DOCSLIB.ORG

The Meaning of Cardiac Rehabilitation to Patients

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Meaning of Cardiac Rehabilitation to Patients UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY The Meaning of Cardiac Rehabilitation to Patients by Sarah Sandham A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY CALGARY, ALBERTA JANUARY, 2012 © Sarah Sandham 2012 Library and Archives Biblioth&que et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du IH Branch Patrimoine de l'6dition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Voire reference ISBN: 978-0-494-83410-7 Our file Notre rtttrence ISBN: 978-0494-83410-7 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant £ la Bibliothdque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, prSter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distrbute and sell theses monde, d des fins commercials ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, 6lectronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriety du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la th6se ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from K may be ne doivent 6tre imprimis ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conform6ment & la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie priv6e, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondares ont 6t6 enlev6s de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. Canada ABSTRACT In this thesis, I take an anthropological approach (using ethnographic methods) to explore the meaning of a cardiac rehabilitation program in Calgary, Alberta (Cardiac Wellness Institute of Calgary (CWIC)) to its patients. Cardiac rehabilitation programs are exercise-based secondary prevention for individuals suffering from a range of heart problems. Through education classes and supervised exercise sessions, such programs aim to improve heart patients' overall fitness, and promote lifestyle habits which can reduce risk of further disease. I examined how the meaning patients attribute to the program fits within two different theoretical conceptions of cardiac rehabilitation; as a site where power and surveillance discipine non-conforming (unhealthy) bodies, or as a site where medical practices constitute an ideal form of care. I demonstrate how the meaning patients attribute relates to the elements of their experience and the structure of the program which fall under an overarching "logic of care" (Mol 2008). ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my appreciation to the patients and staff members of the Cardiac Wellness Institute of Calgary who were so welcoming and helpful throughout my fieldwork, and for their willingness to participate in my research. Special thanks to Dr. Stone and Trina Hauer for their generosity and thoughtftilness in making my study possible. I am extremely grateful for the guidance and support I have received from my supervisor, Dr. Charles Mather, throughout every stage of this process. Charles, I can't say thank-you enough. The dedication you show to your students and the knowledge and advice you impart (usually with a laugh) is simply wonderful. Many thanks to Dr. Kathryn King-Shier who provided me with many opportunities for learning and who has been so generous with her wisdom. Thanks also to Drs. Anne Irwin and Doyle Hatt for their time and contributions to my thesis as committee members. I extend a most heart-felt thank-you to my dear parents, and the rest of my family, who are all wonderfully loving and supportive. Special thanks to my sister Rebecca for believing in me and helping me beyond measure. Finally, thank-you, Josh Friesen for your incredible love and support. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract Acknowledgements Table of Contents List of Tables List of Figures INTRODUCTION CHAPTER ONE: ETHNOGRAPHIC BACKGROUND I. Introduction to Heart Disease and Cardiac Rehabilitation Heart Disease Causes of Heart Disease Interventions Prevention Cardiac Rehabilitation II. The Heart The Heart as a Pump Ways of Knowing the Physical Heart Meaning and the Heart III. Uncertainty, Meaning and Disease IV. Ethnographic Research Ethnography of Heart Disease Ontology of Disease The Logic of Care V. Ethnographic Setting Aspects Places Patients CHAPTER TWO: RESEARCH METHODS Access Ethics Recruitment Sampling Study Population Data Collection Participant Observations Interviews Analysis CHAPTER THREE: RESULTS Study Participants I. Questions and Uncertainty Theme 1: Doing iv Doing Activities- Normal Life 59 Physical Limits - Cardiac Rehabilitation 63 Theme 2: Puzzling 67 Piecing Together Explanations 67 Comparing to Others 77 Considering Change 81 II. Practice, Structure, Care 84 Theme 3: Structure 85 Monitoring 85 Exercise 90 Staff Presence and Patient Uncertainty 91 Self-Monitoring 94 Protocol 98 Theme 4: Staff. 102 Access 103 Expertise 107 Care 108 III. Results Summary 112 CHAPTER FOUR: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 116 Introduction 116 Uncertainty 117 Order 124 Uncertainty, Order and the Logic of Care 132 Conclusions 135 REFERENCES 140 APPENDIX A: Breakdown of Staff at CWIC 146 APPENDIX B: Educational Classes Offered at CWIC 147 APPENDIX C: Ethics Documentation 148 APPENDIX D: Maps of Cardel Place and WHC Exercise Locations 152 APPENDIX E: Sample Analytical Face-Sheet 154 APPENDIX F: Tabulation of Theme Expressions 155 APPENDIX G: Summary of Study Participant Characteristics 161 v List of Tables Table 1. Expressions by Participant for Theme 1: Doing 155 Table 2. Expressions by Participant for Theme 2: Puzzling 156 Table 3. Expressions by Participant for Theme 3: Structure 157 Table 4. Expressions by Participant for Theme 4: Staff 158 Table 5. Expressions From Observation Data for Theme 1: Doing 158 Table 6. Expressions From Observation Data for Theme 2: Puzzling 159 Table 7. Expressions From Observation Data for Theme 3: Structure - Practices 159 Table 8. Expressions From Observation Data for Theme 3: Structure - Protocol 160 Table 9. Expressions From Observation Data for Theme 4: Staff 160 Table 10. Summary of Study Participant Characteristics 161 vi List of Figures Figure 1. Physical Layout and Observation Posts at Cardel Place 152 Figure 2. Physical Layout and Observations Posts of World Health Club 153 vii 1 INTRODUCTION Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is chronic condition pertaining to the circulatory system of the body. It is a problem of chronic inflammation (atherosclerosis) of the blood-carrying vessels of the body which causes a restriction of blood flow (Stone et al. 2009). CVD is most life-threatening when it affects the blood flow to the heart (called coronary artery disease (CAD) or heart disease) and the brain (called cerebrovascular disease)(Heart and Stroke Foundation 2011, American Heart Association 2011). It is a big problem in North America and not without reason - it is the leading cause of death for both men and women, is the primary reason for hospitalization and underlying cause of death in the United States and Canada (Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada 2011; American Heart Association 2011). In Canada alone, CVD costs approximately $20.9 billion dollars a year in health care services and related workplace losses annually1 (Heart and Stroke Foundation 2011). In Canada, there are estimates that approximately 70 000 heart attacks occur each year, causing around 17 000 deaths (Heart and Stroke Foundation 2011). Heart attacks (myocardial infarctions (MI)) are acute and potentially fatal events associated with the heart-specific manifestation of CVD (known as coronary artery disease (CAD) or heart disease). A heart attack occurs when the blood flow to the heart muscle is restricted to the point where some of the heart muscle cells begin to die (Sherwood 2007). Heart attacks may be caused by any mechanism which blocks blood flow to the heart, including but not limited to: heart disease, damaged or malfunctioning heart valves, a separation in the layers of the arterial walls and emboli or blood clots which lodge in the arteries feeding the heart muscle (coronary arteries). Although the incidence of heart disease 1 The information provided by the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada was based on the latest data made available by Statistics Canada which was from the year 2008. 2 and death from heart attacks has decreased steadily over the past 50 years, hospitalizations for heart attacks rose in the years between 1994 and 2004 (Heart and Stroke Foundation 2011). Research in the past sixty years in North America on the causes of C VD has shown that there are several contributing factors to the development of the disease which pertain to individual lifestyle habits. These factors include low physical activity or lack of exercise, a diet poor in fibre and high in fat and sugar, smoking, high alcohol consumption, and high stress levels (Framingham Study 2011). In the time since these findings began to develop, cardiac rehabilitation programs which aim to improve the overall fitness level of heart patients and reduce (through education and counselling) these modifiable lifestyle habits have popped up across North America. As Leon et al. (2005) state: The term cardiac rehabilitation refers to coordinated, multifaceted interventions designed to optimize a cardiac patient's physical, psychological, and social functioning, in addition to stabilizing, slowing, or even reversing the progression of the underlying atherosclerotic processes, thereby reducing morbidity and mortality (p.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • FACTS Cardiac Rehabilitation Putting More Patients on the Road to Recovery
    FACTS Cardiac Rehabilitation Putting More Patients on the Road to Recovery OVERVIEW Nevertheless, new delivery models, such as automatic in-patient CR referral systems, offer Each year, over 800,000 Americans die from opportunities to address patient barriers and to lower cardiovascular disease, accounting for 1 of treatment costs.12,13 The Million Hearts® initiative every 3 deaths in the US. 1 However, there is has developed a roadmap to increase participation in hope. The goal of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is cardiac rehabilitation which includes referrals, to reduce the risk of a future cardiac event by increased enrollment, and adherence of CR.10 stabilizing, slowing, or even reversing the Researchers have predicted that the Million Hearts® progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD). 2 initiative to increase cardiac rehabilitation could save As a result, CR reduces hospital readmissions, 25,000 lives and prevent 180,000 hospitalizations as well as all-cause and CVD mortality.3,4 annually in the US. 10 Patients with other cardiovascular conditions, such as heart failure can also benefit from CR WHAT IS CARDIAC REHABILITATION? 5,6 programs. Cardiac rehabilitation is a medically-supervised Despite its clear and tangible benefits, CR remains program consisting of exercise training, underutilized, particularly among women and education on heart-healthy living, counseling to reduce stress, and helping patients return to an minorities.7,8,9 A 2016 report estimated that only 19- active lifestyle and recover sooner. CR offers a 34% of patients subsequently participate in a CR 10 multifaceted and highly tailored approach to program. A 2015 study reported that just over 20% boost the overall physical, mental, and social of eligible Medicare patients with acute myocardial functioning of people with heart-related 11 infarction used CR services.
    [Show full text]
  • Medicare National Coverage Determinations Manual, Part 1
    Medicare National Coverage Determinations Manual Chapter 1, Part 1 (Sections 10 – 80.12) Coverage Determinations Table of Contents (Rev. 10838, 06-08-21) Transmittals for Chapter 1, Part 1 Foreword - Purpose for National Coverage Determinations (NCD) Manual 10 - Anesthesia and Pain Management 10.1 - Use of Visual Tests Prior to and General Anesthesia During Cataract Surgery 10.2 - Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) for Acute Post- Operative Pain 10.3 - Inpatient Hospital Pain Rehabilitation Programs 10.4 - Outpatient Hospital Pain Rehabilitation Programs 10.5 - Autogenous Epidural Blood Graft 10.6 - Anesthesia in Cardiac Pacemaker Surgery 20 - Cardiovascular System 20.1 - Vertebral Artery Surgery 20.2 - Extracranial - Intracranial (EC-IC) Arterial Bypass Surgery 20.3 - Thoracic Duct Drainage (TDD) in Renal Transplants 20.4 – Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators (ICDs) 20.5 - Extracorporeal Immunoadsorption (ECI) Using Protein A Columns 20.6 - Transmyocardial Revascularization (TMR) 20.7 - Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty (PTA) (Various Effective Dates Below) 20.8 - Cardiac Pacemakers (Various Effective Dates Below) 20.8.1 - Cardiac Pacemaker Evaluation Services 20.8.1.1 - Transtelephonic Monitoring of Cardiac Pacemakers 20.8.2 - Self-Contained Pacemaker Monitors 20.8.3 – Single Chamber and Dual Chamber Permanent Cardiac Pacemakers 20.8.4 Leadless Pacemakers 20.9 - Artificial Hearts And Related Devices – (Various Effective Dates Below) 20.9.1 - Ventricular Assist Devices (Various Effective Dates Below) 20.10 - Cardiac
    [Show full text]
  • Digital Health in Cardiac Rehabilitation and Secondary Prevention: a Search for the Ideal Tool
    sensors Perspective Digital Health in Cardiac Rehabilitation and Secondary Prevention: A Search for the Ideal Tool Maarten Falter 1,2,3,* , Martijn Scherrenberg 1,2 and Paul Dendale 1,2 1 Heart Centre Hasselt, Jessa Hospital, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium; [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (P.D.) 2 Mobile Health Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium 3 KU Leuven, Faculty of Medicine, 3000 Leuven, Belgium * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Digital health is becoming more integrated in daily medical practice. In cardiology, patient care is already moving from the hospital to the patients’ homes, with large trials showing positive results in the field of telemonitoring via cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs), monitoring of pulmonary artery pressure via implantable devices, telemonitoring via home-based non-invasive sensors, and screening for atrial fibrillation via smartphone and smartwatch technology. Cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention are modalities that could greatly benefit from digital health integration, as current compliance and cardiac rehabilitation participation rates are low and optimisation is urgently required. This viewpoint offers a perspective on current use of digital health technologies in cardiac rehabilitation, heart failure and secondary prevention. Important barriers which need to be addressed for implementation in medical practice are discussed. To conclude, a future ideal digital tool and integrated healthcare system are envisioned. To overcome personal, technological, and legal barriers, technological development should happen in dialog with patients and caregivers. Aided by digital technology, a future could be realised in which we are able to offer high-quality, affordable, personalised healthcare in a patient-centred way.
    [Show full text]
  • Exercise Based Cardiac Rehabilitation in Chronic Heart Failure
    CLINICAL PRACTICE Exercise based cardiac Rehabilitation rehabilitation in chronic Frances M Wise MBBS, PhD, FAFRM(RACP), is Senior Rehabilitation Physician, Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit, heart failure Caulfield General Medical Centre, Victoria. [email protected] People with chronic heart failure often present to their general practitioner with questions about their participation in cardiac rehabilitation programs. This article outlines the risks and benefits of such programs. Chronic heart failure (CHF) is a leading cause heart failure is presented in Table 1. of morbidity in the industrialised world.1 It can be Studies show diagnosis by clinical means alone is defined as ‘a complex clinical syndrome with typical often inaccurate5,6 particularly in women, the elderly and symptoms (eg. dyspnoea, fatigue) that can occur the obese. The National Heart Foundation of Australia, at rest or on effort, and characterised by objective the Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand, evidence of an underlying structural abnormality or the European Society of Cardiology, and the National cardiac dysfunction that impairs the ability of the Institute for Clinical Excellence in the United Kingdom ventricle to fill with or eject blood (particularly during recommend that all patients clinically suspected exercise)’.1 Clinical improvement with treatment further of having CHF undergo echocardiography to formally strengthens the diagnosis of CHF. diagnose the condition.1,5,7 Pathogenesis Incidence, prevalence and prognosis Heart failure is characterised by reduced exercise tolerance Approximately 1.5–2.0% of the Australian population is and poor quality of life. This is due in part to an enlarged and affected by heart failure, with 20 000 new cases diagnosed ineffective myocardium unable to maintain sufficient cardiac each year.1 The incidence and prevalence increases with age, output to meet tissue demands.
    [Show full text]
  • Cardiac Rehabilitation Participation and Mortality After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
    ORIGINAL RESEARCH Cardiac Rehabilitation Participation and Mortality After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Insights From the Veterans Affairs Clinical Assessment, Reporting, and Tracking Program Alexis L. Beatty, MD, MAS; Jacob A. Doll, MD; David W. Schopfer, MD, MAS; Charles Maynard, PhD; Mary E. Plomondon, PhD; Hui Shen, MS; Mary A. Whooley, MD Background-—Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is strongly recommended after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), but it is underused. We sought to evaluate CR participation variation after PCI and its association with mortality among veterans. Methods and Results-—Patients undergoing PCI between 2007 and 2011 were identified in the Veterans Affairs Clinical Assessment, Reporting, and Tracking database and followed up until January 25, 2017. We excluded patients who died within 30 days of PCI and calculated the percentage participating in ≥1 outpatient CR visits within 12 months after PCI. We constructed multivariable hierarchical logistic regression models for CR participation, clustered by facility. We estimated propensity scores for CR participation, matched participants and nonparticipants by propensity score, calculated mortality rates, and estimated the association with mortality using Cox proportional hazards models. Participation in CR after PCI was 6.9% (2986/43 319) and varied significantly by PCI facility (range, 0%–36%). After 6.1 years median follow-up, CR participants had a 33% lower mortality rate than all nonparticipants (3.8 versus 5.7 deaths/100 person-years; hazard ratio, 0.67; 95% confidence interval, 0.61–0.75; P<0.001) and a 26% lower mortality rate than 2986 propensity-matched nonparticipants (3.8 versus 5.1 deaths/100 person-years; hazard ratio, 0.74; 95% confidence interval, 0.65–0.84; P<0.001).
    [Show full text]
  • Cardiac Rehabilitation in the Outpatient Setting Page 1 of 27
    Cardiac Rehabilitation in the Outpatient Setting Page 1 of 27 Medical Policy An Independent licensee of the Blue Cross Blue Shield Association Title: Cardiac Rehabilitation in the Outpatient Setting Professional Institutional Original Effective Date: January 1997 Original Effective Date: August 17, 2010 Revision Date(s): August 17, 2010; Revision Date(s): August 17, 2010; September 24, 2012; December 11, 2013; September 24, 2012; December 11, 2013; July 15, 2014; September 23, 2015; July 15, 2014; September 23, 2015; November 24, 2015; May 11, 2016; November 24, 2015; May 11, 2016; August 18, 2017; October 1, 2017; August 18, 2017; October 1, 2017; April 11, 2018; April 24, 2019; April 11, 2018; April 24, 2019; March 23, 2021 March 23, 2021 Current Effective Date: August 18, 2017 Current Effective Date: August 18, 2017 State and Federal mandates and health plan member contract language, including specific provisions/exclusions, take precedence over Medical Policy and must be considered first in determining eligibility for coverage. To verify a member's benefits, contact Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Kansas Customer Service. The BCBSKS Medical Policies contained herein are for informational purposes and apply only to members who have health insurance through BCBSKS or who are covered by a self-insured group plan administered by BCBSKS. Medical Policy for FEP members is subject to FEP medical policy which may differ from BCBSKS Medical Policy. The medical policies do not constitute medical advice or medical care. Treating health care providers are independent contractors and are neither employees nor agents of Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Kansas and are solely responsible for diagnosis, treatment and medical advice.
    [Show full text]
  • ABC Cardiol December 2019 Journal of Brazilian Society of Cardiology
    Volume Number 113 6 ABC Cardiol December 2019 Journal of Brazilian Society of Cardiology Brazilian Society of Cardiology ISSN-0066-782X Figure 2 da Page 1096. Evidence-based alternative therapies that “touch the heart” Chief Editor Carlos Rochitte Pregnancy and complex congenital heart disease Internacional Coeditor Great arteries behavior during orthostasis João Lima Risk of sleep apnea and echocardiographic parameters Editors Gláucia Moraes Myocardial ischemia by SPECT and CCTA Alexandre Colafranceschi Ieda Jatene João Cavalcante Aortic valve repair and kidney function Marcio Bittencourt Marina Okoshi Coronary dilation in exanthematous illness Mauricio Scanavacca Paulo Jardim Nrf2, NF-κB and PPARβ/δ in CAD patients Pedro Lemos Ricardo Stein NT-pro BNP and left ventricular aneurysm Tiago Senra Vitor Guerra Exercise-mediated glucose uptake ABC Cardiol Journal of Brazilian Society of Cardiology JOURNAL OF BRAZILIAN SOCIETY OF CARDIOLOGY - Published since 1943 Contents Editorial Evidence-Based Alternative Therapies that “Touch the Heart” Anderson Donelli da Silveira e Ricardo Stein ...................................................................................................................................................................page 1059 Original Article Pregnancy in Women with Complex Congenital Heart Disease. A Constant Challenge Walkiria Samuel Avila, Veronica Martins Ribeiro, Eduardo Giusti Rossi, Maria Angelica Binotto, Maria Rita Bortolotto, Carolina Testa, Rossana Francisco, Ludhmilla Abraão Hajjar, Nana Miura ...................................................................................................................................................................page
    [Show full text]
  • Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation: the New Challenges of Cardiac Rehabilitation
    Journal of Clinical Medicine Review Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation: The New Challenges of Cardiac Rehabilitation Simona Sperlongano 1,* , Francesca Renon 1 , Maurizio Cappelli Bigazzi 1, Rossella Sperlongano 2, Giovanni Cimmino 1 , Antonello D’Andrea 3 and Paolo Golino 1 1 Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Division of Cardiology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Monaldi Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy; [email protected] (F.R.); [email protected] (M.C.B.); [email protected] (G.C.); [email protected] (P.G.) 2 Department of Experimental Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy; [email protected] 3 Department of Cardiology and Intensive Coronary Care, Umberto I Hospital, 84014 Nocera Inferiore, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-0817065185 or +39-0817064149 Abstract: Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is an increasingly widespread percutaneous intervention of aortic valve replacement (AVR). The target population for TAVI is mainly composed of elderly, frail patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS), multiple comorbidities, and high perioper- ative mortality risk for surgical AVR (sAVR). These vulnerable patients could benefit from cardiac rehabilitation (CR) programs after percutaneous intervention. To date, no major guidelines currently recommend CR after TAVI. However, emerging scientific evidence shows that CR in patients un- dergoing TAVI is safe, and improves exercise tolerance and quality of life. Moreover, preliminary data prove that a CR program after TAVI has the potential to reduce mortality during follow-up, Citation: Sperlongano, S.; Renon, F.; even if randomized clinical trials are needed for confirmation. The present review article provides an Bigazzi, M.C.; Sperlongano, R.; overview of all scientific evidence concerning the potential beneficial effects of CR after TAVI, and Cimmino, G.; D’Andrea, A.; Golino, P.
    [Show full text]
  • Cardiac Rehabilitation: Improving Function and Reducing Risk JESSICA T
    Cardiac Rehabilitation: Improving Function and Reducing Risk JESSICA T. SERVEY, MD, and MARK STEPHENS, MD Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland Cardiac rehabilitation is a comprehensive multidisciplinary program individually tailored to the needs of patients with cardiovascular disease. The overall goals focus on improving daily function and reducing cardiovascular risk factors. Cardiac rehabilitation includes interven- tions aimed at lowering blood pressure and improving lipid and diabetes mellitus control, with tobacco cessation, behavioral counseling, and graded physical activity. The physical activity component typically involves 36 sessions over 12 weeks, during which patients participate in supervised exercise under cardiac monitoring. There are also intensive programs that include up to 72 sessions lasting up to 18 weeks, although these programs are not widely available. Addi- tional components of cardiac rehabilitation include counseling on nutrition, screening for and managing depression, and assuring up-to-date immunizations. Cardiac rehabilitation is cov- ered by Medicare and recommended for patients following myocardial infarction, bypass sur- gery, and stent placement, and for patients with heart failure, stable angina, and several other conditions. Despite proven benefits in mortality rates, depression, functional capacity, and medication adherence, rates of referral for cardiac rehabilitation are suboptimal. Groups less likely to be referred are older adults, women, patients who do not speak English, and persons living in areas where cardiac rehabilitation is not locally available. Additionally, primary care physicians refer patients less often than cardiologists and cardiothoracic surgeons. (Am Fam Physician. 2016;94(1):37-43. Copyright © 2016 American Academy of Family Physicians.) CME This clinical content ardiac rehabilitation was initially functioning while slowing or reversing the conforms to AAFP criteria developed in the 1950s.
    [Show full text]
  • Exercise-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation for Patients Following Open Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement and Transcatheter Aortic
    Open access Valvular heart disease Open Heart: first published as 10.1136/openhrt-2018-000922 on 9 April 2019. Downloaded from Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for patients following open surgical aortic valve replacement and transcatheter aortic valve implant: a systematic review and meta-analysis Lizette Anayo, 1,2,3 Paula Rogers,4 Linda Long, 3 Miles Dalby,4 Rod Taylor3,5 ► Additional material is ABSTRACT Key questions published online only. To view Objectives Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation (CR) please visit the journal online may be beneficial to patients following transcatheter aortic (http:// dx. doi. org/ 10. 1136/ What is already known about this subject? valve implantation (TAVI) and open surgical aortic valve openhrt- 2018- 000922). Aortic stenosis (AS) is the single most common pri- replacement (SAVR). We aimed to undertake a systematic ► mary valve lesion undergoing treatment in devel- review and meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy, safety To cite: Anayo L, Rogers P, oped countries, and it is becoming a bigger health and costs of exercise-based CR post-TAVI and post-SAVR. Long L, et al. Exercise-based problem in an ageing population. There is often a cardiac rehabilitation for Methods We searched numerous databases, including period of deconditioning beforehand and slow or patients following open surgical Embase, CENTRAL and MEDLINE, up to October 2017. incomplete recovery following transcatheter aortic aortic valve replacement and We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and valve implantation (TAVI) or surgical aortic valve re- transcatheter aortic valve non-randomised controlled trials (non-RCTs) of exercise- placement (SAVR). Exercise-based cardiac rehabili- implant: a systematic review based CR compared with no exercise control in TAVI or tation (CR) may facilitate the recovery of post-TAVI and meta-analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • 13 Cardiac Rehabilitation: Statins and the Rationale for Implementation of Lipid-Lowering Therapy
    13 Cardiac Rehabilitation: Statins and the Rationale for Implementation of Lipid-Lowering Therapy Ryan Neal and Christie Ballantyne CONTENTS Coronary Heart Disease and Secondary Prevention 142 Secondary Prevention and the Treatment Gap 142 Cardiac Rehabilitation 143 Risk Factor Modification in Cardiac Rehabilitation 143 Dyslipidemia and the Risk of CHD 143 Observational Data for Cholesterol and the Risk of CHD 144 Cholesterol Metabolism and Statins 144 Evidence-Based Data for Statin Therapy 144 Recent Clinical Trials and the Adult Treatment Panel III Guidelines: New Recommendations and Treating to Goal 145 The Implications of New Clinical Trials 145 Newer Statin Trials Establish that Lower LDL-C Levels are Associated with Lower CHD Risk in High-Risk Patients 146 The “Optimal” Versus “Optional” LDL-C Level 147 The Ability to Achieve New LDL-C Goals 148 Treatment Options 149 CHD and the Treatment of Dyslipidemia 151 Lipid-Lowering Therapy in Cardiac Rehabilitation 152 References 152 From: Contemporary Cardiology: Cardiac Rehabilitation Edited by: W. E. Kraus and S. J. Keteyian © Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ 141 142 R. Neal and C. Ballantyne CORONARY HEART DISEASE AND SECONDARY PREVENTION Coronary heart disease (CHD) remains the leading cause of death in the United States. Although there has been an overall decline in mortality from acute coronary events, the prevalence of CHD continues to rise, largely due to the aging population and improved survival after myocardial infarction (post-MI). This increase has led to more patients at risk for recurrent ischemic events and subsequent death. According to the American Heart Association (1), within 1 year of an MI, 25% of men and 38% of women will die of heart disease.
    [Show full text]
  • Cardiac Rehabilitation, Outpatient Product Applicability
    bmchp.org | 888-566-0008 wellsense.org | 877-957-1300 Medical Policy Cardiac Rehabilitation, Outpatient Policy Number: OCA 3.61 Version Number: 16 Version Effective Date: 01/01/16 + Product Applicability All Plan Products Well Sense Health Plan Boston Medical Center HealthNet Plan New Hampshire Medicaid MassHealth NH Health Protection Program Qualified Health Plans/ConnectorCare/Employer Choice Direct Senior Care Options ◊ Notes: + Disclaimer and audit information is located at the end of this document. ◊ The guidelines included in this Plan policy are applicable to members enrolled in Senior Care Options only if there are no criteria established for the specified service in a Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) national coverage determination (NCD) or local coverage determination (LCD) on the date of the prior authorization request. Review the member’s product-specific benefit documents at www.SeniorsGetMore.org to determine coverage guidelines for Senior Care Options. Policy Summary The Plan considers medically-supervised, phase II outpatient cardiac rehabilitation programs to be medically necessary based on the Plan’s medical criteria. See the Medical Policy Statement section and Limitations section of this policy for Plan medical criteria and prior authorization requirements. Phase II outpatient cardiac rehabilitation does not require Plan prior authorization for a member with a specified diagnosis code listed in the Applicable Coding section when all applicable Plan criteria are met; all other diagnoses REQUIRE prior authorization. Prior authorization is required Cardiac Rehabilitation, Outpatient + Plan refers to Boston Medical Center Health Plan, Inc. and its affiliates and subsidiaries offering health coverage plans to enrolled members. The Plan operates in Massachusetts under the trade name Boston Medical Center HealthNet Plan and in other states under the trade name Well Sense Health Plan.
    [Show full text]