MIT Lincoln Laboratory Division and Group Descriptions

October 2012

AIR AND MISSILE DEFENSE TECHNOLOGY DIVISION 3 The Air and Missile Defense Technology Division’s role is to work with government, industry, and laboratories to develop an integrated air and missile defense system. The division’s main focus is investigating system concepts, developing technology, building prototypes, and conducting measurements to support the development of and optical sensors, interceptors, and networks for air and missile defense systems. A strong emphasis is placed on partnerships and the transfer of technology to industry.

Group 31—Systems and Architectures The Systems and Architectures Group examines near- and long-term technology opportunities for charting the future development of U.S. air and missile defenses. As the country proceeds with the deployment of new missile defense systems, Lincoln Laboratory and this group are working on the next generation of architectures and technologies. The group investigates advanced radar concepts, new infrared sensors, missile designs, space-based platforms, and future distributed command-and-control software to help identify opportunities to develop, test, and deploy these technologies. The group also devotes considerable effort to investigating the impact of various countermeasures on U.S. air and missile defense systems, particularly with respect to various types of electronic warfare. Staff members in the group have a wide variety of backgrounds, including physics, electrical engineering, mathematics, and astrodynamics.

Group 33—Advanced Sensor Systems and Test Beds The Advanced Sensor Systems and Test Beds Group supports the Department of Defense by designing and developing modern sensor systems and components to support airborne air defense as well as the ballistic missile defense system. The group has a long-term association with the Reagan Test Site located on the in the central Pacific, providing a key role in developing the sophisticated instrumentation suite at the site. Control of these sensors is provided by a software system that employs net-centric principles and permits remote mission operations from multiple locations, thousands of miles from the range. The group’s expertise in sensor systems has been extended to support ranges involved in other defense system testing as well as to track satellites throughout both the Atlantic and Pacific regions. Test beds incorporating sensor sidecars with network-centric architectures have been used to support discrimination algorithm testing, sensor fusion experiments, and the development of real-time sensor processing. This group is also fielding experimental systems implementing new signal processing concepts that improve the performance and use of over-the-horizon radars and airborne air defense radars such as the Air Force’s Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) radar and the Navy’s E- 2D radar.

Group 34—Intelligence, Test, and Evaluation The Intelligence, Test, and Evaluation Group supports the testing and development of various systems being pursued by the Department of Defense to defend against air and missile threats. Characterizing threat air and missile systems based on the analysis of collected radar and optical data comprises a large portion of this work. The group is also active in the role of planning and conducting field experiments, collecting and analyzing data from these events, and formulating solutions to strengthen the nation’s capability to defend against these threats. Sponsors include the Missile Defense Agency, the Army Space and Missile Defense Command, and several intelligence agencies.

Group 35—Air and Missile Defense Assessments The Air and Missile Defense Assessments Group supports air and missile defense development through system testing and integrated system performance assessment. The group is located in Huntsville, Alabama, near the center of mass for the Missile Defense Agency, the Army Space and Missile Defense

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Command, and numerous Army air defense activities. The focus of the group’s efforts are on (1) developing data-driven, technical effectiveness assessments and characterizing deployed or about-to-be- deployed capability; (2) supporting system-level test design, execution, and analysis; (3) identifying risks, evaluating anomalies, and developing lessons learned for ballistic missile defense sensors; (4) identifying mitigations and technology-insertion opportunities for air and missile defense; and (5) providing technical leadership for the Reagan Test Site’s sensor and control system engineering efforts, technology development efforts, and distributed operations at the range’s new control facility in Huntsville, Alabama. The group collaborates with multiple groups located in Lexington, Massachusetts, and performs extensive analysis of simulations, ground, and flight test data to support these activities.

Group 36—BMDS Integration The BMDS Integration Group supports the Missile Defense Agency in the development, deployment, testing, and enhancement of the Ballistic Missile Defense System (BMDS). This system is currently being developed to defend the , deployed forces, and allies from ballistic missile attacks. The group performs detailed system and component engineering, flight and ground test analysis, and advanced capability development in collaboration with the contractors and government program offices that are building the missile defense elements and components. Several elements are being developed, tested, and deployed in the near future, including the ground-based missile defense element (to protect the United States from intercontinental ballistic missiles) and a ship-based Aegis ballistic missile defense element (to protect deployed forces and allies against short- and medium-range ballistic missiles).

Group 38—Optical Systems Technology The Optical Systems Technology Group supports the development of advanced technologies and systems for application to the surveillance, tracking, and intercept of targets by air and missile defense systems. These programs support the Missile Defense Agency as well as the military services. The technology and system development efforts also support the evolution of advanced ballistic missile defense concepts and capabilities as well as new ground, airborne, and space-based sensors for data collection. The emphasis of the group’s work is on advanced sensors and algorithms, missile guidance, mission simulations, laboratory and field/flight tests, data extraction and processing, and data reduction and analysis.

Group 39—Advanced Concepts and Technologies The Advanced Concepts and Technologies Group develops radar, electronic warfare, and system-of- systems technologies for use in future integrated air and missile defense systems. Of particular interest are (1) the development of electronic attack techniques, technologies, and tactics to defend friendly assets from enemy missile attacks; (2) the development of highly digitized phased-array radars and techniques for advanced signal processing and electronic protection to enable the next generation of land, shipboard, and airborne sensors; and (3) the development of engagement and resource coordination capabilities. Major activities within the group include system concept development, modeling and simulation, signal processing algorithm design, prototype system design and development, and experimental field testing and data analysis.

Reagan Test Site (Kwajalein) The Reagan Test Site Group serves as the scientific advisor to the Reagan Test Site at the U.S. Army Kwajalein Atoll installation located about 2,500 miles WSW of . Approximately 15 staff members, accompanied by their families, work at this site, generally serving a three-year tour of duty. The site’s radar, optical, and telemetry sensors support missile testing and satellite tracking. The test site provides facilities for sensor technology development, development of ballistic missile defense techniques, and improvements in space situational awareness capabilities. Lincoln Laboratory also supports upgrades to the command-and-control infrastructure of the range by using a network-centric architecture enabling operations from distributed geographic locations, with a focus on a new control center in Huntsville, Alabama.

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HOMELAND PROTECTION AND AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL DIVISION 4 The Homeland Protection and Air Traffic Control Division leads Lincoln Laboratory’s efforts in homeland protection, air traffic control, and bioengineering. For homeland protection, the division focuses on systems and technology for chemical and biological defense; maritime, border, and airspace security; and disaster response. The division’s air traffic control programs support the FAA’s Next Generation Air Traffic System initiative by developing a national GPS-based surveillance system, airborne and ground-based collision avoidance technologies, advanced weather forecasting and associated decision support tools, and future air traffic control tower automation. Bioengineering programs span four broad technical areas: biomedical research, synthetic biology, bioinformatics, and biometrics.

Recent and planned accomplishments include • Refinement of the Enhanced Regional Situation Awareness system for air defense of the National Capital region • Development and prototyping of architectures and technologies to improve multiagency collaborative command during disasters such as wildfires, earthquakes, or floods • Testing of a system to protect subway passengers in a major metropolitan region from chemical and biological attacks • Development, testing, and fielding of a new chemical defense system for the U.S. Army and National Guard Civil Support Teams • Deployment and testing of runway incursion-preventing automation and safety lights at Boston’s Logan International Airport • Development of an eight-hour automated thunderstorm forecast for use in air traffic management facilities The division’s most important asset is its innovative interdisciplinary workforce with expertise across technologies including radar, optical, acoustic, and biological sensing; large software system development; weather forecasting; decision support; and systems analysis and modeling.

Group 42—Surveillance Systems The Surveillance Systems Group develops integrated sensing and decision support systems for both air traffic control and homeland protection. Current programs focus on new sensor, data fusion, and net- centric systems addressing both the air traffic mission of improving capacity, safety, and security within the U.S. airspace and the homeland protection areas of disaster response and homeland air defense. Key accomplishments include the Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System; the Enhanced Regional Situation Awareness system, which improves the identification and response to airborne threats in the National Capital region; Runway Status Lights, which improve the safety of taxiing aircraft at major airports; and the Next-Generation Incident Command System, which enables multiagency collaborative command and control for large-scale disasters. The group works all phases of the solution to a problem from original concept development through development of operational prototypes. To accomplish these goals, the group employs a broad base of technical expertise, including systems analysis, software architecture and development, radio frequency and digital hardware design, and system integration.

Group 43—Weather Sensing The Weather Sensing Group develops sensors, automated forecasting systems, and decision support systems to reduce the impact of adverse weather and traffic constraints on air transportation. The group has broad Lincoln Laboratory expertise in signal processing, meteorology, systems analysis, machine learning, human factors, software architectures, and data management technologies. Extensive field evaluations and simulation studies are employed to ensure user acceptance and the successful transition of new technologies into operational use. Key accomplishments include the development of the Terminal Doppler Weather Radar and ASR-9 Weather Systems Processor, and deployment of decision support systems at numerous facilities in the United States. These systems include the Integrated Terminal Weather System, Corridor Integrated Weather System, Route Availability Planning Tool, and a prototype

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Tower Flight Data Manager. Broader initiatives into transportation logistics, environmental impact reduction, and roadway congestion management are also under way.

Group 46—Homeland Protection Systems The Homeland Protection Systems Group develops system architectures, conducts technology assessments, and performs risk-reduction demonstrations addressing future capabilities for homeland protection. Current programs focus on disaster response, maritime and land border surveillance and interdiction, chemical/biological defense, and infrastructure protection (for example, airport and special event security). These activities require modeling, simulation, field measurements, and demonstrations to assess the ability of emerging technologies and architectures to meet mission requirements. This work often involves direct interaction with operational partners in the Department of Homeland Security, state and local authorities, and the Department of Defense. Staff in the group maintain expertise across a broad range of technologies, including radar, optical, acoustic, biological, and chemical sensing. In addition, researchers synthesize these technology areas into innovative architectural concepts to assist in defining next-generation capabilities.

Group 47—Chemical and Biological Defense Systems The Chemical and Biological Defense Systems Group develops systems and technology for disaster preparedness, detection, mitigation, and attribution, with emphasis on chemical and biological defense. Principal sponsors are the Department of Homeland Security and the Department of Defense. The work of this group is highly interdisciplinary; as a result, the backgrounds of the researchers are diverse, including engineering (electrical, mechanical, chemical, and biomedical), physics, mathematics, science, chemistry, and biology. Rigorous systems analyses produce system architectures and recommend research areas to guide government investment. These analyses are grounded by modeling and simulation of threats and defenses and by data analysis. Sensor development is conducted at several levels, including initial measurements of detection signatures, proof-of-concept experiments for biological or chemical assay or electro-optic sensors, integration into autonomous sensors along with development of the associated electronics and algorithms, and rigorous field-testing in relevant environments. The group develops and tests multitechnology integrated systems in operational settings. The integrated systems include significant algorithm development to fuse multisource information. Emerging thrusts in the group include support for additional homeland security missions, natural disaster management, health surveillance, serious game development, and electronics and algorithm support for other Lincoln Laboratory missions.

Group 48—Bioengineering Systems and Technologies The Bioengineering Systems and Technologies Group seeks to improve the performance of human- centered missions through preventing injury and disease, improving sensing and identification of people and their environment, and speeding rehabilitation and recovery. This goal is accomplished through four broad technical areas: biomedical research, synthetic biology, bioinformatics, and biometrics and forensics. Biomedical research includes advanced sensing, algorithms, modeling, prototyping, and field testing of technologies to diagnose disease, predict outcomes, avoid injuries, and monitor and enhance human performance. The synthetic biology research area emphasizes the development of tools and techniques that will greatly speed the design, evaluation, and assessment of genome-wide engineering approaches through highly integrated microfluidic devices. Bioinformatics is applied across the group to uncover signatures in high-throughput genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic datasets. Biometrics and forensics research focuses on developing technologies and systems for human identification, including rapid DNA analysis, standoff biometric sensing, scientific validation of forensic techniques, and integrated architecture analyses. This highly interdisciplinary group draws on skills from biology, biochemistry, signal processing, engineering, computer science, physics, and medical research areas. Primary government sponsors are the Departments of Defense, Homeland Security, and Justice, as well as the National Institutes of Health.

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COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AND CYBER SECURITY DIVISION 6 The Communication Systems and Cyber Security Division develops and demonstrates new technology to enable worldwide networked operations for the military and other government agencies. The efforts draw on a core expertise in radio frequency (RF), fiber and free-space optics, cyber security, network protocols and services, information operations, communications processing, and speech and language technologies to address the needs of next-generation satellite, airborne, and terrestrial networks. The approach spans the network domain from physical layer to applications, with significant attention given to the interplay among layers and the need to provide security. There are many diverse elements to this program, including characterization of RF and optical channels, research and prototyping of protected satellites and terminals, development and evaluation of network protocols for tactical users, design and implementation of a toolbox for networked sensors, development and evaluation of information operations tools, and speech and language processing applications. The division is extensively involved in field experimentation and measurement campaigns to verify algorithms and architectural concepts in operational environments.

Group 61—Cyber Systems and Operations The Cyber Systems and Operations Group focuses on enabling full-scope Department of Defense (DoD), intelligence community (IC), and civilian government operations within the cyber domain and across traditional mission domains and sensing layers. The focus is on research and development (R&D) of systems providing situational awareness (SA) and command and control (C2) in the cyber domain. Key research themes involve sense-making, decision support, knowledge representation, visualization, and automated planning. Development thrusts include novel sensors, actuators, human-machine interfaces, and cloud-based, information-sharing architectures. These capabilities are integrated into secure, resilient, cost-effective information-sharing architectures in support of effective mission operations. Group strengths include software development, significant test bed infrastructure, and connections to challenges, people, systems, and data from multiple operational communities. Additionally, the group has access to a number of government systems for integration, deployment, and evaluation of the performance and effectiveness of mission operations. Overall, the group seeks to leap ahead of evolving cyber threats and enable comprehensive and secure use of the cyber domain for military and intelligence missions.

Group 62—Human Language Technology The Human Language Technology Group is engaged in a wide range of information processing projects focused on speech and language processing, text processing, and biometrics. The speech and language processing R&D efforts include speech recognition, speaker recognition (identification, verification, and authentication), language and dialect identification, word spotting, speech coding, speech and audio signal enhancement, and machine translation. The group is initiating new R&D in advanced analytics for analyzing social networks based on speech, text, video, and network communications and activities. In each of the group’s R&D areas, emphasis is placed on realistic data and experimental evaluation of techniques.

Group 63—Wideband Tactical Networking The Wideband Tactical Networking Group develops enabling communications and networking concepts, technologies, and prototypes for mobile tactical military forces. The group is currently developing two types of advanced satellite communications (SATCOM) terminal prototypes. The first is a mobile ground terminal that can connect to multiple military satellites, including those that are able to maintain communications services during hostile electronic attack. The second type of prototype terminal supports high-rate data readout from long-range unmanned aerial vehicles. These system prototypes are used in a variety of demonstrations and field experiments, integrating a wide range of advanced technologies including multiband antenna feeds, low-profile antennas, antenna positioning systems, linear-efficient amplifiers, novel waveforms, advanced networking techniques and algorithms, and programmable modems. The multidisciplinary expertise required to complete these prototypes has allowed the group to tackle a diverse set of challenges related to algorithms and radios for mobile communication. The group also conducts extensive research and experimentation on wireless networks. Activities include mobile ad hoc network performance prediction and a series of efforts addressing the challenges of

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heterogeneous networks. These efforts include investigating the application of network coding to heterogeneous link types, experimentation to address the challenges of interconnecting disparate mobile networks, and studies to determine policy settings that would allow network data to transit across networks. To facilitate these activities, the group has developed and employs a variety of network simulation and emulation tools. These tools provide a unique environment to evaluate emerging networking concepts, and some of the tools have been distributed broadly throughout government and industry.

Group 64—Advanced SATCOM Systems and Operations The Advanced SATCOM Systems and Operations Group is involved in a synergistic combination of research, proof-of-concept test beds, and system engineering and application efforts focused on the goals of enhancing the capacity, the robustness to interference, and the flexibility of future generations of communications satellites, as well as line-of-sight radio communications systems and free-space optical communications. Current research is concentrating on the design and performance of advanced waveforms (including higher-order signaling constellations and iterative demodulation/decoding), the construction of flexible, adaptive wideband frequency plans, robust acquisition and tracking techniques, dynamic resource-allocation protocols, and advanced networking strategies. Promising research results are verified in hardware and software proof-of-concept implementations that provide quantitative performance data as well as complexity information. The group’s system engineering activities synthesize innovative architectures and apply new concepts and technologies to specific communications programs in the national interest.

Group 65—Airborne Networks The Airborne Networks Group develops architectures, technologies, and fundamental research solutions to enable the next generation of airborne networks. Airborne networks carry tactical and sensor data between multiple aircraft within a region of operation, provide range extension and backbone connectivity for disparate air and surface nodes, and provide protected communications for low-observable aircraft operating in adversarial environments. Unlike commercial wireless networks, airborne networks cannot rely on a ground-based infrastructure to enable single-hop wireless communications to a cell tower. Hence, the group conducts fundamental research to understand the performance limits of mobile ad hoc networks and develops technologies that bring practical systems closer to achieving this capacity.

The varied and stressing operational environment, rapid aircraft speeds and maneuverability, the large distances between neighboring aircraft, as well as the high costs of platform integration, generate additional challenges for airborne communications. The Airborne Networks Group designs cutting-edge systems capable of robust operations in the airborne environment. Design solutions are developed at all layers of the network stack and are implemented as hardware/software prototypes. The researchers use a combination of technical analysis, modeling, simulation, emulation, prototype development, and flight testing to develop new communication systems and to evaluate and predict their performance. Research and design areas include interference-resistant and bandwidth-efficient modulation and coding, multiuser detection, topology design and management, multiple-access communications, dynamic scheduling and resource allocation, network coding, efficient and robust unicast and multicast routing, heterogeneous networking, delay-tolerant networking, network architecture and design, and network management as they apply to this unique and dynamic environment.

Group 66—Advanced Lasercom Systems and Operations The Advanced Lasercom Systems and Operations Group conducts analysis, design, demonstration, and testing of optical communications systems over free-space channels. Recent initiatives focused on airborne lasercom systems supporting data transfer from tactical ISR (intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance) platforms and included identifying and validating techniques for mitigating signal power fluctuation due to atmospheric turbulence. The group’s capabilities include high-fidelity atmospheric modeling and simulation, and the development of multi-Gb/s modems; pointing, acquisition, and tracking systems; high-speed electronic coding and interleaving schemes; and network-standard interfaces. The group works with government and industrial partners to help expedite the transfer of capabilities to operational systems.

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Group 67—Optical Communications Technology The Optical Communications Technology Group develops advanced laser communications technology for use in a wide range of challenging environments. Research in sensitive, single-photon-counting detector arrays, inertial sensors, novel modulation formats, and coding supports the development of communications systems with relevance to national needs. These technologies support the most sensitive optical communications links ever developed, enabling communication of several bits per detected photon across vast distances or through challenging environments. Using some of these technologies, the group is also investigating unique capabilities based on the quantum properties of light.

Group 68—Cyber Systems and Technology The U.S. government faces serious threats from sophisticated cyber adversaries who seek to access, compromise, and disrupt missions and their supporting systems. The Cyber Systems and Technology Group strives to improve the security of these government systems through the development and deployment of innovative cyber security solutions that rely on the application of sound scientific and engineering principles and methodologies. The group develops threat models, measures, and metrics for security, and builds and standardizes resilient systems. Researchers design cyber sensors and analytics; develop cryptographic solutions for data at rest, in transit, and in use; and build scalable cyber decision support tools. In each of the group’s R&D areas, emphasis is placed on realistic data and rigorous experimental evaluation of techniques. Projects are carried out by small, focused, cooperative teams that succeed together by participating in all phases of technical solution development, including problem analysis, innovative solution design, system architecture, solution prototyping, and field-testing.

Members of the Cyber Systems and Technology Group are creative, motivated self-starters who share a common passion for helping to solve critical national cyber security problems. The group includes computer scientists, software and hardware engineers, mathematicians, machine-learning researchers and practitioners, cryptographers, system analysts, and security architects who firmly believe in making a difference in the security of the nation.

Group 69—Cyber System Assessments The Cyber System Assessments Group provides the U.S. government with independent assessments of cyber systems and capabilities. These assessments are accomplished through the research and development of unique, cutting-edge technical capabilities for understanding, testing, assessing, and analyzing cyber technologies. In addition to the principal mission of planning, constructing, supporting, and executing testing and evaluation activities of cyber capabilities, the group also focuses on red-teaming to identify weaknesses in U.S. systems and characterization of adversary capabilities. The group achieves success through excellence and experience in core technical competencies, including the planning and execution of cyber evaluations; development of realistic, high-fidelity test environments to model the Internet and networks of interest; modeling of adversary capabilities; development of threat surrogates; low-level systems analysis for vulnerability discovery and malicious software analysis; low-observable system instrumentation and forensic analysis; and reverse engineering.

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ENGINEERING DIVISION 7 The Engineering Division, working in partnership with all the other Lincoln Laboratory divisions, designs and builds advanced technology systems of national importance. Projects include space and aircraft payloads and ground-based systems. The division’s expertise includes mechanical, fabrication, aerospace, thermal, optical, and control systems engineering. The division’s groups work in cross- divisional teams supporting a wide range of projects. Special emphasis is placed on the integration of design and analysis capabilities to support the rapid prototyping of hardware systems.

Group 71—Mechanical Engineering The Mechanical Engineering Group focuses on developing innovative designs for mechanical systems. The group has expertise in static, dynamic, and thermo-elastic analyses; tribology; and mechanical design for systems ranging from large antenna structures to mechanisms and optical systems. The group is the Engineering Division’s center for 3D computer-aided design. It also provides electronics packaging and cable design for airborne and space systems. Example projects include airborne and space-based laser communications systems, biological agent detectors and identifiers, and large radar antenna systems.

Group 72—Fabrication Engineering The Fabrication Engineering Group uses state-of-the-art technology to provide fabrication engineering and materials management for both mechanical and electronic projects. The group is involved from initial design through manufacturing, assembly, integration, and test, and works with program teams to influence schedule and budget. The group continually investigates innovative fabrication technologies to assess their utility for Laboratory efforts. Facilities include a machine shop with a wide range of computer-aided machine tools, plus facilities for work with sheet metal and polymers and for mechanical inspection. In the electronics area, capabilities include circuit- board design, assembly, inspection, and failure analysis. The group also supports the Lab's environmental test requirements with vibration shakers, thermal chambers, vacuum chambers, and clean rooms.

Group 74—Engineering Analysis and Testing The Engineering Analysis and Testing Group performs thermal, structural, optical, aerodynamic, and integrated analysis for surface, airborne, and spaceborne communication systems and sensors. The analysis is performed at all phases of development, from conceptual design to final design verification to in-the-field diagnostic evaluations. Analysis in the early phases will provide insight into the relationship between design choices and mission performance. This analysis includes evaluating performance implications of various mechanical design configurations, thermal management strategies, pointing stabilization options, and aerodynamic influences. In the later phases, analysis is critical to verify that the systems will meet their specifications and be suitable for integration into the carrying platform. Testing of components and full systems is used to verify models and to directly support hardware development. The group performs thermal, structural, and aerodynamic testing by using a variety of apparatus and instruments.

Group 75—Optical Systems Engineering The Optical Systems Engineering Group leads payload development for a variety of spaceborne, airborne, and terrestrial optical systems. Expertise includes systems engineering, optical prescription development, stray light determination, optomechanical design, and payload integration, test, and verification. Emphasis is placed on system-level program development including trade studies, requirements flow-down, design, integration, verification, and on-orbit or field testing of completed payloads.

Group 76—Control Systems Engineering The Control Systems Engineering Group has expertise in pointing and stabilization for radars and optical systems, embedded servo control systems, space-qualified electronics, autonomous systems, robotics, airborne stabilization systems, mechanism control, and power electronics. Example projects include controller, power, and telemetry electronics hardware and software for Laboratory space payloads; stabilization and pointing control systems for airborne laser radars and imaging sensors; and autonomous ground vehicle development. The group is involved in the complete project life cycle, from requirements definition, systems analysis, design and construction, to test and evaluation.

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Group 77—Rapid Prototyping The Rapid Prototyping Group focuses on partnering with groups across the Laboratory to execute rapid prototyping efforts. The group works on diverse programs, delivering new advanced technology capabilities in timelines typically under a year. The group leads and coordinates various activities: mechanical system design and fabrication, electronics system design and fabrication, system engineering, integration into aircraft and other platforms, and laboratory and field testing. Projects are conducted in a team environment, utilizing resources from both the Engineering Division and mission area groups to successfully execute fast-paced development and demonstration efforts.

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ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY DIVISION 8 The Advanced Technology Division performs research and development on component and subsystem- level technologies that can enable new approaches to Department of Defense systems and that advance the state of the art for U.S. industry. The division’s expertise covers a wide front including biology, chemistry, computer science, device physics, integrated circuit design and fabrication, lithography, materials, nanofabrication, optics, optoelectronics, packaging, photonics, quantum information systems, and radio-frequency technology. The Advanced Technology Division strives to understand DoD systems and develops technologies that “will make a difference.”

Group 81—Chemical Sensing and Synthetic Materials The Chemical Sensing and Synthetic Materials Group combines chemistry, nanofabrication, and simulations to develop new technologies in the areas of chemical defense, diagnostic and forensic analysis, and sensors. The work includes the development and testing of chemical sensors for trace explosive and toxic chemical detection (both point and standoff), development of nanoplasmonic- and metamaterials-based devices with new functionalities, and development of sensors, on both the micro- and nanoscale, that combine chemistry with newly engineered materials.

Group 82—Laser Technology and Applications The Laser Technology and Applications Group develops application-specific solid-state lasers, beam control and diagnostics for high-energy laser systems, and optically based biological- and chemical-agent sensors for Department of Defense applications. Examples of research activities include creating cryogenic-laser-based illuminators for sensor applications, demonstrating wavelength and coherent laser- beam-combining techniques for scaling fiber amplifier and diode laser arrays to higher brightness, developing a ground terminal for an advanced NASA laser experiment to a moon-orbiting satellite, and developing high-discrimination bioaerosol sensors for defense against bioagent attacks. These activities span the range from demonstrating innovative laser devices in the laboratory to designing and field-testing complete optical systems.

Group 83—Electro-Optical Materials and Devices The Electro-Optical Materials and Devices Group develops compound semiconductor materials and devices. The group also develops and applies photonic components, including semiconductor lasers, amplifiers, and detectors for enhancing the capabilities of Department of Defense systems. Examples of research activities include high-brightness and high-power diode lasers, vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers, quantum cascade lasers, photon-counting avalanche photodiodes, mid-infrared lasers and detectors, and thermoelectric and energy-conversion devices. Disciplines span from epitaxial materials research, growth, and characterization through electronic and photonic device modeling, design, fabrication, testing, and subsystem integration.

Group 86—RF and Quantum Systems Technology The RF and Quantum Systems Technology Group works in three distinct areas: low-power, small-form-factor electronics such as sensor network communication nodes and radio-frequency identification (RFID) systems; high-performance transmitters and receivers for radar, electronic support measures (ESM), and other DoD applications; and quantum information science centered on superconducting, trapped-ion, and photonic modalities. The group is very “hands on” and has extensive experimental, prototyping, and field-measurement activities. Extensive electronics design, test, and packaging infrastructures have been developed to support the activities in the group. Examples of research activities include development of high-performance, mixed-signal board-level and integrated circuits for RF receivers, transmitters, and other analog-centric subsystem development and demonstrations. The group has extensive experience in superconducting electronics, centered on Josephson-junctions for single-flux quantum circuits and qubits for quantum computing. The work in the group spans a very diverse set of disciplines, including analog circuit design, materials science, microfabrication process development, RF design, advanced electronic packaging technology, and quantum and solid-state physics. All of the projects share a common theme of advanced electronics for challenging applications and build on a common electronics development infrastructure.

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Group 87—Advanced Imagers and Silicon Technology The Advanced Imagers and Silicon Technology Group develops advanced silicon-based focal-plane technologies for both DoD and scientific applications, such as ground- and space-based surveillance, adaptive optics, and astronomy. Focal planes may address special requirements, for example, large- format gigapixel arrays, very high-speed imagers (100 ps exposures), time-of-arrival detectors (LADAR receiver), and low-light-level imaging applications. Scientific research examples include the design, fabrication, and testing of world-class charge-coupled device (CCD) imaging devices used in a variety of high-end scientific applications (for example, focal planes for the Chandra X-ray telescope and other preeminent astronomical observatories); demonstration of silicon-based photon-counting detector arrays; and development of 3D-integrated active-pixel sensors.

The group also applies its silicon microelectronics capabilities to develop new electronic, photonic, microelectromechanical structures and optical devices, with a special focus on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) complementary metal-oxide semiconductor technology. Examples of research activities include demonstration of new processes enabling extreme environment operation (cryogenic, high temperature, subthreshold, radiation, etc.); 3D integration of multiple layers of SOI circuits with applications to advanced focal planes and 3D computing architectures; development of silicon photonic devices for signal processing applications; demonstration of approaches to scaling silicon devices into the nanometer regime; development of microelectromechanical structured devices for RF and optical-switching applications; and the development of advanced digital focal-plane readout technologies for advanced imaging applications. The group has expertise in device and integrated-circuit design, fabrication, custom packaging, and camera control and readout electronics.

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AEROSPACE DIVISION 9 The Aerospace Division develops sensors, technologies, and systems that help to strengthen national security. Focus areas are space control, persistent surveillance, and environmental monitoring. The division’s work includes development of system concepts, hardware and software system demonstrations, and technology transfer to industry. The primary technology focuses are the application of new components and algorithms to enable sensors with greatly enhanced capabilities and the development of exploitation systems to extract actionable information from sensors and networks on operational timelines.

Group 91—Space Control Systems The Space Control Systems Group develops technologies and techniques for space control and space surveillance missions. The group’s principal efforts include (1) development of the unique, large, ground- based, Space Surveillance Telescope to provide a wide-area search capability for microsatellites in deep space; (2) development of advanced satellite payloads in support of the space surveillance mission; (3) operation of an extensive observational program utilizing optical space surveillance technology to search for and discover near-Earth at the Laboratory’s field site near Socorro, , (which has discovered more than 50% of the known asteroids in our solar system); and (4) advanced applications focused on data fusion and information extraction. The group’s current research activities span a broad range of topics, including novel visible and infrared optical systems, optical interferometry, computational imaging and analytics, advanced image processing algorithms and techniques, and evaluation of technologies for new space systems.

Group 92—Aerospace Sensor Technology The Aerospace Sensor Technology Group creates novel sensors and data exploitation techniques for the aerospace community. Current areas of emphasis include advanced wideband radar systems for space- object imaging, distributed sensing systems for deep-space surveillance, and techniques for the joint control and exploitation of multimodality sensors. A major ongoing effort in the group is the development of a wideband radar system for timely on-demand imaging of small satellites in orbits ranging from low-Earth to geosynchronous (40,000 km range). The new radar will operate in the 92–100 GHz band and will achieve an order of magnitude improvement in inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) image quality. The group is also involved in the development of several other advanced radar systems, including the Space Fence, a large phased-array radar system for space surveillance. Other areas of research include the development of techniques for fusion and exploitation of optical and ISAR data, multistatic radar, and interferometric ISAR. The group is responsible for technology development and upgrades to the Lincoln Space Surveillance Complex, an operational test bed for radar technology and space situational awareness comprising the Haystack, Haystack Auxiliary, and Millstone radars in Westford, Massachusetts.

Group 93—Space Situational Awareness There are currently more than 20,000 objects in Earth’s orbit, ranging in importance from operational satellites to orbital debris. In order to monitor this large population, the Space Situational Awareness Group develops algorithms, techniques, and operational concepts to track and characterize these objects. The group operates the Lincoln Space Surveillance Complex (LSSC), comprising the Millstone deep- space satellite tracking radar and the Haystack and Haystack Auxiliary wideband imaging radars. All of these radars are remotely controlled from the Lexington Space Situational Awareness Center (LSSAC), which serves as a central mission-support center and data-fusion node for the LSSC and other ground- and space-based space surveillance sensors. Together, the LSSC and LSSAC serve as an operational test bed for space situational awareness technologies and provide access to a rich set of radar and optical data. The group’s current research and development efforts focus on problems such as tracking and identification of newly launched satellites, discrimination of closely spaced satellites in geosynchronous clusters, automated radar image exploitation, close-approach monitoring and collision warning, applications of multisensor data fusion, and decision support to enhance space protection. The group is also developing a net-centric, service-oriented architecture that networks all of these capabilities together in an integrated real-time information system.

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Group 95—Space Systems Analysis The Space Systems Analysis Group identifies and evaluates threats to the U.S. use of space for military, intelligence, civil, and commercial purposes. The group works with organizations in the U.S. space community to develop and critically examine concepts for reducing vulnerabilities to these identified threats. This work involves understanding the strengths and weaknesses of U.S. space-related systems, including the sensors and networks used to detect, track, and characterize objects in space, and the infrastructure used to control and operate satellites. An important element of the group’s work entails detailed modeling of the sensor, guidance, communication, and propulsion systems that make up a satellite. The group’s activities further include formulating new ideas for space systems and on-orbit operations and assessment of the timelines, architectures, and decision-making processes for maintaining awareness of the space domain. The group consists of researchers from the physical sciences, including physics, mathematics, and chemistry, as well as from a wide range of applied disciplines (including electrical, computer, mechanical, chemical, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering).

Group 97—Sensor Technology and System Applications The Sensor Technology and System Applications Group develops environmental monitoring electro- optical infrared sensor systems for detecting and tracking natural and man-made phenomena. The group’s activities include the extraction of target and feature information from airborne and spaceborne hyperspectral imagery; system support of National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) environmental satellites in performance analysis and improvement of existing sensors and products; architecture definition and sensor development support for the next-generation NOAA satellite systems; and chemical- and biological-agent detection sensor and system development. Work includes electro- optical and infrared sensor design, system and architecture analysis, signal processing, data analysis, and algorithm development.

Group 99—Advanced Electro-Optical Systems The Advanced Electro-Optical Systems Group’s expertise is in the area of electro-optical imaging systems, image processing, video exploitation, and low-power optical communications systems. The group leverages this core expertise to architect, prototype, and build imaging hardware and software systems in support of aerospace surveillance, wide-area persistent surveillance, and focused surveillance programs for the Department of Defense, Department of Homeland Security, and NASA sponsors.

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ISR AND TACTICAL SYSTEMS DIVISION 10 The ISR and Tactical Systems Division leads Lincoln Laboratory’s research and technology development for intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) systems, counterterrorism, and Air Force activities including air vehicle survivability and electronic warfare. The division has significant expertise in radio- frequency (RF) and optical sensor technology, advanced signal processing, data fusion and exploitation, high-performance computing, and systems analysis. Significant field-testing activity is undertaken to understand phenomenology, to demonstrate new systems concepts in relevant environments, and to reconcile system performance models with real-world measurements. Examples of recent activities include the development of airborne 3D ladar for wide-area precision terrain mapping, new sensors to detect improvised explosive devices, service-oriented architecture prototyping for real-time situational awareness, and the development of very-high-performance compact RF receivers for unmanned vehicle applications. The division operates LLGrid, the world’s largest interactive supercomputer, and the Lincoln Laboratory Flight Facility, which provides aircraft and ground support services for flight operations associated with Laboratory programs.

Group 101—ISR Systems and Architectures The ISR Systems and Architectures Group investigates how critical national security challenges can be addressed with new intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) technology. Our nation faces many irregular and asymmetric threats from enemy actors engaging in activities such as terrorism, insurgency, and illicit drug and weapons trafficking. The group develops and evaluates system concepts to counter these threats on the basis of sensors and data exploitation technologies working together in an integrated architecture. Understanding how synergistic fusion of information from multiple sources can contribute to successful solutions is a key part of this architecture development. Typical tasks include developing ISR systems concepts of operation; understanding and optimizing the use of sensor capabilities; systems engineering; analyzing sensor, intelligence, and operational data sources; developing models and simulations; quantitatively evaluating overall performances; and identifying systems’ limitations and vulnerabilities. A foundational understanding of the physics and engineering of sensors, targets, and environments, as well as mathematical modeling, estimation theory, statistical analysis, operations research, and analysis and simulation software development are all leveraged to provide quantified answers to difficult national security questions. Analyses by the group lead to prototype developments and experimental test campaigns to fill knowledge gaps. The group often plans these field campaigns and analyzes the resulting test data in order to update its understanding of integrated solutions. Researchers in the group typically have strong backgrounds in physics, mathematics, electrical engineering, and computer science.

Group 102—Embedded and Open Systems The Embedded and Open Systems Group develops advanced algorithm, hardware, and software technologies and applies these enabling technologies to signal and image processing, knowledge extraction, and decision support applications and systems. The expertise in the group spans hardware architecture (VLSI application-specific integrated circuits, field-programmable gate arrays, and parallel signal processors), software engineering (open systems, portability, middleware, high-level programming models, and distributed systems), program optimization (runtime and language), and classification and anomaly detection algorithms (image processing, signal processing, and graph analysis). The development of novel algorithmic techniques for large, multimodality, multisource data exploitation is coupled with development of fused data representations. The combination of multidisciplinary skills allows for co-design and co-optimization of advanced hardware, processor, and software architectures and algorithm technology. The group works collaboratively with other groups within the Laboratory and organizations across the nation to develop high-performance prototypes of advanced sensor, communication, and exploitation systems.

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Group 103—Advanced Sensor Techniques The Advanced Sensor Techniques Group develops and demonstrates new algorithms for processing signals, images, and data for a broad range of sensor system applications, including passive sonar, advanced wireless communications, signals intelligence, and airborne radar. The group’s core competencies are developing algorithms and sensor concepts for signal detection, communication, localization, and classification in challenging environments. The group has expertise in adaptive sensor array processing, signal detection and estimation, pattern recognition, multichannel communications, underwater acoustics, and systems analysis. The staff members have advanced degrees in electrical engineering, physics, and applied mathematics. The group conducts a significant amount of field testing and data collection to prove new concepts and collaborates with other groups within the division and throughout the Laboratory in real- time prototype implementation, experiment execution, and systems analysis.

Group 104—Intelligence and Decision Technologies The Intelligence and Decision Technologies Group develops advanced technologies for processing, exploitation, and integration of data from many types of sensors, including radar, electro-optic, video, and radio frequency, as well as from people and the Internet. The goal is to develop and prototype information systems and architectures that support decision makers. This work begins with an understanding of the workflows of intelligence analysts and military commanders, often through operations research. Operational datasets are amassed to support all types of algorithm development, such as multisensor fusion, data mining, graph-based network detection, and entity tracking. Prototype systems for data exploitation and knowledge management are delivered for evaluation in theater. The challenges of heterogeneous sensor systems and overwhelmingly large data volumes drive experimentation with architectures for network-centric exploitation and distributed storage and computation. Technical staff in the group have expertise in systems analysis, modeling and simulation, feature extraction and pattern analysis, natural language processing, software development, and field experimentation.

Group 105—Airborne Radar Systems and Techniques The Airborne Radar Systems and Techniques Group develops technology solutions for defense-related intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance missions, emphasizing radio-frequency (RF) sensors, digital signal processing, target feature exploitation, tracking, electronic protection, and prototype system development. Innovative surface-surveillance radar systems and techniques that exploit unique target features are developed and demonstrated. These systems are based upon novel signal processing techniques that enhance detection, classification, and tracking, as well as robustness to electronic attack. Advanced RF front-end subsystem design for sensor modalities, including radar, signals intelligence, and electronic attack, also plays a key role in the group’s activities. Wideband antenna elements and transmit/receive modules, advanced beamformers, and RF integrated-circuit receivers and transmitters are among the RF components developed within the group. These combined hardware and signal processing strengths enable the implementation of unique, robust radar and intelligence collection modes to meet new challenges, such as monitoring small mobile targets in mountainous and maritime environments and mitigating the effects of intentional interference. Programs in the group typically require system development in world-class RF test chambers and unique rapid prototyping facilities, culminating in field test and evaluation. Principal technical staff expertise includes digital signal processing, electromagnetic analysis and antenna design, RF receiver/transmitter design, experimental physics, and hardware development and system integration.

Group 106—Active Optical Systems The Active Optical Systems Group’s mission is to establish a laser radar center of excellence through development of advanced laser radar technology. One of the major research thrusts in this pursuit is implementation and application of three-dimensional laser radars employing novel receiver technology featuring arrays of detectors that are individually sensitive to single photons. The group is currently addressing the development and operation of airborne and ground-based 3D laser radars, along with data

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collection, data exploitation, and simulation and modeling efforts for various applications. The group is also pursuing significant efforts in the development of coherent laser radar, including adaptation of advanced radar techniques to the optical environment, pushing the bandwidth of coherent systems into the terahertz regime, and using photon-counting detector arrays in coherent receivers. The goals of these efforts range from laboratory demonstrations to development of field-deployable systems. The group is also developing technologies to enable remote-sensing systems in the near-optical terahertz regime. The objectives of this work include both receiver and source development for integrated remote-sensing systems.

Group 107—Advanced Capabilities and Systems The Advanced Capabilities and Systems Group provides assessments of novel technologies and system concepts to meet significant and pressing defense and intelligence needs and, where appropriate, rapidly develops prototype solutions to demonstrate concepts or provide fieldable capability. To accomplish these goals, the group taps Laboratory-wide expertise and couples this with the group’s strong systems analysis and prototyping capabilities. Modeling, often supported by quick measurements and tests, is used to evaluate the feasibility of proposed solutions to problems, as well as to creatively develop new alternatives. Products of this assessment process include rapid prototyping efforts as well as briefings and proposals for follow-on development efforts. Where a rapid capability is sought, the group often leads multigroup coalitions in the execution of these efforts. In addition, the group develops leading-edge technology to enable advanced RF designs. The group has specialties in all critical enablers for advanced RF front-end subsystems (for application in radar, signals intelligence, and electronic attack), including wideband antenna elements and transmit/receive modules, advanced beamformers, and RF integrated- circuit receivers and transmitters.

Group 108—Tactical Defense Systems The Tactical Defense Systems Group works to understand air defense issues, in particular, air vehicle survivability, vulnerability of U.S. Air Force (USAF) aircraft to weapons systems, electronic countermeasures, and air surveillance for homeland defense. The group focuses on understanding USAF and threat air defense systems through tests and measurements. Test activities include flight, field, and laboratory testing. The group operates three airplanes, all highly instrumented, and numerous ground systems as needed for test efforts. The group also develops new hardware for prototype systems as well as for instrumenting existing sensors. There are a few major field-testing campaigns each year. Local testing is used to validate flight readiness. Data collected from testing are analyzed and compared with models in concert with Group 109, Systems and Analysis. The group’s activities continue to evolve in parallel with USAF efforts, but the emphasis remains on providing answers to questions from our Air Force sponsors by conducting field measurements with state-of-the-art instrumentation and then analyzing the resulting data.

Group 109—Systems and Analysis The Systems and Analysis Group provides technical analyses to senior USAF leadership on a broad range of issues, including survivability of advanced USAF aircraft versus modern air defenses; the impact of current and future electronic attack and electronic protection techniques; the effectiveness of advanced weapon systems; the capabilities and limitations of intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance systems; and the vulnerability of precision-guided munitions to threat counters. Many of these system analyses rely on a large body of modeling and simulation tools for RF, infrared, GPS, and directed-energy systems, which are validated via participation in an active program of laboratory measurements and flight testing in conjunction with Group 108, Tactical Defense Systems. In other cases, new models, supported by measurements and tests when feasible, are developed to evaluate new USAF capabilities.

Group 110—Computing and Analytics The Computing and Analytics Group develops advanced hardware, software, and algorithm technologies for processing large, high-dimensional datasets from a wide range of data sources (structured and unstructured). The group develops novel computer architectures; high-performance and cloud computing technologies; and novel analytics for handling high-dimensional datasets, specifically graph analytics and

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techniques for fusing and analyzing data from multiple data sources. Technologies are transitioned to a wide range of applications through programs within the group and through collaborative efforts across the Laboratory. The group maintains multiple academic collaborations and engages in community development activities through publications, symposia, and special sessions at top-tier conferences. The staff members have advanced degrees in computer science, mathematics, and electrical engineering, with expertise spanning high-performance and cloud computing, instruction-set architectures, distributed high-performance databases, runtime code analysis, high-level languages, graph algorithms, machine learning, image processing, anomaly detection, and statistics.

Flight Facility The mission of the Flight Facility is to provide airborne platforms in support of specific research and development programs at Lincoln Laboratory. The Flight Facility provides a method of validation with actual field collected data. Facility research aircraft are flown, maintained, and managed by a professional staff of pilots, certified maintenance technicians, and administrative personnel. The Flight Facility’s first priority is safety of flight. All flight operations are conducted by using procedures and equipment that meet or exceed all Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) requirements. As a result of various past airborne testing programs, mission-specific procedures have been developed. These procedures and the Federal Aviation Regulations provide for safe and successful operations. The Flight Facility was created in the 1970s to support Division 4’s early air-to-air collision avoidance research programs sponsored by the FAA. As the need for more extensive airborne testing increased, the Flight Facility has expanded to support a variety of Department of Defense and FAA programs. The facility currently operates seven aircraft.

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