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Redalyc.Acción Pública Y Consumo Colaborativo. Regulación De Las Viviendas De Uso Turístico En El Contexto PASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural ISSN: 1695-7121 [email protected] Universidad de La Laguna España Guillén Navarro, Nicolás Alejandro; Iñiguez Berrozpe, Tatiana Acción pública y consumo colaborativo. Regulación de las viviendas de uso turístico en el contexto p2p PASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural, vol. 14, núm. 3, 2016, pp. 751-767 Universidad de La Laguna El Sauzal (Tenerife), España Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=88145925013 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Vol. 14 N.o 3. Special Issue Págs. 751-768. 2016 www.pasosonline.org Nicolás Alejandro Guillén Navarro, Tatiana Iñiguez Berrozpe Acción pública y consumo colaborativo. Regulación de las viviendas de uso turístico en el contexto p2p Nicolás Alejandro Guillén Navarro* Tatiana Iñiguez Berrozpe** Escuela de Turismo Universitaria de Zaragoza (España) Resumen: En el marco del denominado turismo colaborativo, las viviendas de uso turístico están revolucionando el modelo de alojamiento a nivel mundial. Apoyadas por su comercialización a través de los entornos p2p y el vacío legal al respecto, en los últimos años han adquirido tal importancia que por parte de los poderes públicos se ha visto necesario su regulación y así poner freno a aspectos tan problemáticos como la economía sumergida que genera dicha actividad o la competencia desleal sobre otros establecimientos de alojamiento turístico reglados. Propietarios, turistas, sector hotelero y Administraciones públicas han generado un interesante debate acerca de las implicaciones y repercusiones asociadas a las viviendas de uso turístico y hasta qué punto debe ejercerse un control sobre ellas. De ahí que este estudio trate de analizar todos estos puntos de vista y dé a conocer cómo se está haciendo frente a este fenómeno en España. Palabras Clave: Viviendas turísticas; Airbnb; Turismo colaborativo; Sector hotelero; Competencia desleal. Public action of collaborative consumption. Regulation of the homes for turist use in the p2p environment Abstract: Under the so­‑called collaborative tourism, homes for tourist use are revolutionizing the hosting model worldwide. Supported by marketing through p2p environment and the legal emptiness in this regard, in recent years they have acquired such importance that it has been necessary to regulate them by public authorities and stopping aspects as problematic as the underground economy generated by tourism or unfair competition on other regulated tourist accommodation establishments. Owners, tourists, hotel industry and public administrations have generated an interesting debate about the implications and repercussions as- sociated with homes for tourist use and how much control should be exercised over them. Hence, this study tries to analyze all these views and make known how they are facing this phenomenon in our country. Keywords: Homes for tourist use; Airbnb; Collaborative tourism; Hotel industry, Unfair competition. 1. Introducción En los últimos años el auge de la web 2.0 ha posibilitado la entrada en el mercado del llamado consumo colaborativo. En este sentido el sector turístico no se ha quedado atrás y ha ido incorporando progresivamente prácticas centradas en dicha economía colaborativa, siendo un elemento que ha creado una creciente preocupación en los agentes implicados (Romero, 2014b). En España uno de los subsectores que se ha visto más afectado ha sido el de los alojamientos turísticos, dada la relevante presencia del turismo residencial en nuestro país, donde desarrollo turístico y construcción han ido tradicionalmente unidos (Serrano Martínez, 2003; 2011; Gili i Fernández, 2003; Huete, et al., 2008; Mantecón, y Huete, 2011; Brandis, 2012, Franch Fluxá y Ribas Conrado, 2013). En este subsector, caracterizado desde sus inicios por la economía sumergida y la falta de regulación específica, la irrupción de las llamadas web p2p que posibilitan el acceso a este tipo de bien, han convertido a las viviendas de uso turístico (en adelante VUT­‑hemos tomado este término dado que la mayoría de normativas autonómicas al respecto * E­‑mail: [email protected] ** E­‑mail: [email protected] © PASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural. ISSN 1695-7121 752 Acción pública y consumo colaborativo es el que emplean­‑) en una relevante competencia para hoteles y apartamentos turísticos reglados y objeto de preocupación para las Administraciones Públicas, cuya regulación de la llamada economía colaborativa se encuentra todavía en un estado cuasi embrionario. 2. Las viviendas de uso turístico en España El turismo residencial ha sido tradicionalmente uno de los adalides del crecimiento económico español, dada la proliferación de construcción de segundas viviendas en los principales destinos turísticos (Mazón, 2001; Huete, et al., 2008; Mantecón, y Huete, 2011). Atendiendo a datos del INE (2011),un 14,6% de las viviendas construidas en España son de tipo secundario y, del total de hogares españoles, casi un 12% disponen de una segunda vivienda con fines turísticos. En este sentido, el alquiler de VUT es la primera alternativa en destinos internos y la segunda, por detrás del alojamiento hotelero, en viajes internacionales (Turespaña, 2013, 2014), comprendiendo una gran variedad de alternativas: “segunda vivienda, vivienda turística, familiar de uso turístico, vacacional, turístico­‑residencial, hábitat vacacional, urbanización vacacional, residencia múltiple, alojamiento turístico privado, no reglado o extrahotelero, promociones de alojamientos turísticos privados, de uso compartido, o al margen de la estructura urbana tradicional, turismo de segunda residencia, de estancia, de vacaciones, de proximidad, familiar, sedentario, o turismo inmobiliario” (Brandis, 2012: 154). El estudio de las cifras relativas a este tipo de VUT en España puede realizarse a partir de las encuestas realizadas hasta ahora por Turespaña a través del Instituto de Estudios Turísticos: “Movimientos turísticos en fronteras” (Frontur) y “Movimientos turísticos de los españoles” (Familitur) (Brandis, 2012), fuentes que nos ayudan a conocer el aprovechamiento de este tipo de alojamientos por parte de turistas españoles y extranjeros. Para ello, en el presente estudio se han contabilizado como VUT los alojamientos turísticos cuyo régimen de tenencia puede ser vivienda propia o en multipropiedad, alquilada o perteneciente a familiares o amigos. Atendiendo a datos de la encuesta Familitur, según las últimas cifras publicadas por Turespaña (2013), el 73% de los españoles eligen algún tipo de VUT para alojarse durante sus estancias turísticas, siendo la vivienda de familiares o amigos la más habitual (42%), seguida de la vivienda propia o en multipropiedad (25%) y, en menor medida, la vivienda alquilada (6%). Gráfico 1: Porcentaje de viajes de los españoles por tipo de alojamiento * VUT: Incluye Vivienda propia/multipropiedad, Vivienda Alquilada, Vivienda de familiares o amigos * Otros: Incluye camping/caravana, especializados, casa rural y otros alojamientos. Fuente: Elaboración propia a partir de datos del Turespaña (Familitur) (2013) PASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural. 14 N° 3. Special Issue. June 2016 ISSN 1695-7121 Nicolás Alejandro Guillén Navarro, Tatiana Iñiguez Berrozpe 753 Si nos detenemos en la evolución del uso de las VUT por parte de los españoles podemos observar que en el año 2013, respecto a 2012, fue negativa en todos los casos excepto en el uso de las viviendas de familiares y amigos dentro del turismo interno. Hecho que los distintos autores aducen a la coyuntura de crisis económica que obliga a los viajeros españoles a utilizar alojamientos turísticos más baratos, incluso gratuitos y reducir sus viajes al extranjero (Romero, 2014a). Tabla 1: Número de viajes por tipo de alojamiento, según destino interno y emisor. Variación interanual Total Turismo Interno Turismo Emisor TOTAL ‑3,1 ‑2,6 ‑9,5 Hoteles/similares y Complejo turístico ­‑4,9 ­‑3,9 ­‑8,8 Otros * ­‑6,1 ­‑5,3 ­‑13,6 Vivienda propia/multipropiedad ­‑8,7 ­‑8,5 ­‑25,9 Vivienda Alquilada * ­‑12 ­‑12,3 ­‑7,4 Vivienda de familiares o amigos (gratis) 3,7 4,4 ­‑7,9 * Vivienda alquilada: Incluye vivienda alquilada a particulares y agencias. * Otros: Incluye camping/caravana, especializados, casa rural y otros alojamientos. Fuente: Elaboración propia a partir de datos de Turespaña (Familitur) (2013) No obstante, y prueba del actual auge de las VUT, en el caso los turistas extranjeros que acuden a España, a pesar de que los hoteles continúan siendo mayoritariamente elegidos por estos viajeros, se observa una importante tendencia positiva hacia el uso de este tipo de alojamiento. En 2014 estas VUT fueron elegidas por un número aproximado al 30% de los viajeros internacionales que se alojaban en España (según la Encuesta Frontur, Turespaña, 2014). Esta cifra evidencia un crecimiento muy significativo, especialmente en el caso concreto del tipo VUT que más nos va a interesar en este estudio, la vivienda alquilada, con una tasa de variación interanual del 17,1% en 2014 respecto a 2013, la más alta de todos los tipos de alojamiento analizados. Gráfico 2: Entradas de turistas España clasificadas por tipo de alojamiento utilizado (2014). Porcentaje y tasa de Variación interanual Fuente: Elaboración propia a partir de datos de Turespaña
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