Work Violence

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Work Violence WHITE PAPER MEDICAL WORKPLACE VIOLENCE THREATS AND ISSUES [Growing Recognition and Impact] Prof. Eugene Schmuckler PhD MBA MEd CTS® Dr. David Edward Marcinko MBA CMP® On November 6th 2009, a 39 year old Army psychiatrist named Maj. Nidal M. Hasan MD [1997 graduate of Virginia Tech University who received a medical doctorate in psychiatry from the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences in Bethesda, Maryland, and served as an intern, resident and fellow at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center in the District of Columbia] went on a savage 100 round shooting spree and rampage that killed 13 people and injured 32 others Yet, the impact of workplace violence became widely exposed, more than two decades before, in Edmond, Oklahoma. In August 1986, Patrick Henry Sherrill, an employee of the US Postal Service, angered by perceived injustices against him by his employers, shot and killed fourteen people, wounded six, and then killed himself. By 2012, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reported that: 1. Nearly 2 million Americans report they’ve been victims of violence at work. 2. In 2010, 1 in 9 workplace fatalities were homicides. 3. Homicide is the most common cause of workplace fatalities in women. 4. Workplace violence is one of the gravest occupational hazards for healthcare workers. 5. Nearly one-third of nurses are subjected to physical or verbal assaults at least once a month. 6. Geriatric wards and waiting rooms are two of the most frequent sites for hospital violence (along with emergency departments and psychiatric wards). 7. A Detroit hospital began screening with handheld metal detectors — and collected 33 handguns, 1324 knives, and 97 mace type sprays during a 6- month period. 8. A veteran’s hospital in Oregon reduced violent attacks by 91.6% after implementing a database that identified patients with a history of violence. 9. An NYC hospital reduced reported violent crimes by 65% after implementing ID badges and color-coded passes that limited access to hospital floors. Introduction These shocking events have not only added, and reinforced, the term “going postal” to our lexicon, but contributed to our almost blasé attitude about them. Want more recent evidence? A Boston cardiac surgeon was mortally wounded by a gunman at Brigham and Women's Hospital in January 2015. Dr. Michael Davidson, of Wellesley, was shot twice at a cardiac center after a man demanded to see him. The 44-year-old Davidson died despite frantic efforts of co-workers to save him. The shooter, who turned the gun on himself and committed suicide in an examining room, had some kind of previous relationship with the doctor, and was identified as Stephen Pasceri, 55 of Millbury, MA. Dr. Davidson, a Yale graduate, had worked at the hospital since 2006 and was an assistant professor at Harvard Medical School. Yet, during Super Bowl XLIX week pre-game preparations, the local and national attention seemed only to be riveted on accusations that Coach Bill Belichick and the Boston Patriots football team deliberately deflated 11/12 of the footballs used in the division championship game. ASSESSMENT OF WORKPLACE VIOLENCE IN HEALTHCARE 1. What Is Workplace Violence? Workplace violence is more than physical assault — it is any act in which a person is abused, threatened, intimidated, harassed, or assaulted in his or her employment. Swearing, verbal abuse, playing “pranks,” spreading rumors, arguments, property damage, vandalism, sabotage, pushing, theft, physical assaults, psychological trauma, anger-related incidents, rape, arson, and murder are all examples of workplace violence. The Registered Nurses Association of Nova Scotia defines violence as “any behavior that results in injury whether real or perceived by an individual, including, but not limited to, verbal abuse, threats of physical harm, and sexual harassment.” As such, workplace violence includes: threatening behavior — such as shaking fists, destroying property, or throwing objects; verbal or written threats — any expression of intent to inflict harm; harassment — any behavior that demeans, embarrasses, humiliates, annoys, alarms, or verbally abuses a person and that is known or would be expected to be unwelcome. This includes words, gestures, intimidation, bullying, or other inappropriate activities; verbal abuse — swearing, insults, or condescending language; muggings — aggravated assaults, usually conducted by surprise and with intent to rob; or physical attacks — hitting, shoving, pushing, or kicking. Workplace violence can be brought about by a number of different actions in the workplace. It may also be the result of non-work related situations such as domestic violence or “road rage.” Workplace violence can be inflicted by an abusive employee, a manager, supervisor, co-worker, customer, family member, or even a stranger. The University of Iowa Injury Prevention Research Center classifies most workplace violence into one of four categories.1 Type I Criminal Intent — Results while a criminal activity (e.g., robbery) is being committed and the perpetrator had no legitimate relationship to the workplace. Type II Customer/Client — The perpetrator is a customer or client at the workplace (e.g., healthcare patient) and becomes violent while being assisted by the worker. Type III Worker on Worker — Employees or past employees of the workplace are the perpetrators. Type IV Personal Relationship — The perpetrator usually has a personal relationship with an employee (e.g., domestic violence in the workplace). 2. Effects of Workplace Violence The healthcare sector continues to lead all other industry sectors in incidents of non-fatal workplace assaults. In 2000, 48% of all non-fatal injuries from violent acts against workers occurred in the healthcare sector.2 Nurses, nurses’ aides, and orderlies suffer the highest proportion of these injuries. Non-fatal assaults on healthcare workers include assaults, bruises, lacerations, broken bones, and concussions. These reported incidents include only injuries severe enough to result in lost time from work. Of significance is that the median time away from work as a result of an assault or other violent act is 5 days. Almost 25% of these injuries result in longer than 20 days away from work. Obviously, this is quite costly to the facility as well as to the victim. A study undertaken in Canada found that 46% of 8,780 staff nurses experienced one or more types of violence in the last five shifts worked. Physical assault was defined as being spit on, bitten, hit, or pushed.3 Both Canadian and U.S. researchers have described the prevalence of verbal threats and physical assaults in intensive care, emergency departments, and general wards. A study in Florida reported that 100% of emergency department nurses experience verbal threats and 82% reported being physically assaulted. Similar results were found in a study undertaken in a Canadian hospital. Possible reasons for the high incidence of violence in emergency departments include presence of weapons, frustration with long waits for medical care, dissatisfaction with hospital policies, and the levels of violence in the community served by the emergency department.4 1 Cal/OSHA, 1995; UIIPRC, 2001. 2 Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2001. 3 Duncan, S., Estabrooks, C.A., & Reimer, M. “Violence Against Nurses.” Alta RN. 2 (2000): 13-14. 4 Lipscomb, J. & Love, C. “Violence Toward Healthcare Workers — An Emerging Occupational Hazard.” AAOHN Journal. 40:5 (1992): 219-228. Lipscomb, B.B. “Healthcare Workers,” in B. Levy & D. Wegman (editors) Occupational Health: Recognizing and Preventing Work-related Disease and Injury. (4th ed.) Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 767-778. Similar findings have been reported in studies of mental health professionals, nursing home and long- term care employees, as well as providers of service in home and community health. Violence in hospitals usually results from patients, and occasionally family members, who feel frustrated, vulnerable, and out of control. Transporting patients, long waits for service, inadequate security, poor environmental design, and unrestricted movement of the public are associated with increased risk of assault in hospitals and may be significant factors in social services workplaces as well. Finally, lack of staff training and the absence of violence prevention programming are associated with elevated risk of assault in hospitals. Although anyone working in a hospital may become a victim of violence, nurses and aides who have the most direct contact with patients are at higher risk. Other hospital personnel at increased risk of violence include emergency response personnel, hospital safety officers, and all healthcare providers. Personnel working in large medical practices fall into this category as well. Although no area is totally immune from acts of violence it most frequently occurs in psychiatric wards, emergency rooms, waiting rooms, and geriatric settings. Many medical facilities mistakenly focus on systems, operations, infrastructure, and public relations when planning for crisis management and emergency response: they tend to overlook the people.1 Obviously, no medical facility can operate without employees who are healthy enough to return to work and to be productive. Individuals who have been exposed to a violent incident need to be assured of their safety. The costs associated with workplace violence crises are not limited to healthcare dollars, absenteeism rates, legal battles, or increased insurance rates. If mishandled,
Recommended publications
  • Minnesota Nurses' Study
    Industrial Health 2007, 45, 672–678 Original Article Minnesota Nurses’ Study: Perceptions of Violence and the Work Environment Nancy M. NACHREINER*, Susan G. GERBERICH, Andrew D. RYAN and Patricia M. McGOVERN University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA Received May 21, 2007 and accepted July 10, 2007 Abstract: Work-related violence is an important problem worldwide, and nurses are at increased risk. This study identified rates of violence against nurses in Minnesota, USA, and their perceptions of the work environment. A sample of 6,300 randomly selected nurses described their experience with work-related violence in the previous year. Differences in perceptions of the work environment and work culture were assessed, based on a nested case-control study, comparing nurses who experienced assault to non-assaulted nurses. Annual rates of physical and non-physical assault, per 100 nurses, were 13.2 (95% CI: 12.2–14.3), and 38.8 (95% CI: 37.4–40.4). Cases were more likely than controls to report: higher levels of work stress; that assault was an expected part of the job; witnessing all types of patient-perpetrated violence in the previous month; and taking corrective measures against work-related assault. Controls versus cases were more likely to perceive higher levels of morale, respect and trust among personnel, and that administrators took action against assault. Nurses frequently experienced work-related violence, and perceptions of the work environment differed between nurses who had experienced physical assault, and those who had not. Employee safety, morale, and retention are particularly important in light of the nursing shortage, and knowledge of nurses’ perceptions will assist in tailoring interventions aimed at reducing the substantial risk of physical assault in health care settings.
    [Show full text]
  • Occupational Safety and Health in Brazil
    WORKING PAPER Occupational Safety and Health in Brazil Risks and Policies John Mendeloff RAND Labor & Population WR-1105-ALCF July 2015 Prepared for the Alcoa Foundation RAND working papers are intended to share researchers’ latest findings. Although this working paper has been peer reviewed and approved for circulation by RAND Labor and Population, the research should be treated as a work in progress. Unless otherwise indicated, working papers can be quoted and cited without permission of the author, provided the source is clearly referred to as a working paper. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. is a registered trademark. Preface This report describes selected workplace safety and health conditions and policies in Brazil. The discussion of conditions focuses on the quality of reporting about acute fatal and non-fatal work injuries. The review of policies focuses on the enforcement of safety regulations, but surveys other public interventions as well. The report was supported by a grant from the Alcoa Foundation to the RAND Center for Health and Safety in the Workplace. It was conducted within the RAND Labor and Population Unit. Abstract Objectives The objectives of this paper are a) To examine the incidence of fatal and non-fatal occupational injury rates in Brazil and b)To provide a selective overview of Brazil’s public policies to prevent those injuries, especially its program of workplace inspections. Methods We supplemented a literature review on work injuries and public prevention policies in Brazil with interviews with epidemiologists, government officials, and business and labor officials and with analyses of the 2012 Social Security data base on reported work injuries.
    [Show full text]
  • 4. What Are the Effects of Education on Health? – 171
    4. WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF EDUCATION ON HEALTH? – 171 4. What are the effects of education on health? By Leon Feinstein, Ricardo Sabates, Tashweka M. Anderson, ∗ Annik Sorhaindo and Cathie Hammond ∗ Leon Feinstein, Ricardo Sabates, Tashweka Anderson, Annik Sorhaindo and Cathie Hammond, Institute of Education, University of London, 20 Bedford Way, London WC1H 0AL, United Kingdom. We would like to thank David Hay, Wim Groot, Henriette Massen van den Brink and Laura Salganik for the useful comments on the paper and to all participants at the Social Outcome of Learning Project Symposium organised by the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation (CERI), in Copenhagen on 23rd and 24th March 2006. We would like to thank the OECD/CERI, for their financial support of this project. A great many judicious and helpful suggestions to improve this report have been put forward by Tom Schuller and Richard Desjardins. We are particularly grateful for the general funding of the WBL Centre through the Department for Education and Skills whose support has been a vital component of this research endeavour. We would also like to thank research staff at the Centre for Research on the Wider Benefits of Learning for their useful comments on this report. Other useful suggestions were received from participants at the roundtable event organised by the Wider Benefits of Learning and the MRC National Survey of Health and Development, University College London, on 6th December 2005. All remaining errors are our own. MEASURING THE EFFECTS OF EDUCATION ON HEALTH AND CIVIC ENGAGEMENT: PROCEEDINGS OF THE COPENHAGEN SYMPOSIUM – © OECD 2006 172 – 4.1.
    [Show full text]
  • Small Businesses and Workplace Fatality Risk: an Exploratory Analysis
    THE ARTS This PDF document was made available from www.rand.org as a public CHILD POLICY service of the RAND Corporation. CIVIL JUSTICE EDUCATION Jump down to document ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT 6 HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit research NATIONAL SECURITY POPULATION AND AGING organization providing objective analysis and effective PUBLIC SAFETY solutions that address the challenges facing the public SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY and private sectors around the world. SUBSTANCE ABUSE TERRORISM AND HOMELAND SECURITY TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE Support RAND WORKFORCE AND WORKPLACE Purchase this document Browse Books & Publications Make a charitable contribution For More Information Visit RAND at www.rand.org Explore Kauffman-RAND Center for the Study of Small Business and Regulation View document details Limited Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non- commercial use only. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. This product is part of the RAND Corporation technical report series. Reports may include research findings on a specific topic that is limited in scope; present discus- sions of the methodology employed in research; provide literature reviews, survey instruments, modeling exercises, guidelines for practitioners and
    [Show full text]
  • Occupational Health Indicators in Wyoming
    Occupational Health Indicators in Wyoming: A Baseline Occupational Health Assessment 2001‐2009 Prepared by: Mountain and Plains Education and Research Center National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Karen B. Mulloy, DO, MSCH Yvonne Boudreau, MD, MSPH Kaylan Stinson, MSPH Corey Campbell, MS Ken Scott, MPH Jim Helmkamp, PhD Timothy P. Ryan, Ph.D, MA State Occupational Epidemiologist Office of the Governor Matt Mead Occupational Health Indicators in Wyoming: A Baseline Occupational Health Assessment Mountain and Plains Education and Research Center, Aurora, CO NIOSH Western States Office, Denver, Colorado Requests for copies of this report should be directed to: University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Mountain and Plains Education and Research Center Colorado School of Public Health 13001 E. 17th Place, B119 Aurora, CO 80045 303‐724‐4409 2 Table of Contents Executive Summary 5 Introduction & Background 6‐7 Methods 8‐9 Wyoming Demographic Profile 10‐13 Indicator 1: Non‐fatal Injuries and Illnesses 14‐17 Indicator 2: Work‐related Hospitalizations 18‐19 Indicator 3: Fatal Work‐related Injuries 20‐21 Indicator 4: Work‐related Amputations with Days Away from Work Reported by Employers 22‐23 Indicator 5: Amputations Identified in State Workers’ Compensation Systems 24‐25 Indicator 6: Hospitalizations for Work‐related Burns 26‐27 Indicator 7: Work‐related Musculoskeletal Disorders with Days Away from Work Reported by Employers 28‐29 Indicator 8: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Cases Identified in State Workers’ Compensation Systems 30‐31
    [Show full text]
  • Dangerous Jobs
    Safety and Health Dangerous Jobs What is the most dangerous occupation in the United length of their work week or work year, or the effect of hold- States? Is it truckdriver, fisher, or elephant trainer? The public ing multiple jobs. frequently asks this question, as do the news media and safety Another method of expressing risk is an index of relative and health professionals. To answer it, BLS used data from risk. This measure is calculated for a group of workers as the its Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI) and Sur- ratio of the rate for that group to the rate for all workers. 3 vey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (SOII). 1 The index of relative risk compares the fatality risk of a group of workers with all workers. For example, the relative risk How to identify dangerous jobs for truckdrivers in table 1 is 5.3 which means that they are There are a number of ways to identify hazardous occu- roughly five times as likely to have a fatal work injury as the pations. And depending on the method used, different occu- average worker. pations are identified as most hazardous. One method counts Analysis of dangerous jobs is not complete, however, un- the number of job-related fatalities in a given occupation or less data on nonfatal job-related injuries and illnesses are other group of workers. This generates a fatality frequency examined. count for the employment group, which safety and health Table 2 shows those occupations with the largest number professionals often use to indicate the magnitude of the safety of nonfatal injuries and illnesses, along with days away from and health problem.
    [Show full text]
  • Effectiveness of the Near Miss Safety Program Relative to the Total Number of Recordable Accidents in a Manufacturing Facility
    Old Dominion University ODU Digital Commons OTS Master's Level Projects & Papers STEM Education & Professional Studies 8-2014 Effectiveness of the Near Miss Safety Program Relative to the Total Number of Recordable Accidents in a Manufacturing Facility Kristen Templeton Old Dominion University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/ots_masters_projects Part of the Education Commons Recommended Citation Templeton, Kristen, "Effectiveness of the Near Miss Safety Program Relative to the Total Number of Recordable Accidents in a Manufacturing Facility" (2014). OTS Master's Level Projects & Papers. 4. https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/ots_masters_projects/4 This Master's Project is brought to you for free and open access by the STEM Education & Professional Studies at ODU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in OTS Master's Level Projects & Papers by an authorized administrator of ODU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. EFFECTIVENESS OF THE NEAR MISS SAFETY PROGRAM RELATIVE TO THE TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDABLE ACCIDENTS IN A MANUFACTURING FACILITY A Research Paper Presented to The Faculty of the Department of STEM Educational and Professional Studies Old Dominion University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of The Degree of Masters of Science in Occupational and Technical Studies BY KRISTEN R. TEMPLETON August 2014 APPROVAL PAGE This research paper was prepared by Kristen Templeton, under the direction of Dr. John Ritz, in SEPS 636, Problems in Occupational/Technical Education. It is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Masters of Science in Occupational and Technical Studies. __________________________________________ ____________ Dr. John M.
    [Show full text]
  • Occupational Fatality Risks in the United States and the United Kingdom
    AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE 57:4–14 (2014) Occupational Fatality Risks in the United States and the United Kingdom 1Ã 2 John Mendeloff, PhD and Laura Staetsky, PhD Background There are very few careful studies of differences in occupational fatality rates across countries, much less studies that try to account for those differences. Methods We compare the rate of work injury fatalities (excluding deaths due to highway motor vehicle crashes and those due to violence) identified by the US Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries in recent years with the number reported to the Health and Safety Executive in the United Kingdom (UK) and by other European Union (EU) members through Eurostat. Results In 2010, the fatality rate in the UK was about 1/3 the rate in the US. In construction the rate was about 1/4 the US rate, a difference that had grown substantially since the 1990s. Several other EU members had rates almost as low as the UK rate. Across EU countries, lower rates were associated with high-level management attention to safety issues and to in-house preparation of “risk assessments.” Conclusions Although work fatality rates have declined in the US, fatality rates are much lower and have declined faster in recent years in the UK. Efforts to find out the reasons for the much better UK outcomes could be productive. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:4–14, 2014. ß 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. KEY WORDS: work fatality; construction; United Kingdom; injury reporting; comparison of safety INTRODUCTION much less explained. This paper attempts to provide a somewhat richer description than we currently have.
    [Show full text]
  • The Value of Life: Estimates with Risks by Occupation and Industry
    THE VALUE OF LIFE: ESTIMATES WITH RISKS BY OCCUPATION AND INDUSTRY W. KIP VISCUSI* The worker fatality risk variable constructed for this article uses BLS data on total worker deaths by both occupation and industry over the 1992±97 period rather than death risks by occupation or industry alone, as in past studies. The subsequent estimates using 1997 CPS data indicate a value of life of $4.7 million for the full sample, $7.0 million for blue-collar males, and $8.5 million for blue-collar females. Unlike previous estimates, these values account for the influence of clustering of the job risk variable and compensating differentials for both workers' compensation and nonfatal job risks. (JEL J3, I1) I. INTRODUCTION the value of life remain an object of consider- able controversy. A prominent area of concern Economic values of a statistical life are now stems from the nature of the job risk variable part of generally accepted economic methodo- used in the wage equation. Ideally, one would logy. The theoretical foundations dating back want a measure of the worker's subjective to Adam Smith's (1776) theory of compen- assessment of the fatality risk,1 or at the very sating differentials are widely accepted. For least an objective risk measure that captures roughly a quarter century, economists have the variation in risk by both occupation and developed empirical estimates of the trade- industry. Most studies in the literature use a off between wages and fatality risks, which measure of industry death risks; the remainder continue todominatethe value-of-lifeliterature. use a measure of occupational fatality risks.
    [Show full text]
  • Unemployment and Workplace Safety: New Evidence on the Pro-Cyclicality of U.S
    Essays in Health and Labor Economics by Matthew James Butler A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Economics in the GRADUATE DIVISION of the UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY Committee in Charge: Professor Enrico Moretti, Chair Professor David Card Professor William Dow Fall 2011 Essays in Health and Labor Economics Copyright 2011 by Matthew James Butler Abstract Essays in Health and Labor Economics by Matthew James Butler Doctor of Philosophy in Economics University of California, Berkeley Professor Enrico Moretti, Chair This dissertation examines how occupational injuries vary with the business cycle, the relationship between healthcare staffing levels and patient outcomes, and whether workers are compensated for changes in occupational risk. In the first chapter I examine how fatal and non-fatal occupational injury rates vary over the business cycle. Past research on the relationship between workplace safety and the business cycle has found only non-fatal accidents to be pro-cyclical. The failure of previous research to convincingly identify a pro- cyclical fatality relationship has led researchers to focus on a claims reporting moral hazard explanation of the pro-cyclicality of non-fatal injuries. Using state and firm level workplace safety data and local area unemployment rates, I find that workplace safety is pro-cyclical in both fatal and non-fatal injury rates, contrary to previous research. The occupational fatality rate elasticity (-0.15) is larger in magnitude than its non-fatality counterpart (-0.10). The next chapter explores how a change in nurse staffing levels for intensive care patients improved patient outcomes in Arizona.
    [Show full text]
  • Fatal Injuries at Work
    Occupational Health Surveillance Program ~ Massachusetts Department of Public Health ~ July 2008 FATAL INJURIES AT WORK MASSACHUSETTS FATALITY UPDATE, 2006 Every year, men and women in a wide variety of jobs and industries throughout Massachusetts are fatally injured at work. These deaths are all the more tragic because they are largely preventable. Information about where and how they occur is essential in order to develop effective prevention programs. In Massachusetts, the Occupational Health Surveillance Program (OHSP) in the Massachusetts Department of Public Health (MDPH) collects information on fatal occupational injuries as part of the national Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI), conducted in cooperation with the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), US Department of Labor. OHSP also conducts in-depth investigations of fatal occupational injuries as part of the national Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation (FACE) project, sponsored by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). The purpose of the FACE project is to develop a detailed understanding of how fatal injuries occur and to identify effective countermeasures to prevent similar incidents in the future. Excerpts from selected FACE investigations are highlighted in this report. This update provides an overview of fatal injuries at work that occurred in Massachusetts during 2006. These include fatalities traditionally linked to the work environment such as falls, electrocutions, and exposure to toxic chemicals. They also include workplace homicides and suicides as well as motor vehicle-related fatalities that occurred during travel on the job. Deaths resulting from occupational illnesses and heart attacks at work are excluded from this fatality update. OVERVIEW OF FATAL INJURIES AT WORK IN 2006 1 • In Massachusetts, 66 individuals were fatally injured at work during 2006; 62 were men and four were women.
    [Show full text]
  • Occupational Health and Safety for Small and Medium Sized Enterprises
    Occupational Health and Safety for Small and Medium Sized Enterprises KKELLOWAYELLOWAY 99781848446694781848446694 PPRINT.inddRINT.indd i 227/10/20117/10/2011 110:290:29 KKELLOWAYELLOWAY 99781848446694781848446694 PPRINT.inddRINT.indd iiii 227/10/20117/10/2011 110:290:29 Occupational Health and Safety for Small and Medium Sized Enterprises Edited by E. Kevin Kelloway Canada Research Chair in Occupational Health Psychology, Saint Mary’s University, Canada Cary L. Cooper, CBE Distinguished Professor of Organizational Psychology and Health, Lancaster University, UK Edward Elgar Cheltenham, UK • Northampton, MA, USA KKELLOWAYELLOWAY 99781848446694781848446694 PPRINT.inddRINT.indd iiiiii 227/10/20117/10/2011 110:290:29 © E. Kevin Kelloway and Cary L. Cooper 2011 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. Published by Edward Elgar Publishing Limited The Lypiatts 15 Lansdown Road Cheltenham Glos GL50 2JA UK Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc. William Pratt House 9 Dewey Court Northampton Massachusetts 01060 USA A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Control Number: 2011928594 ISBN 978 1 84844 669 4 Typeset by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire Printed and bound by MPG Books Group, UK 03 KELLOWAY 9781848446694 PRINT.indd iv 27/10/2011 10:29 Contents List of contributors vi 1 Introduction: occupational health and safety in small and medium sized enterprises 1 E. Kevin Kelloway and Cary L. Cooper 2 Obstacles, challenges and potential solutions 7 Sharon Clarke 3 Beyond hard hats and harnesses: how small construction companies manage safety eff ectively 26 Mark Fleming and Natasha Scott 4 Workplace violence in small and medium sized enterprises 48 E.
    [Show full text]