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The Early Book Herbaria of Leonhard Rauwolf (S. France and N
Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali (2021) 32:449–461 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12210-021-01012-1 RESEARCH PAPER The early book herbaria of Leonhard Rauwolf (S. France and N. Italy, 1560–1563): new light on a plant collection from the ‘golden age of botany’ Anastasia Stefanaki1,2,3 · Tilmann Walter4 · Henk Porck5 · Alice Bertin1 · Tinde van Andel1,2,6 Received: 18 January 2021 / Accepted: 21 June 2021 / Published online: 10 July 2021 © The Author(s) 2021 Abstract The sixteenth century was a golden age for botany, a time when numerous naturalists devoted themselves to the study and documentation of plant diversity. A very prominent fgure among them was the German physician, botanist, and traveler Leonhard Rauwolf (1535?–1596), famous for his travel account and luxurious book herbarium containing plants from the Near East. Here, we focus on the less studied, early book herbaria of Rauwolf. These form a three-volume plant collection bound in leather and gold, which contains over 600 plants that Rauwolf collected between 1560 and 1563 in S. France and N. Italy when he was a student of medicine. We show the botanical value of Rauwolf’s early book herbaria, exemplifed by two exotic American specimens, namely one of the oldest surviving specimens of tobacco (Nicotiana rustica), collected in Italy, and the oldest known French record of prickly pear (Opuntia fcus-indica). These well-preserved specimens indicate that Rauwolf was eager to collect exotic plants already in his early botanical steps. We further discuss Rauwolf’s professional botanical network during his student years and suggest that the famous Swiss botanist Johann Bauhin (1541–1613), friend and companion of Rauwolf during his feld excursions and their medical studies in Montpellier, has played a signifcant role in the compilation of this precious historical plant collection. -
New Plants at Prague Castle and Hradčany in the Early Modern Period: a History of Selected Species
Volume III ● Issue 1/2012 ● Pages 103–114 INTERDISCIPLINARIA ARCHAEOLOGICA NATURAL SCIENCES IN ARCHAEOLOGY homepage: http://www.iansa.eu III/1/2012 New Plants at Prague Castle and Hradčany in the Early Modern Period: a History of Selected Species Jaromír Beneša, Věra Čulíkovác, Jitka Kosňovskáa, Jan Frolíkb, Josef Matiášekb aUniversity of South Bohemia, Laboratory of Archaeobotany and Palaeoecology, Faculty of Science, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic bInstitute of Archaeology, Academy of Sciences, Letenská 4, 118 01 Prague 1, Czech Republic cInstitute of Archaeology, Academy of Sciences, workplace Bezručovo náměstí 1, 746 01 Opava, Czech Republic ARtICLe InFO ABStRACt Article history: In the Early Modern period, Prague Castle was not only the core of the Bohemian Kingdom, but also one Received: 15 May 2012 from centres of the economic and political life for all of central Europe. In recent decades, archaeological Accepted: 19 June 2012 excavations discovered valuable features and deposits with archaeobotanical assemblages containing unusual and exotic plants, some of them a first in the region and in Europe. The article describes new Key words: plants as part of the material world of human society reflecting the high social status of the castle and Prague Castle the town inhabitants. The new species originate from various regions of the world and reflect the first archaeobotany wave of globalisation of the urban environment in central Europe. The ethnobotanical histories of the Early Modern Period particular new plants are described. imported plants globalisation 1. Introduction new archaeobotanical discoveries made in the context of the Early Modern period at Prague Castle and Hradčany. -
Protestants in Palestine: Reformation of Holy Land Pilgrimage in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
Protestants in Palestine: Reformation of Holy Land Pilgrimage in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Clark, Sean Eric Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 26/09/2021 23:45:51 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/312483 PROTESTANTS IN PALESTINE: REFORMATION OF HOLY LAND PILGRIMAGE IN THE SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES by Sean Eric Clark ____________________________ A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2013 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Sean Eric Clark, titled Protestants in Palestine: Reformation of Pilgrimage in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. _______________________________________________________________________ Date: (18 October, 2013) Susan C. Karant-Nunn _______________________________________________________________________ Date: (18 October, 2013) Ute Lotz-Heumann _______________________________________________________________________ Date: (18 October, 2013) Paul Milliman Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. -
Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology
Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology Volume 200 Editor-in-Chief F.B. Hofmann, München Editorial Board J.A. Beavo, Seattle, WA A. Busch, Berlin D. Ganten, Berlin J.-A. Karlsson, Singapore M.C. Michel, Amsterdam C.P. Page, London W. Rosenthal, Berlin For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/164 . Bertil B. Fredholm Editor Methylxanthines Editor Bertil B. Fredholm Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Karolinska Institute Nanna Svartz va¨g2 177 17 Stockholm Sweden [email protected] ISSN 0171-2004 e-ISSN 1865-0325 ISBN 978-3-642-13442-5 e-ISBN 978-3-642-13443-2 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-13443-2 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2010935195 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protec- tive laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: SPi Publisher Services Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Dedication to Klaus Starke This volume of the Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology was one of the last that Klaus Starke initiated as Editor-in-Chief. -
Dr. Anastasia Stefanaki Van De Sande Fellow Dec 2019 – Jan 2020, Scaliger Inistitute, Leiden University Library
Dr. Anastasia Stefanaki Van de Sande fellow Dec 2019 – Jan 2020, Scaliger Inistitute, Leiden University Library Report on the results of my visit to Leiden University Library special collections The purpose of my visit to Leiden University Library was to explore the life and botanical activity of Leonhard Rauwolf (1535–1596) in his early years in Southern France and Northern Italy in order to elucidate the historical context in which Rauwolf compiled the first three volumes of his herbarium. The Rauwolf herbarium, comprising 4 book volumes in total, is part of the Leiden Library Special Collections and since 2013 it is on (semi-)permanent loan at Naturalis Biodiversity Center (volumes 2 and 3) and the Boerhaave museum (volume 1). Leonhard Rauwolf was a 16th-century German doctor, botanist and explorer, who studied medicine and botany in Montpelier, France, under the teachings of the renowned doctor and botanist Guillaume Rondelet (1507–1566). Rauwolf became famous as the first post-Medieval European to travel to the Levant and Mesopotamia in search for new medicinal plants. This hazardous journey, which resulted to the compilation of the fourth volume of his herbarium (Ghorbani et al., 2018), is documented in detail in Rauwolf’s personal travel account (Rauwolf, 1738). The botanical content of this volume, c. 190 plants, has been recently studied and results were published by Ghorbani et al. (2018). My research regards the period 1560-1563, i.e. the student years of Rauwolf, during which he collected about 690 plants in Southern France and Northern Italy, which are included in first three volumes of his herbarium. -
The Amazing Multimillion-Year History of Processed Food
INNOVATION As early as 1.8 million years ago ROASTED MEAT the amazing Fire-kissed food is easier to digest and more nutritious than raw food is. Some anthropologists argue that cooking was the essential multimillion-year step that allowed early humans to develop the big brains charac- teristic of Homo sapiens [see history of “The First Cookout,” on page 66]. 30,000 years ago BREAD Agriculture began around 12,000 years ago, but early Europeans processed were baking bread many thou- sands of years before that time. In 2010 scientists found surprising evidence of starch grains on crude mortars and pestles at sites in modern-day Italy, Russia and the Czech Republic. The starches food came from the roots of cattails It is the dark force, and ferns, which early humans pounded into fl our, mixed with we’re told, behind the water and baked into bread. Bread was portable and nutri- obesity epidemic, the ent-dense and resisted spoilage. It was also a nutritional step back- death of the family farm ward. Comparative studies show that Neolithic hunter-gatherers and Tang. But humans ate a more varied and nutritious diet than Neolithic farmers. And have been “processing” from the perspective of energy consumption, hunter-gatherers food ever since we were far more effi cient: a farmer would have to spend 10 hours to learned how to cook, grow food with the same number of calories that six hours of forag- preserve, ferment, freeze, ing could provide. Then why bother with bread dry or extract. Processed at all? Anthropologists debate why farming became dominant, food has powered the but one thing is certain: bread and agriculture were codepen- evolution of the species, dent. -
Pharmacognosy Answers No
Lala Ami Chand College of Pharmacy Village- Abdulgarh, Barara Road, District-Ambala (Haryana) Session 2019-20 D. Pharmacy 1st Subject-Pharmacognosy Answers no. 1 to 25 (1 marks each) A1. Pharmaceutical aid are the drugs and substances which have little or no pharmacological effect but they are essentially used in the preparation of pharmaceutical dosage form. A2. Rauwolfia is used as Antihypertensives. A3. Organised drugs are the drugs having definite shape size and cellular structure eg- leaves. A4. Astringents are the drugs which precipitate the proteins eg- alum. A5. Drug Adulteration is defined as practice of substituting the original drug with similar looking substandard drug having inferior pharmacological action. A6. Drug Evaluation is defined as checking the identity, quality and purity of a drug. A7. Anisocytic Stomata is found in Hyosyamus. A8. Biological activity is expressed in I.U (International Unit). A9. Dragendroff reagent is positive in case of Alkaloids. A10 Piperine is used as Antiseptic. A11 Haemolysis and foam test are positive for Saponin Glycosides. A12.Cardiac glycosides give Baljet Test positive. A13.Diuretics are the drugs which increases the urine excretion eg- Gokhru. A14. Amla belongs to family Euphorbiaceae. A15. Rauwolfia was discovered by Leonhard Rauwolf (1582). A16. The chemical constituent of cotton is cellulose. A17. Synonym of belladonna is Deadly night shade. A18. Devil dung is the synonym of Asofoetida. A19. Baljet test gives yellow to orange colour with sodium picrate solution. A20. Vitamins are natural substances found in plants and animals and known as essential nutrients for human beings. A21. Honey is obtained from Bee Apis mellifera. -
The Food Issue
www.diako.ir ON THE COVER To celebrate this special issue on food, the cover of this month’s Scientifi c American comes in three fl avorful variations on a culinary theme. Photographs by Dan Saelinger. Prop styling by Dominique Baynes. September 2013 Volume 309, Number 3 the food issue INTRODUCTION 34 On the mysteries of food, including: What makes it taste so darn good? By Michael Moyer feast fuel farm CELEBRATING OUR HOW FOOD THE FUTURE OF THE LOVE OF FOOD CHANGES US FOOD SUPPLY ECOLOGY NUTRITION CONSERVATION 40 How (and Why) to Eat 56 Everything You Know 70 Return of the Natives Invasive Species about Calories Is Wrong If honeybees collapse, so will To tame the world’s gnarliest The count on the label on that a big swath of our food supply. pests, feed them to the world’s bag of almonds can di er wild- Maybe it’s time to enlist other greatest predator. By Bun Lai ly from what your body actually types of bees. By Hillary Rosner NEUROSCIENCE extracts. By Rob Dunn MICROBIOLOGY 44 The Food Addiction PHYSIOLOGY 76 Super Dirt What brain research reveals 60 Which One Will Soil microbes could o er about the obesity epidemic. Make You Fat? an alternative to heavy use By Paul J. Kenny Does an excess of calories cause of fertilizers and pesticides. INNOVATION obesity, or do carbohydrates? By Richard Conni Rigorous studies may soon fi nd 50 The Amazing BIOTECHNOLOGY Multimillion-Year out at last. By Gary Taubes 80 Are Engineered History of ANTHROPOLOGY Foods Evil? Processed Food 66 The First Cookout GMOs are essential to feeding It’s not all Spam and Tang. -
Open the Treasury and Decolonize the Museum
PROF.DR. TINDE VAN ANDEL Prof.dr. Tinde van Andel 1986-1992 Study Biology, University of Amsterdam Tinde van Andel was trained as a tropical ecologist at the Open the treasure room and decolonize 1995-2000 PhD research, National Herbarium of The Netherlands, University of Amsterdam. During her master thesis on the Utrecht University vegetation structure of swamp forests in the Colombian 2005-2009 Postdoc (ALW), National Herbarium of The Netherlands, Amazon, she realised that the local Muinane Indians knew the the museum Utrecht University forest much better than anybody else. She became interested 2010-2015 ALW-Vidi postdoc, Leiden University in Ethnobotany and studied the use of Non-Timber Forest 2015-heden Researcher at Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden Products by Carib, Arawak and Warao Indians in northwest 1 May 2015 Naturalis chair Professor Ethnobotany, Biosystematics Guyana for her PhD at the Utrecht herbarium. During a trip group, Wageningen University to nearby Suriname, she visited the medicinal plant market 1 September 2015 Clusius chair History of Botany and Gardens, Leiden in Paramaribo. Here she discovered that the plant use by University people of African descent was radically different than that of their Amerindian neighbours. Since then, she has focused on continuity and changes in plant use after migration. Apart from her scientific output, she published a popular book on medicinal and ritual plants of Suriname. A NWO Vidi grant made it possible to search for the botanical and cultural origin of Caribbean plant use in West and Central Africa, with a focus on ritual plants and medicinal plants for women’s health and child care. -
Literary Evidence for Taro in the Ancient Mediterranean: a Chronology of Names and Uses in a Multilingual World
RESEARCH ARTICLE Literary evidence for taro in the ancient Mediterranean: A chronology of names and uses in a multilingual world Ilaria Maria Grimaldi1,2*, Sureshkumar Muthukumaran3, Giulia Tozzi4, Antonino Nastasi5, Nicole Boivin1,6, Peter J. Matthews7, Tinde van Andel2 1 Research Laboratory for Archaeology & the History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, 2 Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands, 3 Faculty of History, Yale-NUS College, Singapore, Singapore, 4 Dipartimento dei Beni Culturali: archeologia, storia dell'arte, del cinema e della musica, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy, 5 Dipartimento di Lettere, Arti e Scienze sociali, a1111111111 Università degli Studi ªGabriele d'Annunzioº of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy, 6 Max Planck Institute for the a1111111111 Science of Human History, Jena, Germany, 7 National Museum of Ethnology, Osaka, Japan a1111111111 a1111111111 * [email protected] a1111111111 Abstract Taro, Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott, is a vegetable and starchy root crop cultivated in OPEN ACCESS Asia, Oceania, the Americas, Africa, and the Mediterranean. Very little is known about its Citation: Grimaldi IM, Muthukumaran S, Tozzi G, early history in the Mediterranean, which previous authors have sought to trace through Nastasi A, Boivin N, Matthews PJ, et al. (2018) Classical (Greek and Latin) texts that record the name colocasia (including cognates) from Literary evidence for taro in the ancient Mediterranean: A chronology of names and uses in the 3rd century BC onwards. In ancient literature, however, this name also refers to the a multilingual world. PLoS ONE 13(6): e0198333. sacred lotus, Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. and its edible rhizome. Like taro, lotus is an alien https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198333 introduction to the Mediterranean, and there has been considerable confusion regarding the Editor: Rainer Bussmann, Missouri Botanical true identity of plants referred to as colocasia in ancient literature.