2016 Minerals Yearbook CADMIUM [ADVANCE RELEASE]

U.S. Department of the Interior July 2018 U.S. Geological Survey Cadmium By Amy C. Tolcin Domestic survey data and tables were prepared by Sheema Merchant, statistical assistant.

Refined cadmium was produced domestically by two of primary cadmium, were not available. Zinc concentrates companies. One company recovered cadmium as a byproduct typically contain from 0.2% to 0.3% cadmium. In 2016, zinc- of zinc recovery through the leaching of roasted sulfide concentrate-producing States were Alaska, Idaho, Missouri, concentrates at a smelter in Tennessee, and the other company Tennessee, and Washington. Zinc concentrates from Alaska, recovered secondary cadmium metal from recycled nickel- Idaho, Missouri, and Washington were exported for processing. cadmium (NiCd) batteries at a facility in Ohio. Annual domestic Zinc concentrates from Tennessee were smelted and refined in production and apparent consumption data were withheld to Tennessee and processed for byproduct cadmium recovery. avoid disclosing company proprietary data. Metal Production.—Domestic metal production data were The United States switched from being a net exporter to a collected by the U.S. Geological Survey from a voluntary net importer of unwrought cadmium metal and powders in survey of cadmium metal and compounds producers. In 2016, 2016, with net imports totaling 83 metric tons (t). Imports for cadmium metal was produced at one primary and one secondary consumption of unwrought cadmium increased slightly to 240 t smelter, and one producer responded to the survey. Annual in 2016 from 237 t in 2015, whereas exports decreased by 55% domestic production data were withheld to avoid disclosing to 157 t from 350 t (table 1). As in 2015, almost all cadmium company proprietary data. metal was exported to China in 2016 (table 2), and Primary.—Nyrstar NV’s (Belgium) electrolytic zinc refinery continued to be the leading supplier of imports (table 3). Metal in Clarksville, TN, produced zinc metal and several byproducts, Bulletin’s average global free market price of cadmium metal in including cadmium metal. In 2016, the company’s East 2016 increased by 22% from that of 2015 to $1.34 per kilogram Tennessee zinc mines supplied most of the zinc concentrate feed ($0.61 per pound). At yearend 2015, Platts Metals Week treated at Clarksville. Nyrstar’s Middle Tennessee zinc mines, discontinued its dealer price of cadmium (table 1). which previously supplied the Clarksville smelter, were placed In 2016, estimated global primary production of cadmium, on care-and-maintenance status in December 2015 owing to a excluding U.S. production, was 23,900 t, 5% more than that of sharp decrease in zinc prices in the fourth quarter of 2015. As a 2015 (table 5). Secondary cadmium was estimated to account result, zinc metal production at Clarksville decreased by 10% in for about 20% of all cadmium metal produced (Morrow, 2011, 2016 because the facility processed lower grade zinc concentrate p. 8). Although detailed data on the global consumption of in place of the high-grade concentrate previously supplied by primary cadmium by end use in 2016 were not available, NiCd the Middle Tennessee mines (Nyrstar NV, 2017, p. 22–23). battery production was thought to have continued to account for Secondary.—Retriev Technologies Inc.’s (Anaheim, CA) the majority of global cadmium consumption. Other end uses battery recycling operations in Lancaster, OH, recovered for cadmium included alloys, anticorrosive coatings, pigments, cadmium metal in the form of ingot from consumer and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) stabilizers, and semiconductors for industrial NiCd batteries. solar cells. Cadmium metal is sold in several shapes and forms depending on end use: slabs or sticks are commonly consumed Consumption for alloys; balls and spheres for plating; and flakes, powder, or Data on the domestic consumption of cadmium were not sticks for chemicals and pigments. available. According to the World Bureau of Metal Statistics Legislation and Government Programs (2017), global consumption of cadmium in 2016 was essentially unchanged from that of 2015 at 27,500 t. Most of the cadmium In April, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) consumed globally was thought to be used in NiCd batteries. announced an update to its recommended aquatic-life ambient Other uses included alloys, coatings, pigments, solar cells, water-quality criteria for cadmium. Most of the updated and stabilizers. guidelines were more stringent than the previous guidelines Nickel-Cadmium Batteries.—The NiCd battery industry published in 2001 and were based on new scientific data, was almost exclusively located in Asia, and the leading updated toxicity studies, and current EPA policies and methods. manufacturers included BYD Co., Ltd. (China) and Panasonic The new criteria were not legally binding, but could be adapted Corp. (Japan). Saft Groupe S.A. (France) was also a significant into standards by States and tribes authorized to establish producer of NiCd batteries. Small portable batteries were used water-quality standards under the Clean Water Act (U.S. to power consumer electronics (commonly, power tools), and Environmental Protection Agency, 2016). large industrial NiCd batteries were used predominantly for aeronautical and railway applications. In railway and transit Production systems, NiCd batteries were used to start locomotive engines and to power passenger cars and trackside signaling. In Mine Production.—Domestic data on the recoverable airplanes, NiCd batteries provided startup power for jet engines cadmium content of zinc concentrates, the principal source

Cadmium—2016 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.1 and emergency backup power for aircraft electrical systems World Industry Structure (Morrow, 2011, p. 10–11). Pigments.—Inorganic cadmium pigments are based Primary Production.—Global cadmium production, on cadmium sulfide, which is golden yellow in color. excluding United States production, increased by 5% to an The replacement of zinc or mercury for cadmium and the estimated 23,900 t, primarily the result of increased production substitution of selenium for sulfur form the spectrum of in Canada (table 5). Most (59%) of the world’s refined cadmium pigments that range from bright yellow to maroon. cadmium was produced in Asia and the Pacific (Australia, Cadmium pigments were predominantly used to color China, India, Japan, and the Republic of Korea), followed by engineering plastics that were processed at high temperatures Europe and Central Eurasia (Bulgaria, Germany, Kazakhstan, and in artists’ paints. the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russia, and Uzbekistan) In December 2013, Sweden submitted a proposal to the with 22%; North America (Canada and Mexico), 15%; and European Union for legislation that would prohibit the sale of South America (Argentina, Brazil, and Peru), 4%. Major global cadmium pigments for artists’ paints based on the claim that producers of primary cadmium are listed in table 4. cadmium compounds could be released into waste water and Secondary Production.—Most secondary metal was become a component of the sewage sludge used to treat food recovered at NiCd battery recycling facilities in Asia, Europe, crops. In response, artists in Europe signed a petition against the and the United States. In Asia, NiCd battery recyclers included ban citing that there were no alternatives to the colors provided Kansai Catalyst Co., Ltd., KOBAR Ltd., and Korea Zinc Co. by cadmium pigments. In October 2015, the European Union Ltd. in the Republic of Korea and Nippon Recycle Center terminated the proposal, concluding that the amount of cadmium Corp. in Japan. In Europe, NiCd battery recycling took place from artists’ paints in food crop soil was negligible compared at Accurec GmbH’s facility in Germany, Saft AB’s plant in to contributions from other cadmium-containing sources Sweden, and Société Nouvelle D’Affinage des Métaux’s (a (Clark and Allidina, 2014; Official Journal of the European subsidiary of Floridienne Group) recycling facilities in France. Union, 2015). Consumption.—Based on production and trade data, China was Coatings and Plating.—Cadmium anticorrosive coatings the leading consumer of cadmium, followed by, in descending were used by the aerospace industry and military for some order of quantity, India, Belgium, Sweden, and Japan. Most of critical applications where coating substitution might the NiCd battery manufacturing industry was located in China compromise operational safety. The metal was commonly used and, to a lesser degree, in Japan. In India, cadmium was thought to plate fasteners in aircraft landing gear and parachutes owing to be consumed mostly for the production of precious-metal to a combination of properties not available from other coatings. alloys for jewelry. In Belgium, Aurea SA (France, formerly Solar.—Cadmium was used for the production of cadmium Floridienne Chimie S.A.), an intermediate processor of telluride (CdTe), a semiconducting compound used in thin-film cadmium, accounted for almost all of the country’s cadmium photovoltaics. First Solar, Inc. (Tempe, AZ) was a leading consumption for the production of cadmium compounds. producer of CdTe-based solar modules with manufacturing World Review locations in Perrysburg, OH, and Kulim, Malaysia (First Solar, Inc., 2017, p. 11). 5N Plus Inc. (Canada) was the sole Australia.—In 2016, Nyrstar was in the process of increasing supplier of CdTe to First Solar (5N Plus Inc., 2014). PPM Pure its crude cadmium production capacity at its lead smelter in Port Metals GmbH (Germany) also produced high-purity CdTe Pirie, South Australia. The capacity expansion was part of a for photovoltaic applications at its manufacturing facility in larger project at Port Pirie to enable the smelter to treat a wider Langelsheim, Germany (PPM Pure Metals GmbH, undated). range of feedstock and to update the facility’s environmental controls. The new capacity was expected to be brought online in Prices the first quarter of 2017. Port Pirie produced a crude cadmium In 2016, the average Metal Bulletin global free market product, which must be further refined to produce pure cadmium price for 99.95%-minimum-purity cadmium was $0.61 per metal. Nyrstar’s zinc smelter in Hobart, Tasmania, was the sole pound, 22% more than the average price in 2015. This price producer of refined cadmium metal in Australia in 2016 (Metal- reflected the average price of cadmium traded on a spot basis; Pages, 2016a; Nyrstar NV, undated, p. 5, 7). however, most cadmium produced was sold through long-term Belgium.—Flaurea Chemicals [owned by Aurea SA (France)] contracts. The average monthly price increased by more than used cadmium to produce cadmium compounds, including 50% in the first half of the year, rising from $0.47 per pound cadmium chloride, nitrate, and oxide, and cadmium powder at its in January to $0.72 per pound in June, reportedly as a result manufacturing facility in Ath. Cadmium compounds and powder of a significant increase in consumption in China and India were used mainly in coatings, paint pigments, NiCd batteries, that began in October 2015 and lasted through May 2016. The PVC stabilizers, surface treatments, and thin-film solar panels. average monthly price decreased in the third quarter to $0.51 per In 2016, Belgium imported 2,890 t of cadmium, mostly from pound in September. News sources attributed the third quarter France, Mexico, the Netherlands, and Poland (Global Trade decrease to the typically low demand for cadmium in the Information Services Inc., 2017; Flaurea Chemicals, undated). summer months coinciding with summer factory closures and Canada.—Teck Resources Ltd. produced refined cadmium the monsoon season in India. The average price increased in the metal and cadmium compounds at its metallurgical complex fourth quarter, ending the year at $0.68 per pound in December in Trail, British Columbia. Cadmium metal products included (Heywood, 2016a, b). balls, billets, and sticks for NiCd battery manufacturing and

16.2 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2016 continuously cast cadmium sheet for radiation shielding. Mexico.—The Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía HudBay Minerals Inc.’s and zinc refining (2017) reported that Mexico produced 1,188 t of cadmium in 2016, operations in , , also produced cadmium 7% less than that in 2015. According to data reported by the two metal. In 2016, Canada produced 2,305 t of cadmium, almost known producers, total cadmium production in 2016 was about twice as much as in 2015, and exported 2,120 t, mostly to China 1,280 t. Industrias Peñoles S.A.B. de C.V.’s Met-Mex metallurgical (71%) and Sweden (21%) (Global Trade Information Services complex in Torreon produced 579 t of cadmium in 2016, 13% Inc., 2017). less than that in 2015, and Grupo Mexico S.A.B. de C.V.’s zinc India.—Hindustan Zinc Ltd., a subsidiary of Vedanta smelter in San Luis Potosi produced about 700 t of cadmium in Resources plc (United Kingdom), produced cadmium metal 2016, slightly more than that in 2015. Most of Mexico’s cadmium at its Chanderiya lead-zinc smelter complex and Debari zinc production was exported to Belgium, China, and the United smelter. In the fiscal year ending March 31, 2015 (latest data Kingdom (Global Trade Information Services Inc., 2017; Industrias available), the two plants had a combined cadmium production Peñoles S.A.B. de C.V., 2017; Instituto Nacional de Estadística y capacity of 718 metric tons per year (t/yr). Hindustan Zinc Geografía, 2017; Southern Copper Corp., 2017, p. 54). produced 99.95% cadmium at Debari and 99.99% cadmium at Chanderiya. Cadmium production in calendar year 2016, as Outlook reported by the Indian Bureau of Mines, was significantly less NiCd batteries had been favored for use in less expensive than capacity. Although no reason was cited for the decline in consumer appliances and electronics owing to their cost cadmium production, Hindustan Zinc reported that mined metal advantage over other battery chemistries. During the past few production at its Rampura Agucha zinc-lead mine, its largest years, lithium-ion batteries have significantly replaced NiCd mine and the leading supplier of concentrate to the Chanderiya batteries in some low-cost electronics and substitution is smelter, was curtailed in the first half of the year as the company expected to continue as the manufacturing cost of lithium-ion transitioned the mine from an open pit to an underground batteries decreases and their electrical storage capacity increases. operation. Edayar Zinc Ltd. (formerly Binani Zinc Ltd.), a NiCd batteries, however, are expected to continue to be used in subsidiary of Binani Industries Ltd., had the capacity to produce certain industrial applications because of their superior reliability 80 t/yr of cadmium at its zinc plant in Binanipuram; however, and stability compared with the other rechargeable battery the company ceased operations at the plant in April 2014 owing technologies. NiCd batteries power some battery-powered to low liquidity (Binani Industries Ltd., 2015, p. 9; Hindustan electric vehicles and are also used in a limited number of hybrid Zinc Ltd., 2016a, b; Indian Bureau of Mines, 2016). electric vehicles. NiCd batteries also are used as buffers in India’s net imports of cadmium have increased significantly transportable, renewable hybrid-power systems developed to in the past 6 years to 3,900 t in 2016 from 376 t in 2011. The generate electricity in remote locations and in underdeveloped rise in net imports was reportedly a result of the increased use regions. Industrial-sized NiCd batteries potentially could of cadmium for jewelry alloys. Cadmium was used in precious- be used to store energy produced by certain on-grid solar or metal alloys to improve hardness and strength or to achieve wind systems. Excess energy generated during periods of low certain shades of greenish . Most of the cadmium imported electricity demand could be stored in batteries, from which it into India was reportedly purchased on the spot market rather would later be dispatched during periods of high electricity than through long-term contracts with suppliers and was sourced demand. NiCd may be a favored battery chemistry for this use primarily from Japan and the Republic of Korea during 2011–16. owing to its stability in offshore and harsh weather environments. The proportion of imports sourced from these two countries, Cadmium-containing residues will continue to be produced however, decreased to about 55% in 2016 from about 80% in as a byproduct from zinc smelting, regardless of cadmium 2011 (Metal-Pages, 2016b; Global Trade Information Services demand. Although there is growth potential in certain end uses, Inc., 2017; International Cadmium Association, undated). if applications for and consumption of cadmium continue to India may become a leading producer and consumer of solar decline, excess byproduct residues may need to be permanently equipment, including CdTe solar cells, in the next 5 to 6 years. stockpiled and managed. In December, the Government of India released its National Electricity Plan for 2017–22 that included a framework to References Cited boost the country’s renewable energy production capacity to 175 gigawatts by 2022 from the 2016 capacity of 42 megawatts. 5N Plus Inc., 2014, 5N Plus renews its exclusive agreements covering First The Government anticipated that solar energy would account Solar compound semiconductor needs until 2019: Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 5N Plus Inc. press release, May 27, 2 p. (Accessed May 27, 2014, at for 50% of all renewable energy generation in 2022 and meet http://www.5nplus.com/files/14/2014-05-27%20First%20Solar%20EN_2016- 10% of the country’s total energy demand (Central Electricity 07-24-20-47.pdf.) Authority, 2016, p. 6.13, 6.27). Binani Industries Ltd., 2015, Annual report 2014–15: Mumbai, India, Binani Korea, Republic of.—Korea Zinc’s Onsan zinc-lead refinery Industries Ltd., 137 p. (Accessed January 2, 2016, at http://binaniindustries. com/wp-content/uploads/bil-annual-report-2014-15.pdf.) had the capacity to produce 3,000 t/yr of refined cadmium, and Central Electricity Authority, 2016, Draft National Electricity Plan: New Young Poong Corp.’s Sukpo zinc refinery had the capacity to Delhi, India, Central Electricity Authority, December, 374 p. (Accessed produce 1,750 t/yr of cadmium. Most of the cadmium produced May 22, 2017, at http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/committee/nep/nep_dec.pdf.) in the Republic of Korea was exported to China and India Clark, Nick, and Allidina, Sarah, 2014, Cadmium—The rare paint pigment faces a Europe-wide ban and artists are seeing red: The Independent [London, (Global Trade Information Services Inc., 2017; Young Poong United Kingdom], September 25. (Accessed June 15, 2017, at http://www. Corp., 2017, p. 16; Korea Zinc Co. Ltd., undated, p. 6). independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/features/cadmium-the-rare-paint- pigment-faces-a-europe-wide-ban-and-artists-are-seeing-red-9756636.html.)

Cadmium—2016 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.3 First Solar, Inc., 2017, Form 10–K—2016: U.S. Securities and Exchange Nyrstar NV, 2017, Annual report 2016: Balen, Belgium, Nyrstar NV, 181 p. Commission, 142 p. (Accessed June 8, 2017, at http://files.shareholder.com/ (Accessed June 8, 2017, at http://www.nyrstar.com/investors/en/Nyr_ downloads/FSLR/4610438624x0xS1274494-17-6/1274494/filing.pdf.) Documents/Nyrstar%202016%20Annual%20Report.pdf.) Flaurea Chemicals, [undated], More about cadmium salts: Ath, Belgium, Flaurea Nyrstar NV, [undated], A new Port Pirie—Transforming the future: Chemicals. (Accessed June 2, 2016, at http://www.flaureachemicals.com/web/ Balen, Belgium, Nyrstar NV, 17 p. (Accessed May 25, 2017, more%20about%20cadmium%20salts/1011306087/list1187970086/f1.html.) at http://www.portpirietransformation.com/download/Nyrstar- Global Trade Information Services Inc., 2017, Global trade atlas: PortPirieTransformation-Booklet.pdf.) Global Trade Information Services Inc. (Accessed June 8, 2017, via Official Journal of the European Union, 2015, Communication from the https://www.gtis.com/gta/.) Commission on the termination of the restriction process on cadmium Heywood, James, 2016a, Cadmium prices drop on thin trade: Metal Bulletin, in artists’ paints under Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European June 27. (Accessed June 27, 2016, via https://www.metalbulletin.com/.) Parliament and of the Council Concerning Registration, Evaluation, Heywood, James, 2016b, Cadmium prices slide as demand slackens: Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH): Official Journal of the Metal Bulletin, August 1. (Accessed August 1, 2016, via European Union, C 356, v. 58, October 28, 3 p. (Accessed June 15, 2017, at https://www.metalbulletin.com/.) http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52015XC1 Hindustan Zinc Ltd., 2016a, Results for the first quarter ended June 30, 2016: 028(01)&from=EN.) Udaipur, India, Hindustan Zinc Ltd., July 20, 5 p. (Accessed May 19, 2017, at PPM Pure Metals GmbH, [undated], Specialist in the production of high purity http://www.hzlindia.com/common/images/Results_Q1FY17-20-july.pdf.) metals and their compounds: Langelsheim, Germany, PPM Pure Metals Hindustan Zinc Ltd., 2016b, Results for the fourth quarter and full year GmbH, 4 p. (Accessed December 31, 2015, at http://www.ppmpuremetals.de/ ended March 31, 2016: Udaipur, India, Hindustan Zinc Ltd., April 21, 5 p. wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Produktflyer_Web.pdf.) (Accessed May 19, 2017, at http://www.hzlindia.com/common/images/ Southern Copper Corp., 2017, Form 10–K—2016: U.S. Securities Results_Q4FY16.pdf.) and Exchange Commission, 185 p. (Accessed May 19, 2017, at Indian Bureau of Mines, 2016, Cadmium, in Part II—Metals & alloys (54th ed.) http://www.southerncoppercorp.com/ENG/invrel/2016/10K/10K%202016. (advance release): Nagpur, India, Indian Minerals Yearbook 2015, v. II, PDF.) November, p. 3–1 to 3–7. (Accessed May 19, 2017, at http://ibm.gov.in/ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2016, Recommended aquatic life writereaddata/files/11102016161504IMYB2015_Cadmium_10112016_Adv. ambient water quality criteria for cadmium—2016: Federal Register, v. 81, pdf.) no. 64, April 4, p. 19176–19178. (Accessed June 8, 2017, at https://www.gpo. Industrias Peñoles S.A.B. de C.V., 2017, Metals production: Mexico City, gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2016-04-04/pdf/2016-07647.pdf.) Mexico, Industrias Peñoles S.A.B. de C.V. (Accessed May 19, 2017, via World Bureau of Metal Statistics, 2017, World metal statistics yearbook 2017— http://www.penoles.com.mx/.) Cadmium world refined consumption: World Bureau of Metal Statistics, Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía, 2017, Producción May 2. minerometalúrgica por principales productos, Volumen, Metales industriales Young Poong Corp., 2017, Business report for the business year from no ferrosos, Cadmio [ and metallurgical production by main products, January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2016: Seoul, Republic of Korea, Young volume, nonferrous industrial metals, cadmium]: Aguascalientes, Mexico, Poong Corp., 205 p. (Accessed May 19, 2017, via http://dart.fss.or.kr/.) Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía, February 28. (Accessed May 5, 2017, via http://www.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/bie/?idserpadre=1030&d1030 GENERAL SOURCES OF INFORMATION #D1030.) International Cadmium Association, [undated], Cadmium in alloys, in Cadmium U.S. Geological Survey Publications applications: Brussels, Belgium, International Cadmium Association. (Accessed May 22, 2017, at http://www.cadmium.org/cadmium-applications/ cadmium-in-alloys.) Cadmium. Ch. in Mineral Commodity Summaries, annual. Korea Zinc Co. Ltd., [undated], Product manual: Seoul, Republic of Korea, Cadmium. Ch. in United States Mineral Resources, Professional Korea Zinc Co. Ltd., 29 p. Paper 820, 1973. Metal-Pages, 2016a, Belgium’s Nyrstar expects Cd, In production in 1Q17: Historical Statistics for Mineral and Material Commodities in London, United Kingdom, Argus Media group Metal-Pages, November 7. (Accessed May 25, 2017, via http://www.metal-pages.com/.) the United States. Data Series 140. Metal-Pages, 2016b, India overview—Cadmium demand rises: London, United Kingdom, Metal-Pages, February 9. (Accessed May 22, 2017, via Other http://www.metal-pages.com/.) Morrow, Hugh, 2011, Proceedings of the Eighth International Cadmium Cadmium. Ch. in Mineral Facts and Problems, U.S. Bureau of Conference, Kunming, China, November 10–13: Brussels, Belgium, Mines Bulletin 675, 1985. International Cadmium Association, 284 p.

16.4 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2016 TaBLE 1 SaLiENT Cadmium STaTiSTiCS1

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 United States: Production of metal2 metric tons W W W W W Shipments of metal by producers do. W W W W W Exports, unwrought metal and powders do. 253 131 198 350 157 Imports for consumption, unwrought metal and powders do. 170 284 133 237 240 Apparent consumption of metal do. W W W W W Price, average, New York dealer3 dollars per pound 0.92 0.87 0.88 0.67 Na do.3 dollars per kilogram 2.03 1.92 1.94 1.47 Na Price, average, free market4 dollars per pound Na Na Na 0.5 0.61 do.4 dollars per kilogram Na Na Na 1.1 1.34 World, refinery productione, 5 metric tons 22,500 r 22,600 r 23,700 r 22,800 r 23,900 p eEstimated. pPreliminary. rRevised. Do., do. Ditto. NA Not available. W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data. 1Table includes data available through March 5, 2018. Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. 2Primary and secondary cadmium. 3Price for 1- to 5-short-ton lots of metal having a minimum purity of 99.95% (Source: Platts Metals Week). Price discontinued as of yearend 2015. 4Price for 10-metric-ton lots of metal having a minimum purity of 99.95%. Cost, insurance, and freight; global ports (Source: Metal Bulletin). 5Excludes U.S. production.

Cadmium—2016 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.5 TaBLE 2 U.S. EXPORTS OF CADMIUM PRODUCTS, BY COUNTRY OR LOCALITY AND TYPE1

2015 2016 Quantity Quantity Country or locality and type (kilograms) Value (kilograms) Value Unwrought metal and powders: Canada 236 $4,700 823 $16,600 China 349,000 760,000 156,000 206,000 India 30 2,500 -- -- Korea, Republic of 4 12,200 1 4,940 Latvia 1 3,540 -- -- Total 350,000 783,000 157,000 228,000 Waste and scrap: Canada 147 3,010 -- -- China -- -- 11,300 20,800 Korea, Republic of -- -- 2 9,780 Mexico -- -- 544 23,000 Total 147 3,010 11,900 53,500 Cadmium sulfide: Belgium -- -- 294 58,800 Korea, Republic of 15 3,030 331 66,300 Malaysia 3,410 763,000 -- -- Venezuela 316 63,300 -- -- Total 3,740 829,000 625 125,000 Cadmium pigments: Australia 8,980 30,800 -- -- Barbados 4,200 5,990 -- -- Belgium 4,600 84,100 -- -- Brazil 15,300 217,000 12,800 116,000 Chile -- -- 1,680 26,000 China 634 5,820 1,460 19,300 Colombia 268 6,320 -- -- Dominican Republic 2,150 12,200 733 3,120 France -- -- 1,360 16,500 Germany 3,160 17,000 -- -- Guatemala -- -- 1,330 15,700 Indonesia 222 16,000 511 25,000 Italy 4,390 49,700 -- -- Jamaica 272 9,000 -- -- Japan 1,500 73,700 187,000 2,520,000 Korea, Republic of 11,900 52,000 8,540 56,500 Mexico 3,210,000 10,200,000 1,860,000 7,380,000 Pakistan -- -- 2,150 73,900 Russia -- -- 15,600 97,000 Switzerland 30,900 9,600,000 88,000 30,800,000 Taiwan 2,290 17,200 7,260 41,100 Trinidad and Tobago -- -- 1,150 9,970 United Kingdom 5,810 26,600 529 29,500 Other 3,970 r 33,700 r 1,300 34,600 Total 3,310,000 20,500,000 2,190,000 41,300,000 rRevised. -- Zero. 1Table includes data available through March 5, 2018. Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau.

16.6 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2016 TABLE 3 U.S. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION OF CADMIUM PRODUCTS, BY COUNTRY OR LOCALITY AND TYPE1

2015 2016 Quantity Quantity Country or locality and type (kilograms) Value (kilograms) Value Unwrought metal and powders: Australia 37,500 $100,000 44,000 $60,700 Belgium 4,000 111,000 17,800 71,200 Canada 101,000 163,000 109,000 363,000 China 62,300 338,000 13,200 143,000 Mexico -- -- 39,000 47,500 Peru 32,000 57,200 16,800 27,500 Total 237,000 769,000 240,000 713,000 Waste and scrap: Australia 41,000 92,300 40,100 106,000 Mexico -- -- 11,600 18,800 United Kingdom 29,500 459,000 -- -- Total 70,500 551,000 51,700 125,000 Cadmium oxide: Belgium 50,000 624,000 45,000 581,000 China -- -- 4,690 22,500 Korea, Republic of -- -- 7,000 5,880 Mexico -- -- 1,960 16,500 Total 50,000 624,000 58,600 626,000 Cadmium sulfide: Canada 14 7,250 -- -- Russia 1,860 336,000 -- -- Total 1,870 343,000 -- -- Cadmium pigments: Austria -- -- 214 2,120 Belgium 1,000 14,900 1,500 5,510 Brazil 9,040 300,000 9,820 164,000 Canada 30,100 400,000 12,100 237,000 China 152,000 6,550,000 166,000 2,810,000 France 60 2,550 -- -- Germany 1,090 34,100 1,150 8,220 Japan 3,330 314,000 285 17,500 Korea, Republic of -- -- 240 28,600 Mexico 1,680 87,000 -- -- Spain 2,940 18,300 1,560 22,900 United Kingdom 80,100 1,540,000 56,000 1,080,000 Total 281,000 9,260,000 249,000 4,380,000 -- Zero. 1Table includes data available through March 5, 2018. Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau.

Cadmium—2016 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.7 TABLE 4 MAJOR PRIMARY CADMIUM PRODUCTION FACILITIES IN 2016 BY COUNTRY OR LOCALITY1

Country or locality Major operating company Location of main facilities Algeria Société Algérienne du Zinc (METANOF) Ghazaouet, Tlemcen Argentina AR Zinc S.A. (Glencore plc) Fray Luis Beltran, Santa Fe Australia Nyrstar NV Hobart, Tasmania Brazil Votorantim Metais S.A. Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais Bulgaria KCM AD Plovdiv, Plovdiv Canada HudBay Minerals Inc. Flin Flon, Manitoba do. Teck Resources Ltd. Trail, British Columbia China Huludao Zinc Smelting Co. Huludao, Liaoning do. Hunan Sanli Group Co. Ltd. Xiangxi, Hunan do. Yuguang Gold-Lead Co. Ltd. Jiyuan, Henan do. Yunnan Chihong Zinc and Germanium Co. Ltd. Qujing, Yunnan do. Yunnan Luoping Zinc & Electricity Co. Ltd. do. do. Zhuzhou Smelter Group Co. Ltd. Zhuzhou, Hunan India Hindustan Zinc Ltd. Chanderiya, Rajasthan do. do. Debari, Rajasthan Japan Akita Zinc Co. Ltd. (Dowa Metals and Mining Co. Ltd.) Iijima, Akita do. Hachinohe Smelting Co. Ltd. (Mitsui Mining and Smelting Co. Ltd.) Hachinohe, Aomori do. Kamioka Mining & Smelting Co. Ltd. (Mitsui Mining and Smelting Co. Ltd.) Hida, Gifu do. Toho Zinc Co. Ltd. Annaka, Gunma Kazakhstan Kazzinc JSC (Glencore plc) Ust-Kamenogorsk, East Kazakhstan Korea, Republic of Korea Zinc Co. Ltd. Ulsan do. Young Poong Corp. Seokpo, North Gyeongsang Mexico Grupo México S.A.B. de C.V. San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi do. Industrias Peñoles S.A.B. de C.V. Torreon, Coahuila Netherlands Nyrstar NV Budel, Noord Brabant Norway Boliden AB Odda, Hordaland Peru Votorantim Metais S.A. Cajamarquilla, Lima Poland Huta Cynku “Miasteczko Śląskie” S.A. Miasteczko Slaskie Russia Chelyabinsk Zinc Plant OJSC Chelyabinsk, Chelyabinsk do. Ural Mining and Metallurgy Co. Vladikavkaz, North Caucasus United States Nyrstar NV Clarksville, TN Uzbekistan JSC Almalyk Mining Metallurgical Complex Almalyk, Tashkent Do., do. Ditto. 1Table includes data available through March 5, 2018.

16.8 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2016 TABLE 5 CADMIUM: WORLD REFINERY PRODUCTION, BY COUNTRY OR LOCALITY1, 2

(Metric tons)

Country or locality3 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 p Argentina 37 28 30 e 30 e 30 e Australiae 380 380 350 380 400 Brazile 200 200 200 200 200 Bulgaria 360 r 411 r 382 r 344 r 340 e Canada 1,290 1,310 1,190 1,160 2,310 China 7,270 7,500 8,200 r 8,200 e, r 8,200 e Germanye 400 400 400 400 400 India 396 285 107 200 e 21 Japan 1,860 1,830 1,830 1,960 1,990 Kazakhstan 1,170 r 1,320 r 1,630 r 1,460 r 1,500 e Korea, Republic of 3,900 3,900 r 4,090 r 3,600 r 3,600 e Mexico 1,480 1,450 1,410 1,280 r 1,190 Netherlandse 560 610 640 640 630 Norway 310 e 310 310 310 310 e Peru 684 695 769 757 820 Poland 370 460 628 383 r 400 e Russiae 1,500 r 1,200 r 1,200 1,200 r 1,300 United States4 W W W W W Uzbekistane 300 300 300 300 300 Total 22,500 r 22,600 r 23,700 r 22,800 r 23,900 eEstimated. pPreliminary. rRevised. W Withheld to avoid disclosing proprietary data; not included in total. 1Table includes data available through May 4, 2017. All data are reported unless otherwise noted. Totals and estimated data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. 2This table gives unwrought production from , concentrates, flue dusts, and other materials of both domestic and imported origin. Sources generally do not indicate if secondary metal (recovered from scrap) is included or not; where known, this has been indicated by a footnote. 3In addition to the countries listed, Algeria, North Korea, and Turkey may have produced cadmium, but available information was inadequate to make reliable estimates of output. 4Includes secondary.

Cadmium—2016 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.9