent in Ilocos Norte, 37.33 percent in Nueva Ecija and 29.33 percent in Ilocos Sur. College graduates in Ilocos Sur and Ilocos Norte accounted for only 10.67 percent each. The proportions of elementary graduates were higher in Quezon at 32 percent and Mindoro Occidental at 30.67 percent.
• On the average, garlic farmers had 13 years of experience in garlic farming. This ranged from 7 years in Quezon to 20 years in Ilocos Norte. The group of farmers who had less than 11 years of farming experience comprised 52.22 percent. There were 27.33 percent who reported 11 to 20 years while 14 percent had 21 to 30 years. By province, Quezon had 80 percent of the garlic
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farmers with farming experience of less than 11 years. About 41.33 percent in Mindoro Occidental had 11 to 20 years while 32 percent in Ilocos Norte had 21 to 30 years.
Main Occupation
• The main occupation of 83.78 percent of garlic farmers was field crop farming. Some 6.67 percent were engaged in orchard farming. About 3.78 percent were officials of government and special interest organizations, corporate executives, managing proprietors and supervisors. Professionals, and laborers and unskilled workers accounted for 1.33 percent each.
• In particular, the biggest proportions who reported field crop farming as the main occupation were noted in Mindoro Occidental at 96 percent, Ilocos Sur at 93.33 percent and Nueva Ecija and Nueva Vizcaya at 92 percent each. In Quezon, 40 percent were orchard farmers and 48 percent were field crop farmers.
B. Farm Characteristics (Tables 6–8)
Farm Size and Area Cultivated to Garlic
• The average size of farms operated by garlic farmers was 0.57 hectare. The biggest farm size was noted in Mindoro Occidental with an average area of 1.45 hectares. The smallest was recorded in Ilocos Norte at 0.15 hectare.
• The average size of focus parcel planted and harvested to garlic corresponded to 0.22 hectare and 0.20 hectare. The biggest area planted and harvested was found in Mindoro Occidental at 0.33 hectare. The smallest area was located in Ilocos Norte at 0.13 hectare. In Quezon, the area of focus parcel planted to garlic was 0.27 hectare and the area harvested was only 0.16 hectare.
Tenurial Status
• Across the provinces surveyed, about 44.44 percent of garlic farm parcels were tenanted, 23.56 percent were fully owned and 11.11 percent were under owner-like possession. Rent-free parcels comprised 9.33 percent. There were 4.89 percent under lease or rental arrangement.
• The tenanted farm parcels were common in Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur as reported by 74.67 percent and 78.67 percent, respectively.
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• Among the fully owned farm parcels, Nueva Vizcaya reported the biggest proportion at 34.67 percent and the lowest in Ilocos Norte at 14.67 percent. Owner-like possession of farm parcels was prevalent in Mindoro Occidental with 32 percent reporting.
• In Nueva Ecija, the biggest proportion of garlic farm parcels at 28 percent was rented free. Farm parcels under CLT and CLOA were reported only in Quezon and Nueva Ecija at 13.33 percent and 8 percent, respectively.
Farm Investments
• Among the work animals owned and used by garlic farmers, carabao was reported by 40.22 percent. Cattle was noted by 2.89 percent. In particular, ownership of carabao was mostly reported by 92 percent in Quezon, 58.67 percent in Mindoro Occidental, 44 percent in Nueva Ecija and 40 percent in Nueva Vizcaya. There were 8 percent in Ilocos Sur who owned and used cattle in garlic farming.
• As to farm buildings and other structures, about 21.78 percent of garlic farmers owned farm houses. Investment on this structure was notable among 50.67 percent in Quezon, 28 percent in Mindoro Occidental and 21.33 percent in Nueva Ecija. There were 12 percent in Ilocos Sur with warehouse/storage.
• Irrigation pump was the common farm machinery used in garlic farming with 49.56 percent of garlic farmers reporting. Ownership of irrigation pump was highest in Ilocos Sur at 94.67 percent and Ilocos Norte at 78.67 percent. Four-wheel and two-wheel tractors were minimally used in the farming operations.
• The major farm tools and implements used were plow, spade, scythe, sprayer, and bolo as reported by 40 to 70 percent of garlic farmers across the provinces surveyed. Specifically, Quezon recorded the biggest proportion of garlic farmers who had plow at 90.67 percent and bolo at 98.67 percent. In Nueva Vizcaya, 98.67 percent and 97.33 percent had spade and bolo, respectively. Ilocos Norte posted the biggest proportion of garlic farmers at 92 percent who had scythe.
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C. Farm Practices (Tables 9–15)
Source of Seeds
• Across the provinces surveyed, the major source of seeds of 40.22 percent of garlic farmers was from their own production. There were around 24 percent each who obtained from Department of Agriculture/Regional Field Unit (DA/RFU) and Local Government Unit (LGU). Traders and input dealers were the sources of seeds of 8 percent and 7.56 percent of garlic farmers, respectively.
• The use of own produced seeds was reported by 86.67 percent of the farmers in Ilocos Norte, 69.33 percent in Mindoro Occidental and 62.67 percent in Ilocos Sur. DA/RFU was the source of seeds of 73.33 percent in Nueva Vizcaya and 64 percent in Nueva Ecija. There were 89.33 percent in Quezon who sourced seeds from the LGUs. Input dealers provided seeds to 20 percent in Nueva Ecija and 17.33 percent in Mindoro Occidental.
Other Crops Planted Aside From Garlic
• Palay was the common crop planted aside from garlic which was reported by 79.11 percent of garlic farmers across the six (6) provinces. In Ilocos Sur and Mindoro Occidental, all garlic farmers planted palay. This practice was also observed by 97.33 percent in Ilocos Norte, 96 percent in Nueva Vizcaya and 80 percent in Nueva Ecija.
• Corn was also an alternative crop for garlic with 19.33 percent reporting. In Quezon, 97.33 percent of garlic farmers planted corn.
• Planting of vegetables/rootcrops and condiments was cited by 10.89 percent and 9.78 percent, respectively. There were 33.33 percent in Nueva Ecija and 20 percent in Nueva Vizcaya who planted vegetables and rootcrops. Cultivation of condiments was also noted among 21.33 percent of garlic farmers in Ilocos Sur.
Months of Planting and Harvesting
• During the reference period, planting of garlic was done from September to December of 2012 and from January to February of 2013. However, November was the common month of planting among 57.11 percent of garlic farmers across the provinces covered. In particular, this was mostly reported by 80 percent in Quezon, 77.33 percent in Ilocos Norte and 58.67 percent in Nueva Ecija. October was the usual month of planting of 52 percent in Ilocos
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Sur. There were 46.67 percent in Mindoro Occidental who cited planting of garlic in December.
• Harvesting, on the other hand, took place from December of 2012 to May 2013. Peak harvesting months were February and March as reported by 29.33 percent and 46.89 percent, respectively. By province, harvesting in February was practiced by 65.33 percent of farmers in Ilocos Norte, 57.33 percent in Ilocos Sur and 46.67 percent in Nueva Vizcaya. March harvesting was noted in 84 percent of garlic farmers in Quezon and 60 percent in Nueva Ecija. In Mindoro Occidental, harvesting in March and April was practiced by 49.33 percent and 48 percent, respectively.
Method of Land Preparation and Weeding
• Few farmers in the six (6) provinces used man-machine and man-animal for land preparation. Two-wheel tractor was used by 24.44 percent, while four- wheel tractor was utilized by 6.89 percent of garlic farmers for land preparation. The use of man-animal labor was cited by 14.67 percent.
• By province, the use of two-wheel tractor was dominant in Mindoro Occidental and Nueva Ecija with 58.67 percent and 52 percent of garlic farmers reporting, respectively. This was also cited by 32 percent in Nueva Vizcaya.
• The usage of four-wheel tractor for land preparation was identified by 17.33 percent in Ilocos Sur and 14.67 percent in Nueva Ecija.
• For weeding, the use of chemical spraying was popular among 81.78 percent of garlic farmers across the provinces surveyed. Manual weeding was practiced by 69.78 percent.
• All the sample garlic farmers in Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur used chemicals to remove weeds. This was also reported by 93.33 to 98.67 percent in Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya and Mindoro Occidental. There was no report of chemical spraying in Quezon. On the other hand, manual weeding was also widely adopted by 97.33 percent in Mindoro Occidental. There were 42.67 percent of garlic farmers in Quezon who did manual weeding. Manual weeding was popular in Ilocos Norte and Nueva Vizcaya as reported by 85.33 percent and 81.33 percent, respectively.
Users of Fertilizers
• Across the representative provinces, about 14.67 percent of garlic farmers used the solid form of organic fertilizers. Specifically, the users of the solid organic fertilizer were biggest in Nueva Ecija at 30.67 percent and Nueva
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Vizcaya at 24 percent of garlic farmers. In Mindoro Occidental, there was no report on the usage of organic fertilizer.
• For inorganic fertilizers, complete fertilizer (14-14-14) was the commonly used grade as reported by 60.89 percent of garlic farmers. Urea (46-0-0) was utilized by 56.22 percent and ammonium sulfate (21-0-0) by 33.56 percent. By province, the proportions of farmers who applied complete fertilizer (14- 14-14) ranged from 54.67 percent in Mindoro Occidental to 96 percent in Nueva Ecija. The application of urea (46-0-0) was popular among 81.33 percent in Nueva Ecija. This was also observed in 58.67 percent to 68 percent in the other provinces except Quezon. In the case of Quezon, urea (45-0-0) was the only inorganic fertilizer used by garlic farmers with 1.33 percent reporting.
• For the liquid type of fertilizers, only few at 0.67 percent reported usage of organic fertilizer. This was noted only in 1.33 percent in Ilocos Sur and 2.67 percent in Nueva Ecija.
• The users of liquid inorganic fertilizer ranged from 0.22 percent for Crop Giant (16-16-16) to 5.11 percent for Greenbee. By province, users of Greenbee were 12 percent in Ilocos Sur, 10.67 percent in Nueva Vizcaya and 8 percent in Ilocos Norte. About 6.67 percent of garlic farmers in Ilocos Sur applied Foliar .
Users of Pesticides
• The liquid form of pesticides was more preferred than the solid form. About 61.11 percent of garlic farmers in six (6) provinces used liquid herbicides/weedicides, 57.11 percent used liquid insecticides and 5.33 percent used liquid fungicides.
• In particular, Ilocos Norte had the biggest proportion of farmers at 97.33 percent who applied liquid herbicides/weedicides. Ilocos Sur followed with 89.33 percent of farmers.
• For users of insecticides, the biggest proportions were noted in Nueva Vizcaya at 85.33 percent, Mindoro Occidental at 84 percent and Ilocos Sur at 70.67 percent.
• Users of solid pesticides ranged from 0.22 percent for herbicides/weedicides and rodenticides to 36.67 percent for fungicides. The users of solid fungicides were higher in Mindoro Occidental at 60 percent, in Nueva Vizcaya at 56 percent and in Ilocos Sur at 54.67 percent.
• For Quezon, there was no reported usage of any type of pesticides during the reference period.
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D. Input Usage (Tables 16–23)
Planting Materials (Garlic Cloves)
• On the average, the quantity of planting materials (cloves) used in the production of garlic was estimated at 302.83 kilograms per hectare. Of this quantity, about 41 percent were farmer’s own produced and 33.36 percent were received from others. The rest at 25.64 percent were purchased.
• Higher quantities of planting materials (cloves) per hectare were noted in Nueva Vizcaya at 435.82 kilograms and in Ilocos Norte at 419.36 kilograms. Mindoro Occidental farmers had the least quantity of seeds utilized at 215.98 kilograms per hectare.
Fertilizer
• The application of solid organic fertilizers averaged 65.14 kilograms per hectare. The usage was highest in Nueva Vizcaya at 157.51 kilograms, followed by Nueva Ecija at 107.94 kilograms. Ilocos Norte reported the least application rate at 24.75 kilograms per hectare. No usage of organic fertilizer was noted in Mindoro Occidental.
• Among the solid inorganic fertilizer grades, higher applications per hectare were recorded in urea (46-0-0), complete fertilizer (14-14-14) and ammonium sulfate (21-0-0) corresponding to 141.36 kilograms, 140.32 kilograms and 105.01 kilograms. Crop Giant reported the least application rates at less than one kilogram per hectare.
• By province, farmers in Nueva Vizcaya posted the biggest usage of complete fertilizer (14-14-14) and ammonium sulfate (21-0-0) at 271.43 kilograms and 175.27 kilograms per hectare, respectively. The said province was also a heavy user of urea (46-0-0) with an application rate of 185.71 kilograms per hectare. Garlic farmers in Ilocos Sur had the biggest application rate of urea (46-0-0) at 189.14 kilograms per hectare. In Quezon, only urea (45-0-0) was used at an average of 0.81 kilogram per hectare.
• In the case of liquid fertilizers, only a smaller quantity averaged at 0.03 liter per hectare was used. Farmers in Ilocos Sur and Nueva Ecija had 0.07 liter and 0.11 liter per hectare usage of liquid organic fertilizer, respectively.
• For inorganic liquid fertilizer, Greenbee was the most frequently used which averaged 0.25 liter per hectare. This was followed by foliar with a usage at 0.22 liter. Higher application was observed for foliar in Mindoro Occidental at 0.49 liter and for Greenbee in Nueva Vizcaya at 0.73 liter.
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• As to the nutrient contents, the solid form of fertilizer applied contained 119.86 kilograms of nitrogen, 28.66 kilograms of phosphorous and 22.26 kilograms of potassium per hectare. In particular, Nueva Vizcaya farmers were heavy users of nitrogen fertilizer at 179.23 kilograms per hectare. Next was Ilocos Sur farmers with 158.39 kilograms of nitrogen content per hectare. Ilocos Norte and Mindoro Occidental farmers applied 129.98 kilograms and 136.65 kilograms of nitrogen, respectively. The fertilizer applied by the garlic farmers in Quezon comprised only of nitrogen amounting to 0.37 kilogram per hectare.
Mulching Materials
• The common mulching material by garlic farmers in the six (6) provinces was rice straw at an average of 3,889.08 kilograms per hectare. The usage of rice straw per hectare ranged from 2,298.89 kilograms in Ilocos Sur to 5,639.51 kilograms in Quezon.
• Other mulching materials were coconut leaves and cogon with respective application averaged at 21.72 kilograms and 2.17 kilograms. Specifically, only the garlic farmers in Quezon were the users of coconut leaves at 162.93 kilograms and cogon leaves at 16.29 kilograms per hectare.
Pesticides
• Application of liquid herbicides/weedicides averaged 3.43 liters per hectare. Farmers in Mindoro Occidental were heavy users of herbicides/weedicides at 5.66 liters per hectare. Farmers in Nueva Vizcaya used only 2.55 liters per hectare. There was no report on the usage of pesticides in Quezon.
• The usage of liquid insecticides was higher at an average of 2.17 liters per hectare. For solid insecticides, the application rate was only 0.21 kilogram per hectare. Nueva Vizcaya indicated bigger quantity of liquid insecticides applied at 4.12 liters per hectare.
• On the average, 1.43 kilograms of solid fungicides and 0.16 liter of liquid fungicides were applied across the provinces covered. In Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur and Nueva Vizcaya, application rates per hectare ranged from 2.17 kilograms to 2.61 kilograms.
• The use of solid rodenticides was reported only in Ilocos Sur at 0.02 kilogram per hectare. Application of organic type of pesticides was likewise minimal.
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Labor Utilization
• Across the provinces covered, the average labor utilization in garlic farming was 209.50 mandays per hectare. It was biggest in Nueva Vizcaya at 235.57 mandays and least in Ilocos Sur at 159.98 mandays.
• By source of labor, the bulk of labor input at 99.61 mandays per hectare were provided by hired labor. Operator and family labor contributed 63.78 mandays and 44.07 mandays per hectare, respectively. Exchange labor provided the least at 2.04 mandays per hectare.
• By farm activity, planting and harvesting were the most labor intensive activities which required an average of more than 30 mandays per hectare each. This was followed by cleaning and sorting which utilized an average of 29.28 mandays per hectare. Labor requirements in irrigating, drying, bundling and manual weeding ranged from 12.81 to 18.35 mandays per hectare.
• By province, labor inputs for planting and harvesting were higher in Nueva Vizcaya at 48.18 mandays and 38.40 mandays per hectare, respectively. Similarly, Quezon required 40.81 mandays in planting and 38.69 mandays for harvesting. Labor utilization for cleaning and sorting was bigger in Nueva Vizcaya, Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur ranging from 31.75 to 37.49 mandays per hectare.
E. Average Production Costs and Returns of Garlic
All Provinces (Tables 24–25)
• In 2013, the cost of producing garlic in six (6) provinces averaged P100,473 per hectare or P48.82 per kilogram.
• Cash outlays amounted to P46,705 per hectare or 46.49 percent of the total production costs. The bulk of cash expenses were hired labor at P16,066, inorganic fertilizers at P9,266 and planting materials (cloves) at P4,413.
• Non-cash costs which averaged at P18,447 per hectare shared 18.36 percent. Planting materials (cloves) accounted for the biggest non-cash cost item at P9,062 per hectare. Landowner’s share and mulching materials followed at P5,109 per hectare and P3,128 per hectare, respectively.
• About 35.15 percent or P35,320 per hectare were imputed costs. Operator’s labor was the major contributor which was valued at P10,715 per hectare. Planting materials (cloves) received from either the government or private
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individuals amounted to P7,745. Other big imputed costs items came from family labor at P7,207 and rental value of owned land at P4,888 per hectare.
• Across the six (6) provinces surveyed, garlic production averaged 2,057.94 kilograms per hectare during the reference period. With an average farmgate price of P71.08 per kilogram, garlic farmers grossed P146,270.
• Farm receipts over cash costs were estimated at P99,565 per hectare. Returns above cash and non-cash costs amounted to P81,117 per hectare. Net earnings stood at P45,797 per hectare. Garlic farmers gained P0.46 for every peso invested in garlic production.
• Variable costs of production amounted to P90,894 per hectare or 90.47 percent of the total production costs. The remaining 9.53 percent were fixed costs valued at P9,579 per hectare.
Ilocos Norte (Tables 26-27)
• Average cost of garlic production in Ilocos Norte amounted to P125,333 per hectare. This corresponded to P45.17 per kilogram.
• Of the total production costs, 44.87 percent were cash costs equivalent to P56,237 per hectare. The leading cash costs items were hired labor and inorganic fertilizer at P18,542 per hectare and P10,800 per hectare, respectively.
• Non-cash expenses which comprised 28.86 percent amounted to P 36,166 per hectare. Of this amount, P19,404 were the cost of planting materials (cloves) and P11,242 were the cost of landowner’s share.
• Imputed costs amounted to P32,929 per hectare of which P16,487 were the cost of operator labor.
• Garlic production in Ilocos Norte which averaged 2,774.80 kilograms per hectare resulted to gross earnings at P139,353. Farmgate price averaged P50.22 per kilogram.
• Returns after deducting cash costs were computed at P83,116 per hectare. When non-cash costs were subtracted, farm receipts amounted to P46,949 per hectare. Net returns settled at P14,020 per hectare. Farmers netted P0.11 for every peso of investment in garlic farming.
• Variable costs of production averaged P119,101 per hectare. This accounted for 95.03 percent of all costs. Average fixed costs amounted to P6,231 per hectare.
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Ilocos Sur (Tables 28-29)
• In Ilocos Sur, farmers incurred an average cost of P105,294 per hectare in the production of garlic. Per kilogram, cost was P64.63.
• Of the total production costs, 44.11 percent were cash expenses at P46,450 per hectare. The leading cost items were hired labor at P13,027 and inorganic fertilizer at P11,565 per hectare.
• Non-cash outlays which accounted for 31.93 percent were valued at P33,623 per hectare. About 53.37 percent of the non-cash costs at P17,943 were the value of owned-produced planting materials (cloves). Landowner’s share was another big expense item amounting to P11,933 per hectare.
• Imputed costs amounted to P25,220 per hectare. This was 23.95 percent of the total costs. Operator labor registered the biggest imputed cost at P7,026 per hectare.
• The average volume of garlic production in Ilocos Sur was 1,629.09 kilograms per hectare. Producer price averaged P76.80 per kilogram and farmers grossed P125,113.
• Returns above cash costs figured to P78,662 per hectare. Minus the non-cash costs of production, returns averaged P45,039 per hectare. Accounting for all the costs, net returns settled at P19,819 per hectare or P0.19 for every peso of investment.
• Variable costs shared 92 percent of the total costs or P96,862 per hectare. The remaining 8 percent comprised the fixed costs valued at P8,432 per hectare.
Nueva Vizcaya (Tables 30-31)
• The average cost of producing garlic in Nueva Vizcaya was P141,152 per hectare or P51.05 per kilogram.
• Cash costs at P66,740 per hectare accounted for 47.28 percent of all costs. Costs of hired labor, inorganic fertilizer and planting materials (cloves) comprised the bulk of cash expenses at P23,362, P15,064 and P13,679, respectively.
• Non-cash payments shared 10.39 percent or P14,671 per hectare. Of this amount, P12,050 were cost of landowner’s share.
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• Imputed costs amounted to P59,741 per hectare or 42.32 percent of the total production cost. The leading cost items were planting materials (cloves) at P16,329, rental value of owned land at P13,990, operator labor at P12,427 and family labor at P11,675.
• Garlic production in Nueva Vizcaya averaged 2,765.13 kilograms per hectare. Gross returns amounted to P178,123 per hectare at an average price of P64.42 per kilogram.
• Returns after cash costs were computed at P111,383 per hectare. Returns above cash and non-cash expenses were P96,712 per hectare. Considering all costs, farmers netted P36,971 per hectare. For every peso invested in garlic production, farmers earned P0.26.
• Average variable costs of production amounted to P122,079 per hectare or 86.49 percent of all costs. Fixed costs totaled to P19,073 per hectare.
Nueva Ecija (Tables 32-33)
• Garlic production in Nueva Ecija entailed an average cost of P89,747 per hectare or P44.67 per kilogram.
• Cash costs constituted about 46.29 percent of all costs or P41,548 per hectare. Payment to hired workers was the biggest expense item at P13,756.
• Non-cash costs amounted to P6,589 per hectare and shared 7.34 percent in total costs. Planting materials (cloves) and mulching materials were the main expense items at P2,132 and P3,362, respectively.
• Imputed costs averaged P41,609 per hectare. Of this amount, P15,449 were cost of planting materials (cloves). About P10,756 and P6,179 were costs of operator and family labor, respectively.
• Average garlic production in Nueva Ecija was estimated at 2,009.19 kilograms per hectare worth P215,861. Farmgate price averaged P107.44 per kilogram.
• Net of cash costs, garlic farmers earned P174,313 per hectare. After deducting non-cash costs, returns figured to P167,724 per hectare. Net returns averaged P126,115 per hectare. For every peso invested in garlic production, farmers in Nueva Ecija gained P1.41.
• Average variable cost of production comprised 91.12 percent equivalent to P81,781 per hectare. Fixed costs averaged P7,966 per hectare.
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Quezon (Tables 34-35)
• In Quezon, the cost of producing garlic averaged P66,678 per hectare. On a per kilogram basis, cost was computed at P57.28.
• Cash costs of production averaged P11,505 per hectare or 17.25 percent of all costs. Hired labor contributed the highest at P8,172 per hectare.
• About P16,087 per hectare were allocated for non-cash outlays of which planting materials (cloves) accounted for P8,244 per hectare.
• Imputed costs comprised 58.62 percent of the production costs. It amounted to P39,086 per hectare. Operator labor contributed the highest expenses at P14,964 per hectare followed by family labor at P11,216 per hectare.
• Garlic farmers in Quezon produced an average of 1,164.01 kilograms per hectare and grossed P104,392. Average farmgate price was P89.68 per kilogram.
• Returns above cash costs were P92,887 per hectare and returns above cash and non-cash costs were P76,800 per hectare. Net of all costs, farmer earned P37,714 per hectare or P0.57 for every peso of investment in garlic production.
• About 95.98 percent of the cost incurred in garlic production were variable costs which amounted to P63,997 per hectare. Fixed costs were minimal at P2,681 per hectare.
Mindoro Occidental (Tables 36-37)
• Garlic farmers in Mindoro Occidental incurred an average production cost of P89,566 per hectare or P42.80 per kilogram.
• Of the total production costs, 59.30 percent were cash costs. This amounted to P53,110 per hectare. Hired labor and inorganic fertilizers were the major cash costs items amounting to P18,313 and P11,054 per hectare, respectively.
• Non-cash costs averaged P14,481 per hectare or 16.17 percent of all costs. Imputed costs which shared 24.54 percent were valued at P21,975 per hectare. The cost of planting materials (cloves) was the major contributor in non-cash costs at P10,219 per hectare while opportunity cost of operator labor was the biggest item under imputed costs at P7,307 per hectare.
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• Garlic production in Mindoro Occidental averaged 2,092.79 kilograms per hectare with equivalent gross returns of P113,968 per hectare. Garlic price was quoted at P54.46 per kilogram.
• Returns above cash costs were estimated at P60,858 per hectare while returns above cash and non-cash costs averaged P46,377 per hectare. Net earnings stood at P24,402 per hectare. Garlic farmers gained P0.27 for every peso of investment.
• The bulk of the costs in garlic production at 87.79 percent were variable costs which averaged P78,631 per hectare. Fixed costs amounted to P10,935 per hectare.
Inter-Provincial Comparison (Tables 38a-38b)
• On the average, the cost of producing garlic was estimated at P100,473 per hectare. Production cost was highest in Nueva Vizcaya at P141,152 per hectare and lowest in Quezon at P66,678 per hectare. Cash costs comprised the biggest costs in Nueva Vizcaya at P66,740, Ilocos Norte at P56,237, Mindoro Occidental at P53,110 and Ilocos Sur at P46,450. Imputed costs contributed the biggest in Nueva Vizcaya at P59,741 per hectare.
• Gross earnings from garlic production averaged P146,270 per hectare. Farmers in Nueva Ecija grossed the highest at P215,861 per hectare. Those in Quezon and Mindoro Occidental had the least gross earnings at P104,392 per hectare and P113,968 per hectare, respectively.
• Garlic farmers netted an average of P45,797 per hectare. Net returns ranged from P14,020 per hectare in Ilocos Norte to P126,115 per hectare in Nueva Ecija. Net profit-cost ratio was highest in Nueva Ecija at 1.41 and lowest in Ilocos Norte at 0.11.
F. Other Information (Tables 39–54)
Disposition of Produce
• The survey indicated that, on the average, 77.24 percent of the volume of garlic produced were sold. About 11.23 percent were set aside for planting materials (cloves). Landowner’s share was 4.30 percent. Home consumption comprised 1.52 percent while those given away accounted for 2.53 percent. About 1.39 percent of the total production were paid to creditors.
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• The proportions of volume sold were highest in Nueva Vizcaya at 88.71 percent and Mindoro Occidental at 81.75 percent. The lowest was noted in Ilocos Sur at 65.62 percent. However, Ilocos Sur indicated the biggest percentages of produce set aside for planting materials (cloves) at 19.36 percent and landowner’s share at 10.07 percent. Landowner’s shares in Ilocos Norte and Nueva Vizcaya were 8.43 percent and 7.64 percent, respectively. In Quezon, the proportions of produce were higher for home consumption at 4.62 percent, payment to creditors at 5.97 percent and for planting materials (cloves) at 15.85 percent. Garlic farmers in Nueva Vizcaya used only 0.54 percent of their produce for planting materials (cloves).
Production Compared with Last Year
• When compared with the production last year, about 56 percent of garlic farmers said that their production was lower this year. Some 14.89 percent reported higher production this year. Only 8.44 percent stated the same level of production over last year.
• By province, Ilocos Sur recorded the highest proportion of garlic farmers at 88 percent that reported lower production this year. The same was cited by 68 percent in Ilocos Norte and 57.33 percent in Quezon. Higher production this year was noted by 37.33 percent in Mindoro Occidental. No change in the production level was reported by 17.33 percent in Ilocos Norte and 13.33 percent in Nueva Vizcaya.
• Among the garlic farmers who had production higher this year, the major reason cited was the increase in area as reported by 28.36 percent. There were 22.39 percent each whose reasons were favorable weather condition and use of good quality planting materials (cloves). Proper farm management and use of fertilizer were mentioned by 16.42 percent each.
• At the provincial level, all garlic farmers in Quezon who had higher production cited the use of good quality planting materials (cloves) as their reason. In Mindoro Occidental, the increase in area and good weather conditions were pointed out by 32.14 percent and 39.29 percent, respectively. According to 50 percent of the garlic farmers in Ilocos Norte, the higher production this year was caused by increase in area while 37.50 percent reasoned the use of fertilizer. The use of good quality planting materials (cloves) was mentioned by 36.36 percent in Nueva Ecija. Proper farm management was given by 63.64 percent in Nueva Vizcaya.
• The major reason for low production this year was bad weather condition with 60.71 percent reporting. Other main reasons were the use of low quality planting materials (cloves) as stated by 33.33 percent, occurrence of pests and diseases by 31.75 percent and decrease in area by 12.30 percent.
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• Among the provinces covered, bad weather condition was the foremost reason for lower production as indicated by 72 to 77 percent of the farmers in Quezon, Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur. The incidence of pests and diseases was mentioned by 67.57 percent in Mindoro Occidental and 56.06 percent in Ilocos Sur. There were 76.67 percent in Nueva Ecija and 80 percent in Nueva Vizcaya who reported low quality of planting materials (cloves) as the reason for low production.
Problems Related to Production
• The common production problems encountered by garlic farmers were bad weather condition/calamities, occurrence of pests and diseases, high cost of inputs and lack of capital. Correspondingly, these were reported by 47.56 percent, 42.67 percent, 38.44 percent and 10.67 percent of garlic farmers. Poor soil condition was the constraints given by 5.33 percent and irrigation problem by 6 percent. Other problems cited were poor quality of planting materials (cloves) used, rough roads/inadequate transport facilities and lack of government support.
• Among the six (6) provinces, Quezon had the biggest proportion of garlic farmers at 96 percent who reported bad weather condition/calamities. In Mindoro Occidental, 72 percent each reported the occurrence of pest and diseases, and high cost of inputs as their major problems. Likewise, 76 percent in Ilocos Sur had problem on pests and diseases. High cost of inputs affected 68 percent of garlic farmers in Ilocos Norte.
Major Buyers of Produce
• Wholesaler-retailers were the major buyers of 26.44 percent of garlic farmers across the provinces surveyed. Some 22.22 percent transacted directly to consumers. Selling to agents was reported by 19.11 percent and to wholesalers and assemblers by 14.67 percent each. Only few at 2 percent sold their produce to cooperatives.
• At the provincial level, about 33.33 percent to 38.67 percent of garlic farmers in Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija and Mindoro Occidental cited wholesaler- retailers as their major buyers. Transaction with assemblers was mentioned by 66.67 percent in Ilocos Norte. Agent as the major buyer was reported by 44 percent in Ilocos Sur and 28 percent in Mindoro Occidental. There were 69.33 percent in Quezon who sold their produce to consumers.
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Problems Related to Marketing
• The major marketing problems were unstable prices and low price of produce as identified by more than half of the garlic farmers in the six (6) provinces surveyed. There were 23.33 percent who mentioned no buyer of produce while 11.11 percent had problem on lack of marketing information. Rough road and high transport cost were the constraints of 2 percent.
• In particular, unstable prices and low price of the produce were the common marketing problems identified by 80 percent and 74.67 percent of garlic farmers in Ilocos Norte, respectively. Low price of produce was also mentioned by 78.67 percent in Ilocos Sur and 69.33 percent in Nueva Vizcaya. More garlic farmers in Mindoro Occidental at 65.33 percent had problem on unstable price of garlic. No buyer or market outlet was reported by 44 percent in Nueva Ecija and 42.67 percent in Mindoro Occidental. Some 22.67 percent in Nueva Ecija cited the lack of marketing information as their problem.
Access to Credit
• Of the total sample garlic farmers interviewed in the six (6) provinces, about 11.78 percent borrowed capital for garlic production. Mindoro Occidental reported the highest percentage at 24 percent followed by Ilocos Sur at 18.67 percent. Nueva Ecija had the least at 6.67 percent. There was no report on the availment of loan in Quezon.
• The major source of loans was private individual as reported by 73.58 percent of the farmer-borrowers. There were 18.87 percent who obtained loans from cooperatives while 7.55 percent from banks.
• By province, all the farmer-borrowers in Ilocos Norte availed loans from private individuals. This was also the major source of loans of 88.89 percent in Mindoro Occidental and 80 percent in Nueva Ecija. Cooperatives were leading source of 55.56 percent in Nueva Vizcaya.
Access to Government Programs/Interventions
• Awareness of government programs/interventions was reported by 75.56 of garlic farmers in the six (6) provinces covered. Nueva Ecija reported the biggest proportion of farmers at 98.67 percent and Mindoro Occidental posted the least proportion at 40 percent.
• Among the garlic farmers who cited awareness of government programs/interventions, 64.71 percent of them availed of benefits. The proportion of those who benefitted from government programs/
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interventions was highest in Quezon at 98.53 percent. This was distantly followed by Nueva Vizcaya at 79.71 percent and Nueva Ecija at 74.32 percent. Mindoro Occidental recorded the least proportion at 13.33 percent.
• Majority at 94.55 percent of the garlic farmers in the representative provinces were recipients of planting materials. In Quezon and Nueva Vizcaya, garlic farmers received planting materials. This benefit was also availed by 98.18 percent in Nueva Ecija, 86.36 percent in Ilocos Sur, 75 percent in Mindoro Occidental and 58.82 percent in Ilocos Norte.
• Fertilizers and other inputs were another benefits received by 20 percent. Few at 3.64 percent cited training on farming technology, 1.36 percent identified irrigation services and 0.45 percent mentioned pos-tharvest facilities. The recipients of fertilizers and other inputs were higher in Ilocos Norte at 35.29 percent and Nueva Ecija at 52.73 percent. In Mindoro Occidental, 25 percent of garlic farmers availed of training on farming technology. Farmers in Ilocos Sur at 9.09 percent were beneficiaries of irrigation facilities.
• Among the garlic farmers who benefited from government programs/ interventions, about 91.36 percent said that they used the benefits. According to this group of farmers, 30 percent of them reported that the benefits they received helped increase their income.
• By province, the proportions of garlic farmer who used the benefits received were higher in Quezon at 97.01 percent, Ilocos Sur and Nueva Vizcaya at 90.91 percent each. It was least in Mindoro Occidental at 75 percent. Those who claimed that the benefits helped increase their income were biggest in Mindoro Occidental at 75 percent and Nueva Ecija at 60 percent. This was cited by only few in Nueva Vizcaya at 14.55 percent.
Farm Practices Affected by Climate Change
• There were 79.56 percent of garlic farmers who said that their farming practices were affected by climate change. It was reported highest in Quezon at 92 percent and least in Nueva Ecija at 70.67 percent.
• As to the perceived effect of climate change, decrease in yield was reported by 72.63 percent, increase in input usage by 23.74 percent and change in cropping pattern by 16.76 percent. Some 10.34 percent mentioned that climate change caused decrease in the number of cropping.
• The decrease in yield was mostly reported by 97.10 percent in Quezon, 85 percent each in Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur and 78.95 percent in Mindoro Occidental. Likewise, garlic farmers in Mindoro Occidental at 56.14 percent cited that climate change resulted to increase in input usage. In Nueva Ecija,
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about 56.60 percent and 30.19 percent identified change in cropping pattern and decrease in number of cropping, respectively.
Natural Farming
• In the six (6) provinces covered, natural farming was practiced by 11.33 percent of the garlic farmers. Specifically, this farming method was widely adopted by 28 percent in Nueva Ecija and 25.33 percent in Quezon. Only few at less than 3 percent in Ilocos Norte and Nueva Vizcaya were into this practice.
• By type of practice, the use of organic fertilizer was mentioned by 80.39 percent. The maintenance of buffer zone was practiced by 19.61 percent.
• All the sample garlic farmers in Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur and Nueva Vizcaya used organic fertilizers. All garlic farmers in Mindoro Occidental did not practice natural farming.
Membership in Organization and Type of Benefit Received
• About 60.67 percent of garlic farmers in the six (6) provinces were members of farmers’ organizations. Ilocos Sur posted the highest percentage at 93.33 percent and least in Nueva Ecija at 26.67 percent.
• Among the farmer-members, 47.99 percent availed of training/seminars. About 31.14 percent were provided with input support and 13.55 percent had marketing support. Irrigation facilities were availed of by 20.15 percent.
• In Quezon, about 97.96 percent of the farmer-members were recipients of training and seminars while 48.98 percent availed of input support. Ilocos Sur had 45.71 percent who received input support. In Mindoro Occidental, marketing support was reported by 68 percent of the farmer-members.
Plans of Garlic Farmers
• According to 58 percent of the garlic farmers in the six (6) provinces, they planned to maintain their current operation while 33.56 percent wanted to expand their operations. The rest had plans to stop the operation or shift to other crops.
• Majority or 70.67 percent of the garlic farmers in Mindoro Occidental will maintain their current operations. This was also cited by 63 to 64 percent in Quezon and Ilocos Norte. There were 60 percent in Nueva Vizcaya who
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would expand their operation. In Ilocos Sur, some 20 percent planned to shift to other crops.
Recommendation to Further Improve Garlic Production
• To further improve garlic production, about 66.89 percent of garlic farmers recommended price support for the commodity. Financial support was cited by 44 percent. There were 38.67 percent who recommended regulation of price of farm inputs. Some 29.33 percent suggested the provision of modern farming technologies and 17.11 percent pointed out the conduct of soil testing/analysis. Other recommendations included improvement of irrigation services, provision of infrastructure facilities, land reform program, addressing environmental concern, improvement in the quality of planting materials (cloves) and more market outlets.
• Except for Quezon, the proportion of garlic farmers suggesting price support ranged from 62.67 percent in Nueva Ecija to 88 percent in Ilocos Sur. In Quezon, majority at 64 percent and 49.33 percent proposed financial support and soil testing and analysis, respectively. Only few in Quezon at 2.67 percent recommended price support.
• Regulation of prices of farm inputs was sought by 80 percent in Mindoro Occidental and 62.67 percent in Ilocos Norte. Likewise, more at 58.67 percent in Mindoro Occidental suggested the provision of new/modern farming technology.
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STATISTICAL TABLES
Table 1. Percentage distribution of garlic farmers by sex, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
Province Male Female
All Provinces 86.67 13.33
Ilocos Norte 97.33 2.67 Ilocos Sur 90.67 9.33 Nueva Vizcaya 74.67 25.33 Nueva Ecija 89.33 10.67 Quezon 70.67 29.33 Mindoro Occidental 97.33 2.67
Table 2. Average age of garlic farmers and percentage distribution by age group, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
Average Age Age Group (years) Province (years) < 31 31 - 40 41 - 50 51 - 60 61 - 70 > 70
All Provinces 49 3.33 18.67 36.67 28.22 11.11 2.00
Ilocos Norte 48 5.33 16.00 41.33 25.33 9.33 2.67 Ilocos Sur 50 2.67 18.67 28.00 33.33 14.67 2.67 Nueva Vizcaya 50 1.33 20.00 30.67 34.67 12.00 1.33 Nueva Ecija 50 2.67 14.67 36.00 34.67 9.33 2.67 Quezon 48 4.00 13.33 45.33 22.67 14.67 Mindoro Occidental 46 4.00 29.33 38.67 18.67 6.67 2.67
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Table 3. Percentage distribution of garlic farmers by educational attainment, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
High High Elementary Elementary College College No Province School School Vocational Level Graduate Level Graduate Schooling Level Graduate
All Provinces 9.78 23.11 14.22 26.89 12.22 7.56 6.00 0.22
Ilocos Norte 5.33 16.00 8.00 41.33 10.67 10.67 8.00 Ilocos Sur 8.00 16.00 8.00 29.33 17.33 10.67 10.67 Nueva Vizcaya 4.00 24.00 21.33 21.33 17.33 6.67 5.33 Nueva Ecija 5.33 20.00 13.33 37.33 13.33 4.00 6.67 Quezon 29.33 32.00 14.67 8.00 10.67 5.33 Mindoro Occidental 6.67 30.67 20.00 24.00 4.00 8.00 5.33 1.33
Table 4. Average farming experience of garlic farmers and percentage distribution by number of years engaged in garlic production, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
Average Farming Years Province Experience (year) < 11 11 - 20 21 - 30 > 30
All Provinces 13 52.22 27.33 14.00 6.44
Ilocos Norte 20 28.00 30.67 32.00 9.33 Ilocos Sur 16 40.00 30.67 21.33 8.00 Nueva Vizcaya 11 68.00 20.00 2.67 9.33 Nueva Ecija 10 58.67 29.33 5.33 6.67 Quezon 7 80.00 12.00 8.00 Mindoro Occidental 15 38.67 41.33 14.67 5.33
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Table 5. Percentage distribution of garlic farmers by main occupation, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
Officials of the Government Service and Special Interest Workers Technicians Organizations, Corporate and Shop Province Professionals and Associate Executives, Managers and Market Professionals Managing Proprietors and Sales Supervisors Workers
All Provinces 3.78 1.33 0.22 0.67
Ilocos Norte 6.67 2.67 1.33 Ilocos Sur 2.67 Nueva Vizcaya 2.67 1.33 1.33 Nueva Ecija 4.00 1.33 Quezon 8.00 1.33 Mindoro Occidental 1.33 1.33
Table 5. (Concluded)
Elementary Farmers, Forestry Workers Plant and Craft and Occupation: and Fishermen Machine Related Laborers Province Operators Trades and Field Crop Orchard and Fishermen Workers Unskilled Assemblers Farmers Farmers Workers
All Provinces 83.78 6.67 0.44 1.11 0.67 1.33
Ilocos Norte 81.33 2.67 1.33 4.00 Ilocos Sur 93.33 2.67 1.33 Nueva Vizcaya 92.00 1.33 1.33 Nueva Ecija 92.00 1.33 1.33 Quezon 48.00 40.00 1.33 1.33 Mindoro Occidental 96.00 1.33
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Table 6. Average farm size, area planted and harvested of garlic focus farm parcels, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
(in hectare) Province Farm Size Area Planted Area Harvested
All Provinces 0.5667 0.2224 0.2047
Ilocos Norte 0.1491 0.1347 0.1347 Ilocos Sur 0.2764 0.1838 0.1838 Nueva Vizcaya 0.4356 0.1820 0.1820 Nueva Ecija 0.8231 0.2364 0.2364 Quezon 0.2700 0.2700 0.1637 Mindoro Occidental 1.4460 0.3274 0.3274
Table 7. Percentage distribution of garlic farm parcels by tenurial status, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
Fully Leased / Rent Owner-like Held Under Province Tenanted Mortgaged Owned Rented Free Possession CLT / CLOA
All Provinces 23.56 4.89 44.44 9.33 11.11 3.56 3.11
Ilocos Norte 14.67 74.67 10.67 Ilocos Sur 17.33 1.33 78.67 1.33 1.33 Nueva Vizcaya 34.67 56.00 6.67 2.67 Nueva Ecija 22.67 13.33 1.33 28.00 18.67 8.00 8.00 Quezon 28.00 49.33 8.00 1.33 13.33 Mindoro Occidental 24.00 14.67 6.67 13.33 32.00 9.33
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Table 8. Percentage of garlic farmers by type of farm investment, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
All Ilocos Ilocos Nueva Nueva Mindoro Farm Investment Quezon Provinces Norte Sur Vizcaya Ecija Occidental
Work Animal Carabao 40.22 2.67 4.00 40.00 44.00 92.00 58.67 Cattle 2.89 2.67 8.00 6.67
Farm Buildings and Other Structures Farm House 21.78 9.33 13.33 8.00 21.33 50.67 28.00 Warehouse / Storage 4.00 5.33 12.00 2.67 4.00 Tent 0.22 1.33
Farm Machinery Two-Wheel Tractor 2.89 1.33 5.33 6.67 4.00 Four-Wheel Tractor 0.22 1.33 Irrigation Pump 49.56 78.67 94.67 1.33 62.67 60.00 Engine 9.56 12.00 1.33 14.67 29.33
Farm Tools and Implements Plow 40.44 42.67 30.67 90.67 78.67 Harrow 32.22 1.33 33.33 26.67 56.00 76.00 Sprayer 65.11 65.33 82.67 85.33 68.00 1.33 88.00 Weeder 0.22 1.33 Spade 50.67 10.67 13.33 98.67 88.00 5.33 88.00 Bolo 69.56 64.00 41.33 97.33 78.67 98.67 37.33 Hoe 10.22 18.67 40.00 2.67 Sled 22.44 12.00 14.67 9.33 8.00 84.00 6.67 Spading fork 7.78 6.67 6.67 5.33 13.33 1.33 13.33 Post Hole Digger 2.22 2.67 8.00 2.67 Rake 17.56 1.33 5.33 37.33 37.33 1.33 22.67 Weighing Scale 22.00 4.00 38.67 44.00 22.67 4.00 18.67 Sprinkler 14.44 2.67 41.33 17.33 25.33 Scissors 30.44 64.00 44.00 61.33 4.00 9.33 Trailer 10.22 5.33 18.67 14.67 22.67 Grass Cutter 3.78 5.33 13.33 4.00 Hose 35.56 73.33 94.67 1.33 38.67 5.33 Scythe 49.56 92.00 76.00 45.33 66.67 17.33 Crates 2.22 1.33 10.67 1.33 Rope 8.22 48.00 1.33 Others a/ 5.33 12.00 8.00 1.33 10.67 a/ Others include bamboo strip, electric wire, nylon and sacks
30
Table 9. Percentage of garlic farmers by source of seeds, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
Seed Co- Own Input Province DA/RFU LGU Trader Cooperative Grower Farmer Produced Dealer
All Provinces 24.44 24.00 8.00 0.44 0.44 4.67 40.22 7.56
Ilocos Norte 4.00 4.00 2.67 5.33 86.67 1.33 Ilocos Sur 1.33 20.00 6.67 12.00 62.67 Nueva Vizcaya 73.33 33.33 1.33 2.67 1.33 1.33 6.67 Nueva Ecija 64.00 30.67 5.33 1.33 9.33 20.00 Quezon 89.33 12.00 Mindoro Occidental 4.00 9.33 69.33 17.33
Table 10. Percentage of garlic farmers planting other crops, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
Vegetables / Legumes Province Palay Corn Condiments Fruit Trees a/ Rootcrops and nuts
All Provinces 79.11 19.33 10.89 9.78 2.00 0.22
Ilocos Norte 97.33 8.00 13.33 10.67 Ilocos Sur 100.00 9.33 5.33 21.33 1.33 1.33 Nueva Vizcaya 96.00 20.00 Nueva Ecija 80.00 1.33 33.33 17.33 Quezon 1.33 97.33 6.67 Mindoro Occidental 100.00 6.67 a/ Lanzones
31
Table 11. Percentage distribution of garlic farmers by month of planting and harvesting, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
2012 2013 Province July August September October November December January February March April May June
Planting All Provinces 0.67 17.56 57.11 18.44 5.78 0.44
Ilocos Norte 16.00 77.33 6.67 Ilocos Sur 52.00 46.67 1.33 Nueva Vizcaya 4.00 32.00 49.33 13.33 1.33 Nueva Ecija 1.33 58.67 28.00 9.33 2.67 Quezon 4.00 80.00 14.67 1.33 Mindoro Occidental 30.67 46.67 22.67
Harvesting All Provinces 0.22 5.33 29.33 46.89 17.11 1.11
Ilocos Norte 10.67 65.33 22.67 1.33 Ilocos Sur 1.33 57.33 38.67 2.67 Nueva Vizcaya 1.33 18.67 46.67 26.67 6.67 Nueva Ecija 1.33 5.33 60.00 28.00 5.33 Quezon 84.00 16.00 Mindoro Occidental 1.33 49.33 48.00 1.33
Table 12a. Percentage of garlic farmers by method of land preparation and type of labor used, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
Man-Machine Province Man-Animal Two-Wheel Four-Wheel Tractor Tractor
All Provinces 14.67 24.44 6.89
Ilocos Norte 1.33 4.00 2.67 Ilocos Sur 16.00 17.33 Nueva Vizcaya 24.00 32.00 1.33 Nueva Ecija 30.67 52.00 14.67 Quezon 16.00 Mindoro Occidental 58.67 5.33
32
Table 12b. Percentage of garlic farmers by method of weeding, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
Weeding Province Manual Chemical Spraying
All Provinces 69.78 81.78
Ilocos Norte 85.33 100.00 Ilocos Sur 41.33 100.00 Nueva Vizcaya 81.33 98.67 Nueva Ecija 70.67 93.33 Quezon 42.67 Mindoro Occidental 97.33 98.67
Table 13. Percentage of garlic farmers by type of solid fertilizers used, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
All Ilocos Ilocos Nueva Nueva Mindoro Fertilizer Quezon Provinces Norte Sur Vizcaya Ecija Occidental
Organic Fertilizer 14.67 1.33 16.00 24.00 30.67 16.00
Inorganic Fertilizer Urea (45-0-0) 5.78 2.67 5.33 12.00 13.33 1.33 Urea (46-0-0) 56.22 58.67 68.00 62.67 81.33 66.67 Ammonium Sulfate (21-0-0) 33.56 48.00 48.00 50.67 9.33 45.33 Ammonium Phosphate (16-20-0) 16.67 21.33 26.67 2.67 13.33 36.00 Complete (12-12-12) 1.11 1.33 5.33 Complete (14-14-14) 60.89 73.33 58.67 82.67 96.00 54.67 Complete (16-16-16) 2.22 5.33 8.00 Crop Giant (15-15-15) 8.22 21.33 14.67 8.00 4.00 1.33 Crop Giant (19-19-19) 8.22 18.67 25.33 1.33 2.67 1.33 Muriate of Potash (0-0-60) 2.00 4.00 1.33 1.33 5.33 Foliar fertilizer 6.22 1.33 13.33 10.67 4.00 8.00 Others a/ 3.56 4.00 5.33 4.00 8.00 a/ Others include greenbee, multi-crop and grow best
33
Table 14. Percentage of garlic farmers by type of liquid fertilizers used, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
All Ilocos Ilocos Nueva Nueva Mindoro Fertilizer Provinces Norte Sur Vizcaya Ecija Occidental
Organic Fertilizer 0.67 1.33 2.67
Inorganic Fertilizer Crop Giant (15-15-15) 0.22 1.33 Greenbee 5.11 8.00 12.00 10.67 Foliar fertilizer 1.56 6.67 1.33 1.33 Others a/ 3.78 5.33 9.33 1.33 4.00 2.67
a/ Others include plant care, power grow and seed growth
Table 15. Percentage of garlic farmers by type of pesticides used, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
Herbicides / Organic Insecticides Fungicides Rodenticides Province Weedicides Pesticides Solid Liquid Solid Liquid Solid Liquid Solid Solid Liquid
All Provinces 0.22 61.11 8.67 57.11 36.67 5.33 0.22 0.44 0.44
Ilocos Norte 97.33 17.33 40.00 30.67 Ilocos Sur 1.33 89.33 12.00 70.67 54.67 9.33 1.33 1.33 Nueva Vizcaya 46.67 9.33 85.33 56.00 6.67 Nueva Ecija 65.33 8.00 62.67 18.67 6.67 1.33 1.33 Quezon Mindoro Occidental 68.00 5.33 84.00 60.00 9.33 1.33
34
Table 16. Average quantity of planting materials (cloves) used per hectare by mode of acquisition, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
(in kilogram) Received Province All Sources Purchased Own Produced From Others
All Provinces 302.83 77.64 124.17 101.01
Ilocos Norte 419.36 29.11 362.33 27.92 Ilocos Sur 368.12 40.69 250.90 Nueva Vizcaya 435.82 187.18 1.32 247.33 Nueva Ecija 260.21 52.17 22.67 185.38 Quezon 220.98 80.86 19.96 120.16 Mindoro Occidental 215.98 49.40 148.75 17.84
Table 17. Average quantity of solid fertilizers applied per hectare, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
(in kilogram) All Ilocos Ilocos Nueva Nueva Mindoro Fertilizer Quezon Provinces Norte Sur Vizcaya Ecija Occidental
Organic Fertilizer 65.14 24.75 82.34 157.51 107.94 44.81
Inorganic Fertilizer Urea (45-0-0) 12.36 1.09 21.76 39.38 15.79 0.81 Urea (46-0-0) 141.36 162.33 189.14 185.71 120.13 167.26 Ammonium Sulfate (21-0-0) 105.01 115.25 155.59 175.27 14.10 151.50 Ammonium Phosphate (16-20-0) 38.47 45.89 53.86 7.33 34.97 65.85 Complete (12-12-12) 1.41 1.81 5.92 Complete (14-14-14) 140.32 162.92 140.90 271.43 174.97 102.95 Complete (16-16-16) 6.35 7.61 18.33 Crop Giant (15-15-15) 0.38 1.35 0.62 0.49 0.28 0.04 Crop Giant (19-19-19) 0.40 1.41 1.35 0.07 0.11 0.04 Muriate of Potash (0-0-60) 2.00 0.89 1.09 0.56 6.11 Foliar fertilizer 0.83 0.10 0.48 4.08 0.28 0.33 Others a/ 0.72 0.02 0.37 2.93 0.37 a/ Others include greenbee, multi-crop and grow best
35
Table 18. Average quantity of liquid fertilizers applied per hectare, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
(in liter) All Ilocos Ilocos Nueva Nueva Mindoro Fertilizer Provinces Norte Sur Vizcaya Ecija Occidental
Organic Fertilizer 0.03 0.07 0.11
Inorganic Fertilizer Crop Giant (15-15-15) 0.01 0.06 Crop Giant (15-15-30) 0.04 0.16 0.03 0.04 Greenbee 0.25 0.48 0.57 0.73 Foliar 0.22 0.13 0.26 0.07 0.13 0.49
Table 19. Average quantity of fertilizer nutrients applied per hectare, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
Nitrogen Phosphorous Potassium Province Solid (kg) Liquid (l) Solid (kg) Liquid (l) Solid (kg) Liquid (l)
All Provinces 119.86 0.01 28.66 0.01 22.26 0.01
Ilocos Norte 129.98 0.02 32.46 0.02 23.81 0.01 Ilocos Sur 158.39 0.03 31.07 0.03 20.95 0.03 Nueva Vizcaya 179.23 39.56 38.10 Nueva Ecija 97.90 0.01 33.49 0.01 27.32 0.02 Quezon 0.37 Mindoro Occidental 136.65 30.53 21.02
36
Table 20. Average quantity of mulching materials used per hectare, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
(in kilogram) Coconut Province Rice Straw Cogon Leaves
All Provinces 3,889.08 2.17 21.72
Ilocos Norte 4,744.02 Ilocos Sur 2,298.89 Nueva Vizcaya 4,112.97 Nueva Ecija 3,585.48 Quezon 5,639.51 16.29 162.93 Mindoro Occidental 3,649.97
Table 21. Average quantity of pesticides applied per hectare by type, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
Herbicides / Organic Insecticides Fungicides Rodenticides Province Weedicides Pesticides Solid (kg) Liquid (l) Solid (kg) Liquid (l) Solid (kg) Liquid (l) Solid (kg) Solid (kg) Liquid (l)
All Provinces a/ 3.43 0.21 2.17 1.43 0.16 a/ 0.03 0.01
Ilocos Norte 3.58 0.76 1.30 2.28 Ilocos Sur a/ 3.10 0.30 1.34 2.17 0.36 0.02 0.01 Nueva Vizcaya 2.55 0.43 4.12 2.61 0.33 Nueva Ecija 3.60 0.04 2.17 0.60 0.07 0.17 0.05 Quezon Mindoro Occidental 5.66 0.03 2.99 1.32 0.16 b/ a/ Less than 0.01 kilogram b/ Less than 0.01 liter
37
Table 22. Average labor utilization per hectare of garlic production by source of labor, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
(manday) All Operator Family Exchange Hired Province Sources Labor Labor Labor Labor
All Provinces 209.50 63.78 44.07 2.04 99.61
Ilocos Norte 217.56 85.02 38.77 1.83 91.94 Ilocos Sur 159.98 45.83 30.87 2.16 81.12 Nueva Vizcaya 235.57 61.72 58.86 5.68 109.31 Nueva Ecija 210.53 72.18 42.41 1.99 93.95 Quezon 229.12 95.67 72.60 60.86 Mindoro Occidental 208.95 44.26 32.40 1.10 131.20
Table 23. Average labor utilization per hectare of garlic production by farm activity, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
(manday) All Ilocos Ilocos Nueva Nueva Mindoro Farm Activity Quezon Provinces Norte Sur Vizcaya Ecija Occidental
Land Preparation Clearing of Fields 10.86 3.55 4.10 16.61 6.49 31.08 7.52 Plowing Man 0.10 0.38 Man-Animal 4.86 0.01 0.02 2.49 1.51 24.68 3.42 Man-Machine (Two-Wheel) 1.12 0.12 0.88 1.39 2.68 Man-Machine (Four-Wheel) 0.06 0.03 0.10 0.01 0.15 0.06 Fertilizer Application 0.92 0.42 0.42 1.74 0.94 0.61 1.09 Pesticide Application 0.81 1.18 0.41 0.90 1.04 1.07 Plotting / Levelling 3.16 0.02 3.84 1.47 5.95 5.66 Mulching 7.37 7.34 4.50 6.04 5.61 14.84 7.27 Irrigating 2.80 3.68 4.09 1.80 2.59 3.83 Preparation of planting materials (cloves) 4.73 24.32 3.27 5.39 Planting of cloves 37.42 37.00 27.84 48.18 39.18 40.81 34.03 Care of Crops Pesticide Application 3.04 4.28 4.52 2.97 1.90 4.06 Thinning 0.06 0.48 0.08 Manual Weeding 18.35 13.98 7.94 21.43 21.56 11.04 25.60 Fertilizer Application 2.20 1.76 2.09 2.82 1.70 0.05 3.52 Irrigating 12.81 30.32 19.21 5.07 14.22 11.72 Harvesting 33.62 26.25 28.04 38.40 31.26 38.69 36.29 Hauling of Produce Man 2.11 1.18 1.52 4.14 1.63 3.07 1.58 Man-Animal 1.10 0.48 0.66 1.07 0.75 3.10 0.87 Man-Machine 1.35 1.29 1.10 0.86 1.47 0.10 2.32 Drying 14.96 8.50 5.15 23.63 30.96 8.81 9.83 Cleaning/Sorting 29.28 32.55 37.49 31.75 24.87 24.60 27.48 Bundling 16.25 18.34 10.43 20.93 16.35 21.64 13.29 Others a/ 0.14 0.48 0.27 0.23 0.04 a/ Others include bagging and piling
38
Table 24. Average production costs and returns of garlic per hectare, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
Per Hectare Per Farm Per Kilogram Item Quantity Unit Value (P) (P) (P)
Production 2,057.94 kg. 146,270 29,936 71.08 Area harvested = 92.0977 Number of farms = 450
CASH COSTS 46,705 9,559 22.70 Planting materials (cloves) 63.55 kg. 4,413 903 2.14 Organic fertilizers Solid 37.62 kg. 165 34 0.08 Liquid 0.03 li. 27 6 0.01 Inorganic fertilizers Solid 423.02 kg. 9,164 1,875 4.45 Liquid 0.41 li. 102 21 0.05 Mulching materials 115.31 kg. 159 33 0.08 Pesticides Solid 1.64 kg. 912 187 0.44 Liquid 5.75 li. 3,216 658 1.56 Hired labor 98.23 mandays 16,066 3,288 7.81 Land tax 323 66 0.16 Caretaker/overseer's wages 106 22 0.05 Rentals: Land 86 18 0.04 Machine 93 19 0.05 Animals 40 8 0.02 Tools and equipment 43 9 0.02 Fuel 88.36 li. 3,985 816 1.94 Oil 3.64 li. 513 105 0.25 Transport cost of inputs 412 84 0.20 Interest payment on crop loan 762 156 0.37 Landowner's share 684 140 0.33 Irrigation fee 69 14 0.03 Electricity 256 52 0.12 Food expense 2,400 491 1.17 Repairs 2,615 535 1.27 Others a/ 91 19 0.04
NON-CASH COSTS 18,447 3,775 8.96 Planting materials (cloves) 134.95 kg. 9,062 1,855 4.40 Organic fertilizers Solid 15.31 kg. 60 12 0.03 Inorganic fertilizers Solid 0.67 kg. 17 3 e/ Liquid 0.11 li. 16 3 e/ Mulching materials 3,456.44 kg. 3,128 640 1.52 Pesticides Liquid 0.01 li. 5 1 e/ Hired labor in kind 1.38 mandays 238 49 0.12 Harvesters' share 2.41 kg. 188 38 0.09 Caretaker/overseer's wages 0.43 kg. 17 4 e/ Rentals: Land 6.93 kg. 401 82 0.19 Machine 0.86 kg. 39 8 0.02 Interest payment on crop loan 0.07 kg. 4 d/ e/ Landowner's share 85.89 kg. 5,109 1,046 2.48 Irrigation fee 3.47 kg. 161 33 0.08
39
Table 24. (Concluded)
Per Hectare Per Farm Per Kilogram Item Quantity Unit Value (P) (P) (P)
IMPUTED COSTS 35,320 7,229 17.16 Planting materials (cloves) 104.32 kg. 7,745 1,585 3.76 Organic fertilizers Solid 12.21 kg. 281 58 0.14 Inorganic fertilizers Solid 25.92 kg. 562 115 0.27 Soil ameliorants Solid 0.08 kg. 4 d/ e/ Mulching materials 341.21 kg. 325 67 0.16 Pesticides Solid 0.02 kg. d/ d/ e/ Liquid c/ li. 7 2 e/ Operator labor 63.78 mandays 10,715 2,193 5.21 Family labor 44.07 mandays 7,207 1,475 3.50 Exchange labor 2.04 mandays 353 72 0.17 Depreciation 1,144 234 0.56 Interest on operating capital 1,961 401 0.95 Rental value of owned land 4,888 1,000 2.38 Transport cost of inputs 90 18 0.04 Interest payment on crop loan 10 2 e/ Others b/ 26 5 0.01
TOTAL COSTS 100,473 20,563 48.82
GROSS RETURNS 146,270 29,936 71.08 RETURNS ABOVE CASH COSTS 99,565 20,377 48.38 RETURNS ABOVE CASH AND NON-CASH COSTS 81,117 16,602 39.42 NET RETURNS 45,797 9,373 22.25 NET PROFIT-COST RATIO 0.46 0.46 0.46 COST PER KILOGRAM 48.82 a/ Others include bamboo strip, board, red bag, rope, sack and tying materials b/ Others include bamboo strip and tying materials c/ Less than 0.01 liter d/ Less than P 1.00 e/ Less than P 0.01
40
Table 25. Average variable and fixed production costs of garlic, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
(in peso) Item Per Hectare Per Farm Per Kilogram
VARIABLE COSTS 90,894 18,602 44.17 Planting materials (cloves) 21,220 4,343 10.31 Fertilizers Organic Solid 507 104 0.25 Liquid 27 6 0.01 Inorganic Solid 9,743 1,994 4.73 Liquid 118 24 0.06 Soil ameliorant Solid 4 b/ c/ Mulching materials 3,613 739 1.76 Pesticides Solid 912 187 0.44 Liquid 3,229 661 1.57 Labor Hired labor 16,304 3,337 7.92 Operator labor 10,715 2,193 5.21 Family labor 7,207 1,475 3.50 Exchage labor 353 72 0.17 Caretaker/overseer's wages 124 25 0.06 Rentals: Machine 132 27 0.06 Animals 40 8 0.02 Tools and equipment 43 9 0.02 Fuel 3,985 816 1.94 Oil 513 105 0.25 Transport cost of inputs 502 103 0.24 Irrigation fee 230 47 0.11 Electricity costs 256 52 0.12 Food expense 2,400 491 1.17 Repairs 2,615 535 1.27 Harvesters' share 188 38 0.09 Landowner's share 5,793 1,186 2.82 Others a/ 117 24 0.06
FIXED COSTS 9,579 1,960 4.65 Land tax 323 66 0.16 Lease rental 487 100 0.24 Interest payment on crop loan 776 159 0.38 Depreciation 1,144 234 0.56 Interest on operating capital 1,961 401 0.95 Rental value of owned land 4,888 1,000 2.38
TOTAL COSTS 100,473 20,563 48.82 a/ Others include bamboo strip, board, red bag, rope, sack and tying materials b/ Less than P 1.00 c/ Less than P 0.01
41
Table 26. Average production costs and returns of garlic per hectare, Ilocos Norte, July 2012 - June 2013
Per Hectare Per Farm Per Kilogram Item Quantity Unit Value (P) (P) (P)
Production 2,774.80 kg. 139,353 18,766 50.22 Area harvested = 10.1 Number of farms = 75
CASH COSTS 56,237 7,573 20.27 Planting materials (cloves) 29.11 kg. 2,305 310 0.83 Organic fertilizers Solid 24.75 kg. 149 20 0.05 Inorganic fertilizers Solid 457.96 kg. 10,664 1,436 3.84 Liquid 0.61 li. 136 18 0.05 Mulching materials 334.65 kg. 513 69 0.18 Pesticides Solid 3.03 kg. 1,366 184 0.49 Liquid 4.85 li. 2,888 389 1.04 Hired labor 91.94 mandays 18,542 2,497 6.68 Land tax 95 13 0.03 Rentals: Machine 366 49 0.13 Animals 10 1 c/ Tools and equipment 25 3 c/ Fuel 182.18 li. 8,613 1,160 3.10 Oil 3.91 li. 569 77 0.20 Transport cost of inputs 309 42 0.11 Interest payment on crop loan 307 41 0.11 Landowner's share 678 91 0.24 Irrigation fee 84 11 0.03 Electricity 529 71 0.19 Food expense 3,297 444 1.19 Repairs 4,741 638 1.71 Others a/ 53 7 0.02
NON-CASH COSTS 36,166 4,870 13.03 Planting materials (cloves) 362.33 kg. 19,404 2,613 6.99 Inorganic fertilizers Solid 6.04 kg. 120 16 0.04 Mulching materials 4,389.56 kg. 5,114 689 1.84 Pesticides Liquid 0.02 li. 9 1 c/ Rentals: Machine 3.42 kg. 137 18 0.05 Landowner's share 239.72 kg. 11,242 1,514 4.05 Irrigation fee 4.22 kg. 140 19 0.05
42
Table 26. (Concluded)
Per Hectare Per Farm Per Kilogram Item Quantity Unit Value (P) (P) (P)
IMPUTED COSTS 32,929 4,434 11.87 Planting materials (cloves) 27.92 kg. 1,561 210 0.56 Inorganic fertilizers Solid 27.23 kg. 461 62 0.17 Mulching materials 19.80 kg. 20 3 c/ Operator labor 85.02 mandays 16,487 2,220 5.94 Family labor 38.77 mandays 7,417 999 2.67 Exchange labor 1.83 mandays 328 44 0.12 Depreciation 1,335 180 0.48 Interest on operating capital 2,095 282 0.76 Rental value of owned land 2,310 311 0.83 Transport cost of inputs 784 106 0.28 Interest payment on crop loan 89 12 0.03 Others b/ 42 6 0.02
TOTAL COSTS 125,333 16,878 45.17
GROSS RETURNS 139,353 18,766 50.22 RETURNS ABOVE CASH COSTS 83,116 11,193 29.95 RETURNS ABOVE CASH AND NON-CASH COSTS 46,949 6,322 16.92 NET RETURNS 14,020 1,888 5.05 NET PROFIT-COST RATIO 0.11 0.11 0.11 COST PER KILOGRAM 45.17 a/ Others include bamboo strip, board, red bag, rope, sack and tying materials b/ Others include bamboo strip and tying materials c/ Less than P 0.01
43
Table 27. Average variable and fixed production costs of garlic, Ilocos Norte, July 2012 - June 2013
(in peso) Item Per Hectare Per Farm Per Kilogram
VARIABLE COSTS 119,101 16,039 42.92 Planting materials (cloves) 23,270 3,134 8.39 Fertilizers Organic Solid 149 20 0.05 Inorganic Solid 11,245 1,514 4.05 Liquid 136 18 0.05 Mulching materials 5,647 760 2.03 Pesticides Solid 1,366 184 0.49 Liquid 2,897 390 1.04 Labor Hired labor 18,542 2,497 6.68 Operator labor 16,487 2,220 5.94 Family labor 7,417 999 2.67 Exchage labor 328 44 0.12 Rentals: Machine 503 68 0.18 Animals 10 1 b/ Tools and equipment 25 3 b/ Fuel 8,613 1,160 3.10 Oil 569 77 0.20 Transport cost of inputs 1,093 147 0.39 Irrigation fee 224 30 0.08 Electricity costs 529 71 0.19 Food expense 3,297 444 1.19 Repairs 4,741 638 1.71 Landowner's share 11,920 1,605 4.30 Others a/ 95 13 0.03
FIXED COSTS 6,231 839 2.25 Land tax 95 13 0.03 Interest payment on crop loan 396 53 0.14 Depreciation 1,335 180 0.48 Interest on operating capital 2,095 282 0.76 Rental value of owned land 2,310 311 0.83
TOTAL COSTS 125,333 16,878 45.17 a/ Others include bamboo strip, board, red bag, rope, sack and tying materials b/ Less than P 0.01
44
Table 28. Average production costs and returns of garlic per hectare, Ilocos Sur, July 2012 - June 2013
Per Hectare Per Farm Per Kilogram Item Quantity Unit Value (P) (P) (P)
Production 1,629.09 kg. 125,113 22,998 76.80 Area harvested = 13.7862 Number of farms = 75
CASH COSTS 46,450 8,538 28.51 Planting materials (cloves) 62.82 kg. 4,407 810 2.71 Organic fertilizers Solid 55.32 kg. 262 48 0.16 Liquid 0.07 li. 102 19 0.06 Inorganic fertilizers Solid 566.63 kg. 11,306 2,078 6.94 Liquid 0.99 li. 259 48 0.16 Mulching materials 256.78 kg. 486 89 0.30 Pesticides Solid 2.42 kg. 1,066 196 0.65 Liquid 4.67 li. 3,143 578 1.93 Hired labor 81.12 mandays 13,027 2,395 8.00 Land tax 63 12 0.04 Rentals: Land 54 10 0.03 Machine 134 25 0.08 Animals 11 2 c/ Tools and equipment 189 35 0.12 Fuel 90.13 li. 3,782 695 2.32 Oil 6.33 li. 757 139 0.46 Transport cost of inputs 490 90 0.30 Interest payment on crop loan 575 106 0.35 Landowner's share 1,138 209 0.70 Electricity 522 96 0.32 Food expense 2,349 432 1.44 Repairs 1,924 354 1.18 Others a/ 404 74 0.25
NON-CASH COSTS 33,623 6,180 20.64 Planting materials (cloves) 250.90 kg. 17,943 3,298 11.01 Organic fertilizers Solid 0.73 kg. 29 5 0.02 Mulching materials 2,042.11 kg. 3,690 678 2.27 Pesticides Liquid 0.07 li. 28 5 0.02 Landowner's share 164.11 kg. 11,933 2,193 7.32
45
Table 28. (Concluded)
Per Hectare Per Farm Per Kilogram Item Quantity Unit Value (P) (P) (P)
IMPUTED COSTS 25,220 4,636 15.48 Planting materials (cloves) 54.40 kg. 4,123 758 2.53 Organic fertilizers Solid 26.29 kg. 1,106 203 0.68 Pesticides Liquid 0.06 li. 50 9 0.03 Operator labor 45.83 mandays 7,026 1,292 4.31 Family labor 30.87 mandays 4,723 868 2.90 Exchange labor 2.16 mandays 335 62 0.21 Depreciation 1,721 316 1.06 Interest on operating capital 1,951 359 1.20 Rental value of owned land 4,067 748 2.50 Transport cost of inputs 29 5 0.02 Others b/ 90 16 0.05
TOTAL COSTS 105,294 19,355 64.63
GROSS RETURNS 125,113 22,998 76.80 RETURNS ABOVE CASH COSTS 78,662 14,459 48.29 RETURNS ABOVE CASH AND NON-CASH COSTS 45,039 8,279 27.65 NET RETURNS 19,819 3,643 12.17 NET PROFIT-COST RATIO 0.19 0.19 0.19 COST PER KILOGRAM 64.63 a/ Others include bamboo strip, board, red bag, rope, sack and tying materials b/ Others include bamboo strip and tying materials c/ Less than P 0.01
46
Table 29. Average variable and fixed production costs of garlic, Ilocos Sur, July 2012 - June 2013
(in peso) Item Per Hectare Per Farm Per Kilogram
VARIABLE COSTS 96,862 17,805 59.46 Planting materials (cloves) 26,473 4,866 16.25 Fertilizers Organic Solid 1,397 257 0.86 Liquid 102 19 0.06 Inorganic Solid 11,306 2,078 6.94 Liquid 259 48 0.16 Mulching materials 4,176 768 2.56 Pesticides Solid 1,066 196 0.65 Liquid 3,221 592 1.98 Labor Hired labor 13,027 2,395 8.00 Operator labor 7,026 1,292 4.31 Family labor 4,723 868 2.90 Exchage labor 335 62 0.21 Rentals: Machine 134 25 0.08 Animals 11 2 b/ Tools and equipment 189 35 0.12 Fuel 3,782 695 2.32 Oil 757 139 0.46 Transport cost of inputs 519 95 0.32 Electricity costs 522 96 0.32 Food expense 2,349 432 1.44 Repairs 1,924 354 1.18 Landowner's share 13,071 2,403 8.02 Others a/ 494 91 0.30
FIXED COSTS 8,432 1,550 5.18 Land tax 63 12 0.04 Lease rental 54 10 0.03 Interest payment on crop loan 575 106 0.35 Depreciation 1,721 316 1.06 Interest on operating capital 1,951 359 1.20 Rental value of owned land 4,067 748 2.50
TOTAL COSTS 105,294 19,355 64.63 a/ Others include bamboo strip, board, red bag, rope, sack and tying materials b/ Less than P 0.01
47
Table 30. Average production costs and returns of garlic, Nueva Vizcaya, July 2012 - June 2013
Per Hectare Per Farm Per Kilogram Item Quantity Unit Value (P) (P) (P)
Production 2,765.13 kg. 178,123 32,418 64.42 Area harvested = 13.65 Number of farms = 75
CASH COSTS 66,740 12,147 24.14 Planting materials (cloves) 187.18 kg. 13,679 2,490 4.95 Organic fertilizers Solid 91.58 kg. 422 77 0.15 Inorganic fertilizers Solid 684.14 kg. 14,910 2,714 5.39 Liquid 0.81 li. 154 28 0.06 Pesticides Solid 3.04 kg. 1,753 319 0.63 Liquid 7.00 li. 3,547 646 1.28 Hired labor 109.31 mandays 23,362 4,252 8.45 Land tax 182 33 0.07 Rentals: Machine 29 5 0.01 Fuel 7.18 li. 357 65 0.13 Oil 0.29 li. 34 6 0.01 Transport cost of inputs 406 74 0.15 Interest payment on crop loan 666 121 0.24 Landowner's share 2,783 507 1.01 Irrigation fee 143 26 0.05 Electricity 812 148 0.29 Food expense 3,113 567 1.13 Repairs 388 71 0.14
NON-CASH COSTS 14,671 2,670 5.31 Planting materials (cloves) 1.32 kg. 99 18 0.04 Organic fertilizers Solid 65.93 kg. 195 35 0.07 Mulching materials 4,112.97 kg. 2,125 387 0.77 Interest payment on crop loan 0.44 kg. 26 5 a/ Landowner's share 208.53 kg. 12,050 2,193 4.36 Irrigation fee 9.19 kg. 176 32 0.06
48
Table 30. (Concluded)
Per Hectare Per Farm Per Kilogram Item Quantity Unit Value (P) (P) (P)
IMPUTED COSTS 59,741 10,873 21.61 Planting materials (cloves) 247.33 kg. 16,329 2,972 5.91 Operator labor 61.72 mandays 12,427 2,262 4.49 Family labor 58.86 mandays 11,675 2,125 4.22 Exchange labor 5.68 mandays 1,111 202 0.40 Depreciation 896 163 0.32 Interest on operating capital 3,314 603 1.20 Rental value of owned land 13,990 2,546 5.06
TOTAL COSTS 141,152 25,690 51.05
GROSS RETURNS 178,123 32,418 64.42 RETURNS ABOVE CASH COSTS 111,383 20,272 40.28 RETURNS ABOVE CASH AND NON-CASH COSTS 96,712 17,602 34.98 NET RETURNS 36,971 6,729 13.37 NET PROFIT-COST RATIO 0.26 0.26 0.26 COST PER KILOGRAM 51.05 a/ Less than P 0.01
49
Table 31. Average variable and fixed production costs of garlic, Nueva Vizcaya, July 2012 - June 2013
(in peso) Item Per Hectare Per Farm Per Kilogram
VARIABLE COSTS 122,079 22,218 44.15 Planting materials (cloves) 30,107 5,479 10.89 Fertilizers Organic Solid 617 112 0.22 Inorganic Solid 14,910 2,714 5.39 Liquid 154 28 0.06 Mulching materials 2,125 387 0.77 Pesticides Solid 1,753 319 0.63 Liquid 3,547 646 1.28 Labor Hired labor 23,362 4,252 8.45 Operator labor 12,427 2,262 4.49 Family labor 11,675 2,125 4.22 Exchage labor 1,111 202 0.40 Rentals: Machine 29 5 0.01 Fuel 357 65 0.13 Oil 34 6 0.01 Transport cost of inputs 406 74 0.15 Irrigation fee 319 58 0.12 Electricity costs 812 148 0.29 Food expense 3,113 567 1.13 Repairs 388 71 0.14 Landowner's share 14,833 2,700 5.36
FIXED COSTS 19,073 3,471 6.90 Land tax 182 33 0.07 Interest payment on crop loan 692 126 0.25 Depreciation 896 163 0.32 Interest on operating capital 3,314 603 1.20 Rental value of owned land 13,990 2,546 5.06
TOTAL COSTS 141,152 25,690 51.05
50
Table 32. Average production costs and returns of garlic per hectare, Nueva Ecija, July 2012 - June 2013
Per Hectare Per Farm Per Kilogram Item Quantity Unit Value (P) (P) (P)
Production 2,009.19 kg. 215,861 51,034 107.44 Area harvested = 17.7315 Number of farms = 75
CASH COSTS 41,548 9,823 20.68 Planting materials (cloves) 52.17 kg. 4,773 1,128 2.38 Organic fertilizers Solid 67.79 kg. 246 58 0.12 Liquid 0.11 li. 63 15 0.03 Inorganic fertilizers Solid 258.52 kg. 5,978 1,413 2.98 Liquid 0.21 li. 78 19 0.04 Mulching materials 197.39 kg. 152 36 0.08 Pesticides Solid 0.72 kg. 300 71 0.15 Liquid 5.89 li. 2,892 684 1.44 Hired labor 93.95 mandays 13,756 3,252 6.85 Land tax 871 206 0.43 Rentals: Land 259 61 0.13 Machine 34 8 0.02 Animals 11 3 d/ Tools and equipment 34 8 0.02 Fuel 99.60 li. 4,540 1,073 2.26 Oil 5.13 li. 784 185 0.39 Transport cost of inputs 644 152 0.32 Interest payment on crop loan 361 85 0.18 Irrigation fee 79 19 0.04 Food expense 2,587 612 1.29 Repairs 3,001 710 1.49 Others a/ 105 25 0.05
NON-CASH COSTS 6,589 1,558 3.28 Planting materials (cloves) 22.67 kg. 2,132 504 1.06 Organic fertilizers Solid 28.20 kg. 141 33 0.07 Mulching materials 3,348.62 kg. 3,362 795 1.67 Rentals: Land 5.08 kg. 524 124 0.26 Irrigation fee 3.95 kg. 430 102 0.21
51
Table 32. (Concluded)
Per Hectare Per Farm Per Kilogram Item Quantity Unit Value (P) (P) (P)
IMPUTED COSTS 41,609 9,837 20.71 Planting materials (cloves) 185.38 kg. 15,449 3,652 7.69 Organic fertilizers Solid 11.96 kg. 200 47 0.10 Inorganic fertilizers Solid 119.14 kg. 2,659 629 1.32 Soil ameliorants Solid 0.39 kg. 20 5 d/ Mulching materials 39.48 kg. 34 8 0.02 Pesticides Solid 0.08 kg. 2 c/ d/ Operator labor 72.18 mandays 10,756 2,543 5.35 Family labor 42.41 mandays 6,179 1,461 3.08 Exchange labor 1.99 mandays 321 76 0.16 Depreciation 1,471 348 0.73 Interest on operating capital 1,618 383 0.81 Rental value of owned land 2,862 677 1.42 Others b/ 39 9 0.02
TOTAL COSTS 89,747 21,218 44.67
GROSS RETURNS 215,861 51,034 107.44 RETURNS ABOVE CASH COSTS 174,313 41,211 86.76 RETURNS ABOVE CASH AND NON-CASH COSTS 167,724 39,653 83.48 NET RETURNS 126,115 29,816 62.77 NET PROFIT-COST RATIO 1.41 1.41 1.41 COST PER KILOGRAM 44.67 a/ Others include bamboo strip, board, red bag, rope, sack and tying materials b/ Others include bamboo strip and tying materials c/ Less than P 1.00 d/ Less than P 0.01
52
Table 33. Average variable and fixed production costs of garlic, Nueva Ecija, July 2012 - June 2013
(in peso) Item Per Hectare Per Farm Per Kilogram
VARIABLE COSTS 81,781 19,335 40.70 Planting materials (cloves) 22,353 5,285 11.13 Fertilizers Organic Solid 587 139 0.29 Liquid 63 15 0.03 Inorganic Solid 8,637 2,042 4.30 Liquid 78 19 0.04 Soil ameliorant Solid 20 5 b/ Mulching materials 3,548 839 1.77 Pesticides Solid 302 72 0.15 Liquid 2,892 684 1.44 Labor Hired labor 13,756 3,252 6.85 Operator labor 10,756 2,543 5.35 Family labor 6,179 1,461 3.08 Exchage labor 321 76 0.16 Rentals: Machine 34 8 0.02 Animals 11 3 b/ Tools and equipment 34 8 0.02 Fuel 4,540 1,073 2.26 Oil 784 185 0.39 Transport cost of inputs 644 152 0.32 Irrigation fee 509 120 0.25 Food expense 2,587 612 1.29 Repairs 3,001 710 1.49 Others a/ 144 34 0.07
FIXED COSTS 7,966 1,883 3.96 Land tax 871 206 0.43 Lease rental 783 185 0.39 Interest payment on crop loan 361 85 0.18 Depreciation 1,471 348 0.73 Interest on operating capital 1,618 383 0.81 Rental value of owned land 2,862 677 1.42
TOTAL COSTS 89,747 21,218 44.67 a/ Others include bamboo strip, board, red bag, rope, sack and tying materials b/ Less than P 0.01
53
Table 34. Average production costs and returns of garlic per hectare, Quezon, July 2012 - June 2013
Per Hectare Per Farm Per Kilogram Item Quantity Unit Value (P) (P) (P)
Production 1,164.01 kg. 104,392 17,086 89.68 Area harvested = 12.275 Number of farms = 75
CASH COSTS 11,505 1,883 9.88 Inorganic fertilizers Solid 0.81 kg. 29 5 0.02 Hired labor 50.51 mandays 8,172 1,338 7.02 Land tax 166 27 0.14 Rentals: Animals 147 24 0.13 Fuel 0.24 li. 12 2 0.01 Food expense 960 157 0.82 Repairs 1,991 326 1.71 Others a/ 29 5 0.02
NON-CASH COSTS 16,087 2,633 13.82 Planting materials (cloves) 100.81 kg. 8,244 1,349 7.08 Mulching materials 5,645.62 kg. 3,506 574 3.01 Hired labor in kind 10.35 mandays 1,786 292 1.53 Harvesters' share 18.05 kg. 1,410 231 1.21 Landowner's share 10.18 kg. 1,141 187 0.98
IMPUTED COSTS 39,086 6,397 33.58 Planting materials (cloves) 120.16 kg. 9,654 1,580 8.29 Organic fertilizers Solid 44.81 kg. 578 95 0.50 Mulching materials 173.12 kg. 159 26 0.14 Operator labor 95.67 mandays 14,964 2,449 12.86 Family labor 72.60 mandays 11,216 1,836 9.64 Depreciation 1,023 167 0.88 Interest on operating capital 470 77 0.40 Rental value of owned land 1,022 167 0.88
TOTAL COSTS 66,678 10,913 57.28
GROSS RETURNS 104,392 17,086 89.68 RETURNS ABOVE CASH COSTS 92,887 15,203 79.80 RETURNS ABOVE CASH AND NON-CASH COSTS 76,800 12,570 65.98 NET RETURNS 37,714 6,173 32.40 NET PROFIT-COST RATIO 0.57 0.57 0.57 COST PER KILOGRAM 57.28 a/ Others include bamboo strip, board, red bag, rope, sack and tying materials
54
Table 35. Average variable and fixed production costs of garlic, Quezon, July 2012 - June 2013
(in peso) Item Per Hectare Per Farm Per Kilogram
VARIABLE COSTS 63,997 10,474 54.98 Planting materials (cloves) 17,898 2,929 15.38 Fertilizers Organic Solid 578 95 0.50 Inorganic Solid 29 5 0.02 Mulching materials 3,665 600 3.15 Labor Hired labor 9,958 1,630 8.56 Operator labor 14,964 2,449 12.86 Family labor 11,216 1,836 9.64 Rentals: Animals 147 24 0.13 Fuel 12 2 0.01 Food expense 960 157 0.82 Repairs 1,991 326 1.71 Harvesters' share 1,410 231 1.21 Landowner's share 1,141 187 0.98 Others a/ 29 5 0.02
FIXED COSTS 2,681 439 2.30 Land tax 166 27 0.14 Depreciation 1,023 167 0.88 Interest on operating capital 470 77 0.40 Rental value of owned land 1,022 167 0.88
TOTAL COSTS 66,678 10,913 57.28
55
Table 36. Average production costs and returns of garlic per hectare, Mindoro Occidental, July 2012 - June 2013
Per Hectare Per Farm Per Kilogram Item Quantity Unit Value (P) (P) (P)
Production 2,092.79 kg. 113,968.00 37,313.00 54.46 Area harvested = 24.555 Number of farms = 75
CASH COSTS 53,110 17,388 25.38 Planting materials (cloves) 49.40 kg. 2,077 680 0.99 Inorganic fertilizers Solid 512.73 kg. 11,017 3,607 5.26 Liquid 0.12 li. 37 12 0.02 Mulching materials 8.14 kg. 4 1 b/ Pesticides Solid 1.35 kg. 1,069 350 0.51 Liquid 8.82 li. 5,049 1,653 2.41 Hired labor 131.20 mandays 18,313 5,996 8.75 Land tax 322 106 0.15 Caretaker/overseer's wages 399 131 0.19 Rentals: Land 106 35 0.05 Machine 82 27 0.04 Animals 59 19 0.03 Tools and equipment 22 7 0.01 Fuel 129.83 li. 5,799 1,898 2.77 Oil 4.62 li. 681 223 0.33 Transport cost of inputs 452 148 0.22 Interest payment on crop loan 1,778 582 0.85 Landowner's share 102 33 0.05 Irrigation fee 90 29 0.04 Food expense 2,250 737 1.07 Repairs 3,399 1,113 1.62 Others a/ 4 1 b/
NON-CASH COSTS 14,481 4,741 6.92 Planting materials (cloves) 148.75 kg. 10,219 3,346 4.88 Inorganic fertilizers Solid 0.04 kg. 14 5 b/ Liquid 0.41 li. 61 20 0.03 Mulching materials 2,485.24 kg. 2,196 719 1.05 Caretaker/overseer's wages 1.63 kg. 65 21 0.03 Rentals: Land 22.34 kg. 1,126 369 0.54 Machine 1.83 kg. 92 30 0.04 Landowner's share 10.38 kg. 570 187 0.27 Irrigation fee 3.30 kg. 137 45 0.07
56
Table 36. (Concluded)
Per Hectare Per Farm Per Kilogram Item Quantity Unit Value (P) (P) (P)
IMPUTED COSTS 21,975 7,194 10.50 Planting materials (cloves) 17.84 kg. 1,034 339 0.49 Mulching materials 1,156.59 kg. 1,108 363 0.53 Operator labor 44.26 mandays 7,307 2,392 3.49 Family labor 32.40 mandays 4,771 1,562 2.28 Exchange labor 1.10 mandays 150 49 0.07 Depreciation 705 231 0.34 Interest on operating capital 2,153 705 1.03 Rental value of owned land 4,745 1,554 2.27
TOTAL COSTS 89,566 29,324 42.80
GROSS RETURNS 113,968 37,313 54.46 RETURNS ABOVE CASH COSTS 60,858 19,925 29.08 RETURNS ABOVE CASH AND NON-CASH COSTS 46,377 15,184 22.16 NET RETURNS 24,402 7,989 11.66 NET PROFIT-COST RATIO 0.27 0.27 0.27 COST PER KILOGRAM 42.80 a/ Others include bamboo strip, board, red bag, rope, sack and tying materials b/ Less than P 0.01
57
Table 37. Average variable and fixed production costs of garlic, Mindoro Occidental, July 2012 - June 2013
(in peso) Item Per Hectare Per Farm Per Kilogram
VARIABLE COSTS 78,631 25,744 37.57 Planting materials (cloves) 13,330 4,364 6.37 Fertilizers Inorganic Solid 11,031 3,612 5.27 Liquid 98 32 0.05 Mulching materials 3,308 1,083 1.58 Pesticides Solid 1,069 350 0.51 Liquid 5,049 1,653 2.41 Labor Hired labor 18,313 5,996 8.75 Operator labor 7,307 2,392 3.49 Family labor 4,771 1,562 2.28 Exchage labor 150 49 0.07 Caretaker/overseer's wages 464 152 0.22 Rentals: Machine 174 57 0.08 Animals 59 19 0.03 Tools and equipment 22 7 0.01 Fuel 5,799 1,898 2.77 Oil 681 223 0.33 Transport cost of inputs 452 148 0.22 Irrigation fee 227 74 0.11 Food expense 2,250 737 1.07 Repairs 3,399 1,113 1.62 Landowner's share 672 220 0.32 Others a/ 4 1 b/
FIXED COSTS 10,935 3,580 5.23 Land tax 322 106 0.15 Lease rental 1,232 403 0.59 Interest payment on crop loan 1,778 582 0.85 Depreciation 705 231 0.34 Interest on operating capital 2,153 705 1.03 Rental value of owned land 4,745 1,554 2.27
TOTAL COSTS 89,566 29,324 42.80 a/ Others include bamboo strip, board, red bag, rope, sack and tying materials b/ Less than P 0.01
58
Table 38a. Inter-provincial comparison of average production costs and returns of garlic per hectare by major cost item, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
(in peso) Non-cash Province Cash Costs Imputed Costs Total Costs Gross Returns Costs
All Provinces 46,705 18,447 35,320 100,473 146,270
Ilocos Norte 56,237 36,166 32,929 125,333 139,353 Ilocos Sur 46,450 33,623 25,220 105,294 125,113 Nueva Vizcaya 66,740 14,671 59,741 141,152 178,123 Nueva Ecija 41,548 6,589 41,609 89,747 215,861 Quezon 11,505 16,087 39,086 66,678 104,392 Mindoro Occidental 53,110 14,481 21,975 89,566 113,968
Table 38b. Inter-provincial comparison of profitability of garlic production, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
(in peso) Returns Above Returns Above Net Profit-Cost Province Cash and Non-cash Net Returns Cash Costs Ratio Costs
All Provinces 99,565 81,117 45,797 0.46
Ilocos Norte 83,116 46,949 14,020 0.11 Ilocos Sur 78,662 45,039 19,819 0.19 Nueva Vizcaya 111,383 96,712 36,971 0.26 Nueva Ecija 174,313 167,724 126,115 1.41 Quezon 92,887 76,800 37,714 0.57 Mindoro Occidental 60,858 46,377 24,402 0.27
59
Table 39. Percentage distribution of garlic produce by disposition item, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
(in kilogram) Sold / Other Land Harvesters' Landowner's Province To be Laborers' Lease/ Share Share Sold Share Rental
All Provinces 77.24 0.06 0.05 4.30 0.35
Ilocos Norte 73.95 8.43 Ilocos Sur 65.62 10.07 Nueva Vizcaya 88.71 7.64 Nueva Ecija 71.04 0.27 Quezon 66.62 1.24 0.46 0.55 Mindoro Occidental 81.75 0.08 0.59 1.07
Table 39. (Concluded)
(in kilogram) For Paid Used / To be Used Given Irrigation Province Home to as Planting Materials Wastage Away Fee Consumption Creditors (Cloves)
All Provinces 1.52 2.53 1.39 11.23 0.37 0.95
Ilocos Norte 1.37 1.80 0.05 14.08 0.08 0.24 Ilocos Sur 1.36 3.31 19.36 0.18 0.09 Nueva Vizcaya 1.64 1.35 0.02 0.54 0.10 Nueva Ecija 1.58 4.25 5.84 12.12 1.18 3.71 Quezon 4.62 1.46 5.97 15.85 0.11 3.00 Mindoro Occidental 1.01 2.50 0.04 12.40 0.31 0.25
60
Table 40. Percentage* of garlic farmers reporting on current level of production in comparison with the same period last year, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
Province Higher This Year Lower This Year About The Same
All Provinces 14.89 56.00 8.44
Ilocos Norte 10.67 68.00 17.33 Ilocos Sur 6.67 88.00 2.67 Nueva Vizcaya 14.67 33.33 13.33 Nueva Ecija 14.67 40.00 8.00 Quezon 5.33 57.33 Mindoro Occidental 37.33 49.33 9.33
*Some respondents reported "no point of comparison"
Table 41. Percentage of garlic farmers with higher volume of production this year by reason for change in production, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
Reasons For Change in Production Good Quality of Adequate Province Increase Good Use of Proper Farm Planting Materials Water in Area Weather Fertilizer Management (Cloves) Supply
All Provinces 28.36 22.39 22.39 16.42 1.49 16.42
Ilocos Norte 50.00 25.00 12.50 37.50 Ilocos Sur 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 Nueva Vizcaya 9.09 9.09 27.27 9.09 63.64 Nueva Ecija 27.27 36.36 9.09 9.09 27.27 Quezon 25.00 100.00 Mindoro Occidental 32.14 39.29 7.14 17.86 3.57
61
Table 42. Percentage of garlic farmers with lower volume of production this year by reason for change in production, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
Reasons For Change in Production Bad Pests Low Quality of Inadequate Province Decrease Lack of Poor Weather/ and Planting Materials Water Others a/ in Area Fertilizer Germination Calamities Diseases (Cloves) Supply
All Provinces 12.30 60.71 31.75 33.33 1.19 1.19 3.17 3.97
Ilocos Norte 21.57 74.51 19.61 15.69 1.96 3.92 3.92 Ilocos Sur 4.55 77.27 56.06 13.64 12.12 7.58 Nueva Vizcaya 52.00 8.00 80.00 Nueva Ecija 20.00 3.33 6.67 76.67 3.33 3.33 10.00 Quezon 2.33 72.09 9.30 20.93 2.33 Mindoro Occidental 27.03 51.35 67.57 40.54 a/ Others include poor quality of produce, poor soil condition and improper farm management
Table 43. Percentage of garlic farmers reporting problems on production, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
Rough or Inadequate Poor High Pests Bad Poor Road / Supply of Poor Quality of Cost Lack of Province and Weather/ Inadequate Water / Soil Planting Others a/ of Capital Diseases Calamities Transport Irrigation Condition Materials Inputs Facilities Problem (Cloves)
All Provinces 42.67 38.44 47.56 10.67 2.67 6.00 5.33 4.67 3.11
Ilocos Norte 41.33 68.00 30.67 12.00 2.67 8.00 10.67 4.00 Ilocos Sur 76.00 25.33 46.67 10.67 1.33 5.33 1.33 Nueva Vizcaya 26.67 54.67 49.33 5.33 1.33 5.33 Nueva Ecija 30.67 10.67 20.00 2.67 1.33 17.33 9.33 26.67 4.00 Quezon 9.33 96.00 2.67 5.33 5.33 1.33 Mindoro Occidental 72.00 72.00 42.67 30.67 12.00 4.00 1.33 2.67 a/ Others include lack of knowledge on farm operations and lack of government support
62
Table 44. Percentage of garlic farmers who sold produce by major buyer, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
Wholesaler- Province Agent Wholesaler Assembler Cooperative Consumer retailer
All Provinces 19.11 14.67 26.44 14.67 2.00 22.22
Ilocos Norte 12.00 6.67 10.67 66.67 4.00 Ilocos Sur 44.00 21.33 10.67 20.00 6.67 1.33 Nueva Vizcaya 17.33 10.67 33.33 5.33 38.67 Nueva Ecija 12.00 33.33 36.00 18.67 Quezon 1.33 6.67 29.33 69.33 Mindoro Occidental 28.00 9.33 38.67 1.33 1.33
Table 45. Percentage of garlic farmers reporting problems on marketing of produce, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
Rough Roads/ Low No Buyer/ Lack of Low Unstable Province High Transport Price of Market Marketing Quality Prices Cost Produce Outlet Information of Produce
All Provinces 50.44 2.00 55.11 23.33 11.11 1.11
Ilocos Norte 80.00 4.00 74.67 5.33 10.67 Ilocos Sur 56.00 1.33 78.67 10.67 2.67 Nueva Vizcaya 45.33 69.33 9.33 4.00 Nueva Ecija 34.67 30.67 44.00 22.67 Quezon 21.33 1.33 20.00 28.00 12.00 1.33 Mindoro Occidental 65.33 5.33 57.33 42.67 14.67 5.33
63
Table 46. Percentage of garlic farmers who availed of loans for garlic production and by source of loan, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
Percentage of Private Province Garlic Farmers Who Cooperative Bank Individual Availed Loan
All Provinces 11.78 18.87 7.55 73.58
Ilocos Norte 9.33 100.00 Ilocos Sur 18.67 28.57 7.14 64.29 Nueva Vizcaya 12.00 55.56 11.11 33.33 Nueva Ecija 6.67 20.00 80.00 Quezon Mindoro Occidental 24.00 11.11 88.89
Table 47. Percentage of garlic farmers who are aware and availed of benefit from government programs/ interventions in garlic production, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
Aware of Government Availed of Benefit from Government Province Programs/Interventions Programs/Interventions
All Provinces 75.56 64.71
Ilocos Norte 56.00 40.48 Ilocos Sur 76.00 38.60 Nueva Vizcaya 92.00 79.71 Nueva Ecija 98.67 74.32 Quezon 90.67 98.53 Mindoro Occidental 40.00 13.33
64
Table 48. Percentage of garlic farmers who received benefit from government programs/ interventions on garlic production, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
Planting Fertilizer Training on Irrigation Post Harvest Province Materials and Other Farming Facilities Facilities (Cloves) Inputs Technology
All Provinces 94.55 20.00 3.64 1.36 0.45
Ilocos Norte 58.82 35.29 5.88 Ilocos Sur 86.36 4.55 9.09 4.55 Nueva Vizcaya 100.00 Nueva Ecija 98.18 52.73 1.82 1.82 Quezon 100.00 11.94 7.46 Mindoro Occidental 75.00 25.00
Table 49. Percentage of garlic farmers who used the benefit received and increased farm income, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
Used the Benefit Received Province Increased Farm Income From the Government
All Provinces 91.36 30.00
Ilocos Norte 82.35 29.41 Ilocos Sur 90.91 18.18 Nueva Vizcaya 90.91 14.55 Nueva Ecija 89.09 60.00 Quezon 97.01 19.40 Mindoro Occidental 75.00 75.00
65
Table 50. Percentage of garlic farmers by perceived effect of climate change on their farming practices, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
Effect Affected Change in Decrease in Increase Decrease Province by Climate Decrease Cropping Number of in Input in Frequency Others a/ Change in Yield Pattern Cropping Usage of Plowing
All Provinces 79.56 16.76 10.34 23.74 72.63 0.84 3.63
Ilocos Norte 80.00 5.00 15.00 85.00 3.33 Ilocos Sur 80.00 10.00 5.00 25.00 85.00 5.00 Nueva Vizcaya 78.67 30.51 3.39 23.73 45.76 Nueva Ecija 70.67 56.60 30.19 28.30 35.85 1.89 11.32 Quezon 92.00 10.14 97.10 Mindoro Occidental 76.00 5.26 15.79 56.14 78.95 3.51 3.51 a/ Others include poor quality of produce, pests and diseases, and inadequate water supply
Table 51. Percentage of garlic farmers practicing natural farming, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
Natural Farming Practices Practices Natural Province Use of Organic Maintain Buffer Farming Fertilizer Zone
All Provinces 11.33 80.39 19.61
Ilocos Norte 1.33 100.00 Ilocos Sur 10.67 100.00 Nueva Vizcaya 2.67 100.00 Nueva Ecija 28.00 95.24 4.76 Quezon 25.33 52.63 47.37 Mindoro Occidental
66
Table 52. Percentage of garlic farmers who are members of farmers' organization and by type of benefit received, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
Benefits received Members of Financial/ Province Farmers' Training/ Inputs Marketing Irrigation Animal Credit Organization Seminars Support Support Facilities Dispersal Support
All Provinces 60.67 47.99 4.03 31.14 13.55 20.15 1.47
Ilocos Norte 77.33 46.55 1.72 10.34 3.45 20.69 1.72 Ilocos Sur 93.33 25.71 8.57 45.71 7.14 Nueva Vizcaya 68.00 45.10 1.96 19.61 25.49 43.14 Nueva Ecija 26.67 40.00 5.00 40.00 25.00 10.00 Quezon 65.33 97.96 2.04 48.98 2.04 Mindoro Occidental 33.33 28.00 4.00 20.00 68.00 64.00
Table 53. Percentage distribution of garlic farmers reporting on the plan of operation, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
Maintain current Expand Shift to Other Stop Planting Province Operation Operation Crops Operation
All Provinces 58.00 33.56 5.56 2.89
Ilocos Norte 64.00 21.33 10.67 4.00 Ilocos Sur 56.00 17.33 20.00 6.67 Nueva Vizcaya 38.67 60.00 1.33 Nueva Ecija 56.00 38.67 2.67 2.67 Quezon 62.67 37.33 2.67 Mindoro Occidental 70.67 26.67 2.67
67
Table 54. Percentage of garlic farmers reporting on the recommendations to further improve the garlic production, selected provinces, July 2012 - June 2013
Improve Regulate Price Infrastructure Financial Province Irrigation Price of Support Facilities Support Services Farm Inputs
All Provinces 66.89 10.22 6.00 38.67 44.00
Ilocos Norte 86.67 12.00 6.67 62.67 30.67 Ilocos Sur 88.00 1.33 1.33 28.00 57.33 Nueva Vizcaya 76.00 5.33 5.33 44.00 30.67 Nueva Ecija 62.67 24.00 16.00 21.33 Quezon 2.67 1.33 17.33 1.33 64.00 Mindoro Occidental 85.33 17.33 5.33 80.00 60.00
Table 54. (Concluded)
Soil Land New/ Modern Environmental Marketing Province Testing/ Reform Farming Others a/ Concern Support Analysis Program Technologies
All Provinces 17.11 0.44 1.11 29.33 6.00 6.44
Ilocos Norte 26.67 1.33 36.00 1.33 6.67 Ilocos Sur 9.33 2.67 18.67 8.00 Nueva Vizcaya 1.33 1.33 1.33 20.00 2.67 8.00 Nueva Ecija 8.00 20.00 16.00 12.00 Quezon 49.33 1.33 1.33 22.67 1.33 Mindoro Occidental 8.00 58.67 14.67 4.00 a/ Others include input subsidy and improved quality of planting materials
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Republic of the Philippines Philippine Statistics Authority (Bureau of Agricultural Statistics) Ben-Lor Bldg., 1184 Quezon Avenue, Quezon City Agricultural Accounts and Statistical Indicators Division Tel. No. 372-3823
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