La Diaspora Armena E La Costruzione Di Un Paesaggio Simbolico

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La Diaspora Armena E La Costruzione Di Un Paesaggio Simbolico Fiammetta Martegani Ararat: la diaspora armena e la costruzione di un paesaggio simbolico Summary: Every Nation, as every Diaspora, is an Imagined Community. In this article we will analyze the mediatic representation of the Ararat Mountain as a symbol of the Armenian Diaspora. Keywords: media, mountain, diaspora, armenia, cinema. Decostruendo il concetto di diaspora storia e soprattutto delle storiografie. Secondo la storiografia armena, infatti, la Magna Armenia, Non appena atterrati all’aeroporto di Erevan, nel massimo del suo splendore, come durante il una volta superata la dogana, il passeggero è ine- regno di Tigran il Grande, fra il 95 e il 56 a.C., era vitabilmente costretto ad imbattersi in un sugge- detta addirittura “Armenia da mare a mare” poi- stivo poster di benvenuto, che recita: “Welcome to ché occupava il vasto spazio geografico compreso Armenia”. Ciò che colpisce in questo poster è la tra Mar Nero, Mar Caspio e Mar Mediterraneo: presenza di un monte, più precisamente il monte uno spazio dieci volte maggiore rispetto ai confini Ararat, che non si trova affatto in territorio arme- dell’attuale Repubblica Armena. no, bensì in territorio turco. A causa delle diverse dominazioni che si sono Se può sembrare insolito che il poster di ben- succedute nel territorio compreso tra l’altopiano venuto di un Paese rappresenti come simbolo del anatolico e quello caucasico, ciò che si è verificato proprio paesaggio nazionale un luogo “fisico” nel corso della storia è stato un continuo sposta- che, stando ai parametri dei confini politici, non mento e rimescolamento di popolazioni, ragion appartiene affatto al suo territorio, ancor più in- per cui oggi risulta molto difficile riuscire a stabi- solito è venire a scoprire che la produzione e la lire i confini di una presunta Armenia delle “ori- messa in commercio di mouse-pad raffiguranti il gini”. monte Ararat, non soltanto non avviene in Tur- Se risulta già di per sé tutt’altro che scontato ri- chia, ma neppure nella Repubblica Armena, ben- uscire a definire le “origini” dell’Armenia, si rive- sì in Canada. la ancor più complesso il tentativo di risalire alle In questo Paese, infatti, vive una numerosa “origini” della diaspora del popolo armeno. nonché consolidata comunità armena che, assie- Quando ha “inizio” la diaspora di un popo- me a tutte le altre comunità armene disseminate lo? Quale definizione può essere considerata per il globo, dall’Argentina all’Australia, fa sì che esaustiva per esprimere il concetto stesso di dia- il numero di armeni che vivono l’esperienza della spora? Quante persone è necessario che lascino diaspora, attorno ai sette milioni, sia attualmente il proprio Paese perché si possa effettivamente più del doppio dei tre milioni di armeni residenti parlare dell’esistenza di una “comunità diaspo- nella Repubblica Armena. rica”? Quando lasciare il proprio Paese significa Una delle cause principali di questa insolita compiere una scelta e quando significa subire “sproporzione” tra armeni residenti in patria e ar- un’imposizione? Esiste poi una differenza netta meni residenti all’estero sta nel fatto che l’attuale tra “scelta” e “imposizione”? E dopo quanti anni Repubblica Armena corrisponde soltanto ad un’e- un popolo “smette” di vivere un’ “esperienza dia- sigua porzione del territorio che un tempo appar- sporica”? teneva alla cosiddetta “Armenia antica”. Lorenzo Rocci, nel suo Vocabolario greco/italiano Stabilire quale fosse l’estensione dell’antica Ar- (la cui prima edizione risale al 1943), traduce il menia è impresa tutt’altro che semplice, poiché la sostantivo diasporá con “dispersione”, poiché de- superficie della regione è cambiata nel corso della rivato dal composto dia-spe¯rá, costituito dalla 106 AGEI - Geotema, 50 17 - MARTEGANI.indd 106 08/06/2016 10.42.25 preposizione diá, utilizzata per esprimere il com- tà nella produzione delle soggettività moderne. plemento di moto per luogo, solitamente tradotto Quando lavoratori turchi emigrati in Germania con “attraverso”, e dal verbo spe¯rá, che a seconda guardano film turchi nei loro appartamenti te- dei contesti in cui viene utilizzato può significare deschi, quando Coreani a Filadelfia guardano le sia “spargere”, “seminare”, che “generare”, “pro- Olimpiadi di Seul grazie a collegamenti via satelli- durre” (Rocci, 1943, pp. 465, 438, 1691 nell’ed. te con la Corea, e quando i tassisti pakistani a Chi- del 1995). cago ascoltano le cassette di prediche registrate in Pur largamente usato, il termine diaspora sem- Pakistan o in Iran, siamo di fronte a immagini in brerebbe mancare di una definizione univoca; movimento che incrociano spettatori deterritoria- tuttavia, nei suoi diversi utilizzi, porta con sé mol- lizzati. Tutto ciò crea sfere pubbliche diasporiche, to più spesso la sola accezione di “dispersione” fenomeni che mettono in crisi quelle teorie che trascurando invece la dimensione di “produzio- continuano a basarsi sulla rilevanza dello stato na- ne” e “costruzione”, che pur risultano fortemente zionale come fattore chiave dei più rilevanti punti appropriati ai processi di (ri)costruzione identita- sociali” (Appadurai, 1996, p. 17). ria peculiari alle comunità di tipo diasporico. Appadurai riflette su quanto la deterritorializ- In questo contributo, per tanto, cercherò di zazione crei al tempo stesso nuovi mercati per le analizzare il paradigmatico caso della diaspora compagnie cinematografiche, gli impresari tea- armena, e della produzione mediatica da essa ela- trali e le agenzie di viaggio, che prosperano sul borata come veicolo di (ri)costruzione identitaria, bisogno di contatto da parte delle popolazione al fine di mettere in luce la peculiarità del proces- deterritorializzate con le patrie, patrie almeno so (ri)produttivo con cui, per dirla con Anderson, in parte inventate, che costituiscono i mediorami una comunità “si immagina” in un contesto di dei gruppi deterritorializzati (Appadurai, 1996, tipo diasporico (Anderson, 1992). p. 52). Parlando del suo approccio verso la costru- zione della propria armenità, il regista canadese Immaginando una comunità armena: l’invenzione Atom Egoyan afferma: “Dal momento che i miei dell’Ararat come paesaggio nazionale La questione dell’appartenenza ad una comu- nità nazionale (sia essa territorializzata o diaspo- rica) implica la problematizzazione dei parametri che legittimano tale senso di appartenenza. Se, come affermava Renan già nel 1882, “l’esi- stenza di una nazione è un plebiscito quotidiano” (Renan, 1882, p. 60), quali pratiche discorsive inducono a partecipare a quel tipo di plebiscito quotidiano che legittima il senso di appartenenza a una comunità nazionale? Quali sono i motori trainanti che permettono a una comunità nazionale di immaginarsi come tale? La posizione occupata dai mass media nella ri- produzione delle identità nazionali risulta tutt’al- tro che secondaria, se non del tutto peculiare, allo stesso processo di costruzione identitaria, anche per via della specifica relazione tra media e migrazione di massa, che investe un ruolo fon- damentale nelle riproduzioni identitarie di tipo diasporico. Come osserva Appadurai: “Le migrazioni di massa (volontarie o forzose) non sono certo un fatto nuovo nella storia dell’umanità, ma quando si affiancano al rapido fluire di immagini mass Fig. 1. Poster di benvenuto all’aeroporto di Erevan, Repub- mediatiche, alle sceneggiature e alle sensazioni, blica Armena, raffigurante il Monte Ararat Foto( dell’au- siamo di fronte a un nuovo ordine di instabili- trice). AGEI - Geotema, 50 107 17 - MARTEGANI.indd 107 08/06/2016 10.42.25 genitori erano anche loro come me nati in Egit- Il suolo della vostra patria e vivrete liberi! È to, io non potevo tessere nessuna relazione con dunque all’interno dello specifico contesto stori- l’Armenia attraverso la mediazione (corsivo nostro) co e culturale peculiare al Romanticismo che il di ricordi personali. Di fatto, non ho cominciato monte Ararat diventa simbolo dell’identità arme- a provare fortemente il sentimento di essere ar- na, fortemente influenzata dalle istanze naziona- meno fino a quando non ho visto delle immagini liste di matrice europea. Come messo in luce da dell’arte armena”1. Petrosyan: “when Armenia began to participate L’analisi del caso armeno in quanto esperien- in the political scenes of Europe and Russia from za diasporica costruita attorno ad un prodotto the XIX century, Masis-Ararat became the na- mediatico risulta particolarmente interessante tion’s symbol” (Petrosyan, 2001, p. 37). in quanto il mezzo volto alla costruzione e alla ri- Tuttavia, agli inizi del Novecento, a causa dei produzione dell’identità diasporica armena è una conflitti bellici che caratterizzano l’altopiano ana- montagna: il Monte Ararat. tolico, il monte finirà col far parte del territorio Di fatto sempre esistito in quanto rilievo mon- fisico della Turchia, ma questo non impedirà alla tuoso, il monte Ararat viene riscoperto o, meglio nascente Repubblica dell’Armenia Socialista So- ancora, “riletto” e “codificato” in quanto paesag- vietica di continuare a vedere nell’Ararat il luogo gio nazionale, soltanto in un preciso momento simbolico dell’identità armena. Anzi, sono questi storico, ovvero, per usare le parole di Chabod, gli anni in cui, come sottolinea Petrosyan: “the quando l’idea di “nazione” sorge e trionfa con il mountain loom before the eyes of those living in sorgere e il trionfare del Romanticismo (Chabod, the capital of Erevan and for miles around, inspi- 1961, p. 17). ring artisans and painters to constantly reproduce Nel 1827, è con queste parole
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