Annotated Bibliography Images/Media:

Ann Caracristi. n.d. National Cryptologic Museum. ​ ​ ​ https://cryptologicfoundation.org/what-we-do/commemorate/in-memoriam-re gistry-honoree-pages/ann-caracristi.html.

This image is a portrait of Cryptanalyst Veteran Ann Caracristi when she was being interviewed about her WWII code-breaking experiences.

Associated Press. Intelligence Analysts Work to Decipher Coded Japanese ​ Messages at the Headquarters of the Army Cryptanalysis Service in Arlington, Va., in 1944. . n.d. The Washington Post. ​ ​ ​ https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/the-brilliance-of-the-women-code- breakers-of-world-war-ii/2017/10/06/ec64ca8a-9e2c-11e7-9c8d-cf053ff30921_s tory.html.

With this image, I was able to get a closer look at how the work of a Cryptanalyst was done, and what machinery they used to decode messages.

Bedell-Burke, Margie. “Barracks Life of World War II WAVES.” Women of World War II, August 27, 2017. https://www.womenofwwii.com/navy/navy-waves/barracks-life-of-world-war-ii -waves/.

This website is all about the WAVES time living in barracks while serving in WWII. I was able to retrieve an image here showing what the women did to have fun in their rare free time.

Bill Nye: Science Guy. Accessed January 12, 2021. https://www.billnyefilm.com/.

This website is all about Bill Nye and provides a portrait image of him in recent years. Bill Nye is the son of Jaqueline Jenkins Nye who was a WWII WAVE Cryptanalyst.

The Flea Market Enigma Machine. n.d. Smithsonian Magazine. ​ ​ ​ https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/wwii-enigma-machine-found-f lea-market-sells-51000-180964053/.

The enigma machine, as displayed in this image, was a crucial device that allowed the Code Girls to successfully track and decipher messages coming from their enemies.

Gordon, Meryl. Ann Caracristi, Far Right, Oversaw an Army Code Breaking ​ Unit When She Was 23. 2017. The New York Times. ​ ​ https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/06/books/review/liza-mundy-code-girls-wor ld-war-ii.html.

Ann Caracristi was one of the head women cryptanalysts of WWII and often oversaw a group of women in Arlington Hall.

Hatchette Books. "Code Girls" Helped Win WWII. n.d. Daily Press. ​ ​ ​ ​ https://www.dailypress.com/news/dp-nws-code-girls-nasa-20180214-story.ht ml.

This image captures a group of “Code Girls” as shown on the cover of Liza Mundy’s Code Girls. ​

It'sTheirPointofView. ​ https://revolutionbuddies.weebly.com/woman-of-the-revolution.html.

This image is a depiction of a woman sewing during the Revolutionary War proving that they had the role of staying at home and doing housework.

“Jaqueline Nye.” geni_family_tree, August 15, 2019. https://www.geni.com/people/Jaqueline-Nye/6000000013372889246. This website gave me information about Jaqueline Jenkin Nye’s life as a cryptanalyst; before and after. I used the image of Nye from her WAVE times to display on my website.

The Marginalization of Women in STEM. Accessed 2020. ​ https://www.cavsconnect.com/opinion/2014/09/11/the-marginalization-of-wo men-in-stem/.

With this image of Rosie the Riveter holding tools with “Women in STEM” written above her, I was able to demonstrate that the women code breakers of WWII allowed a breakthrough of women in the STEM field.

Mundy, Liza. The U.S. Navy Took Possession of Mount Vernon Seminary, a ​ Girls' School in Tony Upper Northwest Washington, D.C., Adding Hastily Erected Barracks to House Four Thousand Female Code Breakers. Courtesy of D.C. Department of Transportation. n.d. Liza Mundy. ​ ​ ​ https://www.lizamundy.com/code-girls/gallery-2/.

With this image, I was able to see the women cryptanalysts walking towards their coding areas at Arlington Hall and how they were transferred between different sections of Washington, D.C.

“209.” M. Accessed January 12, 2021. https://www.cryptomuseum.com/crypto/hagelin/m209/index.htm.

This source from the Crypto Museum allowed me to get a glimpse of what the 1515 Crypto Machine was and how it was used in WWII. I used the image as a demonstration on my website.

1945: May 15: Surrender of German U-boat, U-805. Accessed January 12, 2021.https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/museums/nmusn/explore/ photography/wwii/wwii-atlantic/battle-of-the-atlantic/surrender-german-uboat s/1945-may-15-u-805.html. This source was all about the German surrender on May 15, 1945 during WWII. The women Cryptanalysts intercepted and decoded codes from German U-Boats, as I have pictured in my website thanks to this source.

National Cryptologic Museum, Lou Leto and Jen Wilcox. WWII Women ​ Cracking the Code. n.d. ​ https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/wwii-women-cracking-code.

This image is a great representation of the Bombe Machine being used by women cryptanalysts.

National US Intelligence Seal. n.d. Office of the Director of National ​ ​ Intelligence. https://www.dni.gov/. ​ The U.S. National Intelligence was the branch of the Navy and Army that recruited the women cryptanalysts and I used their seal to represent the officiality of this crucial U.S. branch.

Notable Women of the Suffrage Movement. The Frick Pittsburgh. Accessed ​ ​ ​ 2020. https://www.thefrickpittsburgh.org/Story-Notable-Women-of-the-Suffrage-Mo vement-Alice-Paul.

The Frick Pittsburgh provided me with an image of women Suffragettes protesting in front of the White House to get their need of suffrage and representation in the government. The Suffragettes set an important precedent for the women of WWII who proved that they are strong and capable of handling a man's job.

“NSG WAVES During WWII 2 of 3.” Station HYPO, September 4, 2016. https://stationhypo.com/2016/07/20/nsg-waves-during-wwii-2-of-3/.

Through this website, I got a glimpse of the WWII Code Girls. I used the group image of the WAVES to display on my website.

PearlHarbor.n.d.History. https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/pearl-harbor.

This image portrays the surprise Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii catalyzing the U.S. fight with Japan during WWII. After Pearl Harbor, the American nation realized they needed a heftier intelligence unit to collect enemy codes before they attack.

Preserve Johns Creek Happy Independence Day, America. Preserve Johns ​ ​ Creek.Accessed2020. ​ https://www.preservejohnscreek.com/pjc-news/happy-4th-of-july-2020.

With this image, I was able to develop the argument that women were not involved in national representation of the U.S., and the work of women in WWII allowed the ability of women to be shown, proving they can be a huge impact on the nation.

President Franklin D. Roosevelt Approved Legislation Establishing the Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps. Politico. Accessed 2020. ​ ​ https://www.politico.com/story/2009/05/fdr-signs-waac-act-may-14-1942-0224 78.

This is an image of Franklin D. Roosevelt during the time of WWII. I was able to use his image to demonstrate that as the president of the U.S. he signed bills of legislation creating the WAVES and WAACS programs.

Truman Library Institute. Picturing History-Japan Surrenders. n.d. Truman ​ ​ ​ LibraryInstitute. ​ https://www.trumanlibraryinstitute.org/picturing-history-japan-surrenders/.

This image displays the excitement and celebration of American V-Day on August 14, 1945 when Japan surrendered to the U.S.

Vianello, Laura. Joan Clarke, the Cryptanalyst War-Heroine, and the Women ​ of Bletchley Park (You Never Heard of). n.d. Laura Vianello. ​ ​ ​ https://medium.com/@LauraVianello/joan-clarke-the-cryptanalyst-war-heroin e-and-the-women-of-bletchley-park-you-never-heard-of-2dec97ed6752.

Joan Clarke was an American woman cryptanalyst during WWII and was a major contributor to the war. Here, she is pictured with other women using the Bombe machine to decode messages.

VirginiaDareAderholt.n.d.WikiMedia. ​ ​ ​ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Dare_Aderholdt.

This image was a great portrait of Virginia Dare Aderholt who was the women cryptanalyst that broke the last Japanese code to claim victory for the U.S.

WAACS. Women's Auxiliary Corps. Accessed 2020. ​ ​ ​ https://womensauxiliaryarmycorps.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/imagescap8 ar80.jpg.

This image is another representation of a WAAC poster displayed in the U.S. during WWII to promote the enrollment of women in the U.S. Army branch.

Women in Classroom, Arlington Hall Station. n.d. Arlington Public Library. ​ ​ ​ https://library.arlingtonva.us/2017/10/24/code-girls-and-arlington-hall-a-diver se-history/.

This image demonstrates what the code training was like inside of the Arlington Hall classrooms and highlights the complexity and length of the training courses.

Women in the Army. A World War II Recruiting Poster for the Women's Army ​ Corp (WAC). Women in the Army. Accessed 2020. ​ ​ https://www.army.mil/women/history/wac.html.

This is an image of a WAAC poster used to advertise the recruitment of women during WWII.

“The Women of Collington – A National Treasure.” Secrets of a Signal Intelligence WAC, March 21, 2014. https://secretsofasigintwac.wordpress.com/2014/03/20/women-of-collington- a-national-treasure/.

This is an article about WAACS and WAVES during WWII where I was able ot get an image of Susan Embree.

The Women of World War I. n.d. The Week. ​ ​ ​ https://theweek.com/captured/690302/women-world-war.

With these images, I was able to discover what some jobs of women were during WWI which developed into an expansion of opportunities for women.

Primary Sources:

Video:

Ann Ellicott Madeira collection: Veterans History Project (Library of Congress.AccessedSeptember30,2020. https://memory.loc.gov/diglib/vhp/story/loc.natlib.afc2001001.07563/?loclr=bl ogflt.

In this interview, Madeira is recalling the type of codes she had to break and when she did break them. With this segment, my knowledge of the types of communication this job entailed, expanded and I noted what kinds of codes had to be broken.

Interview with Ann Caracristi Part 1 of 3. Accessed September 30, 2020. https://memory.loc.gov/diglib/vhp/story/loc.natlib.afc2001001.30844/afc20010 01_030844_mv0001001_640x480_800.stream?start=59.

This interview with Ann Caracristi was an inside view on how she and other women were offered a job in crypto analyzing for the Navy during World War II. I was also able to discover where these women were being recruited from.

Interview with Ann Caracristi Part 2 of 3. Accessed September 30, 2020. https://memory.loc.gov/diglib/vhp/story/loc.natlib.afc2001001.30844/afc20010 01_030844_mv0002001_640x480_800.stream?start=210.

This second part of the Library of Congress’ interview with Ann Caracristi provided information about the secrecy of working with the codes during World War II.Caracristi discusses how the work of the coding women was done and what actions took place. I was able to use this segment to analyze the importance of the women code breakers and discover the effects of their work.

Interview with Ann Ellicott Madeira. Accessed September 30, 2020. https://memory.loc.gov/diglib/vhp/story/loc.natlib.afc2001001.07563/afc20010 01_007563_sr0001001.stream?start=45.

Through this interview, I learned how Madeira was offered the job in crypto analyzing, shortly before the war escalated. I was also able to take away that the women were taken into the job before they even got through college.

Janice M. Benario's Interview for the Veterans History Project at Atlanta History Center. Atlanta History Center. youtube.com, n.d. ​ ​ ​ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y5O9CEnq-Xk. In this second interview of Janice Benario held by the History Project Atlanta, Benario describes her experiences as a Junior Lieutenant at the coding unit. Benario’s account allowed me to discover the work and conditions of the women cryptanalysts during WWII.

LibraryOfCongress. “First National Reunion of WWII Code Girls.” YouTube. YouTube, March 22, 2019. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kuqw8rhnyLY.

This is a Library of Congress publication of the first ever reunion of the WWII Code Girls which took place in 2019. In this video several people speak, in particular Nancy Tipton and Susan Embree, who were WAVE Cryptanalysts in WWII.

“World War II Veteran Janice M. Benario, PhD - Lieutenant Junior Grade, WAVES: Georgia Oral History,” October 16, 2020. https://mass.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/8c7e2c8a-6c0e-4d84-a57c-7ff11 0a49eaf/janice-m-benario-lieutenant-junior-grade-waves/.

Janice Benario was a Junior Lieutenant in the code breaking unit during WWII and collected translated codes. This interview of Mrs. Benario is crucial to my project because she explained exactly how the coding was done and how the machines worked.

Secondary Sources:

Video:

Code Girls, Once Sworn To Secrecy, Honored Publicly For Their Service | Sunday TODAY. Youtube, n.d. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jTM50T_Liog. ​ ​ ​ TODAY, a popular news network television station, provided an interview with three women Code Girls from World War II as well as Liza Mundy in order to prove that the coding efforts of these women played as big a role as the men fighting did. I was able to view firsthand (primary) accounts of what the women did and why they did the coding during the war. I also discovered the legacy of these women and their impact on the country.

Code Girls: The Untold Story of the American Women Code Breakers of World War II. Youtube, 2018. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RPRyBvKyAzM. ​ ​ ​ This hour long interview with Liza Mundy explores the meaning, legacy and work of the women coders during World War II. Mundy discusses her novel and emphasizes the importance of the information provided in her book. Listening to Liza Mundy talk about her book was an eyeopener to me as I used her book as a main resource and hearing her justify what has been narrated opened further perspective on the communications of the women.

Interview with Liza Mundy, Author of the Amazing Story of "Code Girls". Youtube, ​ ​ ​ 2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3sNm79lkOO4.

The National World War II Museum published this interview with Liza Mundy, the author of Code Girls to reveal more information on the Code Girls she wrote about in her novel. The answers provided from Mundy and the story she told, aided me in understanding who these women were and ultimately how their communication efforts led the U.S. to victory during World War II.

Books:

Fagone, Jason. The Woman Who Smashed Codes: a True Story of Love, Spies, and ​ the Unlikely Heroine Who Outwitted America's Enemies. New York, NY: Dey St., an ​ imprint of William Morrow, 2017.

In this novel, Fagone writes about the life of Elizabeth Smith who helped break codes from World War I to the Cold War. She used enigma machines in order to break the German and Japanese codes during the second World War. Through Smith’s journey, I was able to see how impactful the work of women coders was for the U.S. during a major war.

Kovach, Karen. Breaking Codes, Breaking Barriers: the WACs of the Signal ​ Security Agency, World War II. Fort Belvoir, VA: History Office, Office of the Chief ​ of Staff, US Army Intelligence and Security Command, 2001.

Through this extensive article, I was able to discover the role of women involved with the “Woman Auxiliary Corps” during World War II and their many efforts to help decode important messages.

McGinnis, George P. Navy Cryptologic Veterans Association Cryptology. Turner ​ ​ Publishing , n.d.

This online book was a great resource for me to understand what the WAVES cryptanalysts did during the war. They intercepted, deciphered and translated enemy codes in order to win the war.

Mundy, Liza. Code Girls the Untold Story of the American Women Code Breakers of ​ World War II. New York: Hachette Books, 2017. ​ This bestselling nonfiction book written by Liza Mundy, allowed me to explore the American women who broke military codes during World War II. From the recruitment of the women to the end of the war, I was able to understand how the women code breakers did their job and changed the course of history.

Weatherford, Doris. American Women and World War II. New York: Facts on File, ​ ​ 1995.

In this novel, Doris Weatherford reveals various careers and opportunities of women during World War II. The narration of Weatherfords’ novel allowed me to create a mental image of the different jobs taken up by women and the driving factors towards their recruitment.

Scholarly Articles:

Martin, Kali. It’s Your War, Too: Women in WWII, 2020. ​ ​ https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/its-your-war-too-women-wwii

In this article, Martin reviews the different jobs taken up by women during the Second World War and what they entailed. It is important to receive a deeper perspective of women’s roles during the war when exploring Code Girls as it reveals context and impact to the topic for me.

National Security Agency of the United States. “Silent Warriors: The Naval Security Group Reserve, 1945, 2005,” n.d.

This National Security Article gave me clear insight on the work the women cryptanalysts did in WWII and how their efforts caused a victory for the country.

Sherman, David. “Ann's War: One Woman's Journey to the Codebreaking Victory over Japan,” n.d.

This scholarly article published by a researcher at the United States Cryptologic History is all about one of the leading WAVE cryptanalysts during WWII: Ann Caracristi.

Wilcox, Jennifer. “Sharing the Burden: Women in Cryptology during World War II,” 1998.https://www.nsa.gov/Portals/70/documents/about/cryptologic-heritage/historic al-figures-publications/publications/wwii/sharing_the_burden.pdf.

In this particular journal, Wilcox illustrates what life was like for the women coders during World War II and what their job entailed. I was really able to understand the secrecy of the coding and where and how it was executed.

Websites:

Archives, Gjenvick-Gjønvik Archives - GG. “WAVES Quarters D in Washington DC - Being A WAVE in the Navy.” WAVES Quarters D in Washington DC - Being A WAVE in the Navy | GG Archives. Accessed January 12, 2021. https://www.gjenvick.com/Military/NavyArchives/Brochures/WAVESofQuartersD-194 5.html.

This website gave me insight on what life was like for the WAVES in Quarters D, which was the main barrack for the women to live in. Here, women slept, played games and gossiped with one another.

Doyle, Dan. “The Secret History Of WWII's Most Important Code Breakers Uncovered.” The Veterans Site News, September 10, 2019. https://blog.theveteranssite.greatergood.com/code-girls/. In this article provided by Dan Doyle of The Veterans Site, the story of Code Girls is ​ ​ broken down and the importance of it is emphasized. With Doyle’s writing I was able to develop a further argument in my project that the women cryptanalysts’ stories have been lost over time; however, they are of such great importance.

Glass, Andrew. “FDR Signs WAAC Act, May 14, 1942.” POLITICO, May 14, 2009. https://www.politico.com/story/2009/05/fdr-signs-waac-act-may-14-1942-022478.

This article provided through Politico really dives into the context and moment of when President FDR signed a bill legislating the WAVES and WAACS program. I was able to relate this to the immediate context of my topic as the women cryptanalysts were under either the WAVES or WAACS program when they were recruited.

Gordon, Meryl. “The Women Who Helped America Crack Axis Codes.” The New York Times. The New York Times, November 6, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/06/books/review/liza-mundy-code-girls-world-war- ii.html.

In this article, New York Times writer Meryl Gordon breaks down the main synopsis of Mundy’s book Code Girls. With this article I expanded by research by including the women’s life after the war ended and how they weren’t given the credit they deserved for the winning of the war.

Haner, Jim. “Jacqueline Jenkins-Nye, 79, World War II Code Breaker.” baltimoresun.com, December 9, 2018. https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2000-04-03-0004030047-story.html.

This article by Baltimore Sun displays a biography of Jaqueline Jenkins Nye and her time as a WAVE Cryptanalyst in WWII. Judy Parsons gives some words about being a Cryptanalyst as well.

“History At a Glance: Women in World War II: The National WWII Museum: New Orleans.” The National WWII Museum | New Orleans. Accessed October 15, 2020. https://www.nationalww2museum.org/students-teachers/student-resources/researc h-starters/women-wwii. This article provided by the National World War II Museum was a source exploring more jobs and impacts of the Women during World War II. With this website, I was able to gain a further understanding of different female figures that made an impact during the war besides the code girls, such as Rosie the Riveter.

“Intelligence in Public Media.” Central Intelligence Agency. Central Intelligence Agency, December 22, 2017. https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi- studies/studies/vol-61-no-4/code-girls-world-war-ll.html.

The Central Intelligence Agency is the leading Intelligence group for the U.S. and was prevalent for the women cryptanalyst when they were in the code rooms. I was able to learn how the Intelligence worked during WWII and the great successful impact of women cryptanalysts.

Kann, Drew, and Frank Fenimore. “The Little-Known Story of the Navy Women Codebreakers Who Helped Allied Forces Win WWII.” CNN. Cable News Network, August 5, 2020. https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/04/us/world-war-ii-women-codebreakers-nebraska-ave nue/index.html.

This CNN article was a great review of what Code Girls did in the WWII Communications efforts. Judy Parsons is featured in this article as CNN did an interview with her on what it was like to be a WWII WAVE Cryptanalyst.

“Research Starters: Women in World War II: The National WWII Museum: New Orleans.” The National WWII Museum | New Orleans. Accessed October 15, 2020. https://www.nationalww2museum.org/students-teachers/student-resources/researc h-starters/research-starters-women-world-war-ii.

This particular section on the National World War II Museum site, provides further insight on “Women in World War II” which illustrates more context on the role of women during the time. I was able to corroborate this source with multiple other sources that discuss the same topic, allowing me to develop the argument about the importance of women throughout World War II.

“Research.” Women's Auxiliary Army Corps, December 10, 2012. https://womensauxiliaryarmycorps.wordpress.com/research/.

This website dedicated to the WAACS of WWII really developed my research on what the WAAC group was and how women got involved in WWII.

Schrems, Sue. A Naval Base on the Prairie: Norman and World War Two., January 1, 1970. http://www.normanoklahomahistory.com/2016/11/a-naval-base-on-prairie-norman-a nd.html.

This database allowed me to explore the war between the U.S. and Japan, beginning with the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. The Japanese Naval messages were intercepted and deciphered by the WAVE cryptanalysts.

Showalter, Elaine. “The Brilliance of the Women Code Breakers of World War II.” The Washington Post. WP Company, October 6, 2017. https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/the-brilliance-of-the-women-code-breaker s-of-world-war-ii/2017/10/06/ec64ca8a-9e2c-11e7-9c8d-cf053ff30921_story.html.

In this Washington Post website article,the information provided again discussed the overview of women cryptanalysts during WWII. I was able to corroborate this information with previous articles/websites and books as they all laid out the facts of the women cryptanalysts during WWII and emphasized the importance of this topic.

Tappan, Nancy. “Wartime Sisterhood of Secrets.” HistoryNet. HistoryNet, February 12, 2019. https://www.historynet.com/wartime-sisterhood-secrets.htm.

In this History Net review of women cryptanalysts during WWII, the main idea discussed was that the women left a great story for people today to uncover because their contributions influenced a positive outcome to WWII.

White, Donald. “U.S. Navy ‘Code Girls’ in World War II - US Naval Cryptologic Veterans Association.” U.S. Naval Cryptologic Veterans Association. Accessed January 12, 2021. https://usncva.org/women-in-cryptology/code-girls-in-world-war-ii.html. This article was a clear insider look on what the WAVES did as cryptanalysts. The work and decryption the women did proved to be effective and clear allowing the U.S. to win the war.

Women and the U.S. Navy -- WWII era WAVES -- Quarters & Meals. Accessed January 12, 2021. https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/OnlineLibrary/photos/prs-tpic/females/wvw2-qf.ht m.

This website gave insight on what life was like for the WAVES in their barracks and what they were able to do in their rare free time. Women did not just work, they also had time to hang out with one another and play games.

“Women in the United States Army.” Women in the U.S. Army | The United States Army. Accessed November 1, 2020. https://www.army.mil/women/history/wac.html.

This website, “Women in the Army” is dedicated to uncovering the WAACS purpose in WWII. I was able to relate this to my project as the women cryptanalysts were considered WAACS for the most part.

“Women of World War II: The National WWII Museum: New Orleans.” The National WWII Museum | New Orleans. Accessed October 15, 2020. https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/topics/women-world-war-ii.

This brief summary published by the National WWII Museum, provided insight on the impact of the role of women during World War II. I was able to corroborate this short piece with other sources that describe what women took part in during the war.