Waveguide attenuation vs frequency

Continue This sheet calculates the frequency of a rectangular wave guide, below which the fading rapidly increases, or the frequency of the cut-off of waves (Fco). It also calculates the attance in TE10 mode for said waveguide on the frequency entered by the user. The formula and sanity checks were provided by Tom WA1MBA. The initial values of the WR90 wave at 10368 MHz are inserted. To work out other examples, simply change the sizes, frequency and units at will and click on the Comp. Pressing the Reset button once resets the entry into intitial conditions, and clicking on it a second time will cause you to calculate those values on the way out. NOTE1: At higher frequencies, such as at 20 GHz and above, the roughness of the surface becomes a noticeable fraction (in many cases larger than) a few skin depths. The precise surface processing process (coating, polishing) is a specialty of wave guides manufacturers who provide high quality wave guide for frequencies above 20 GHz. Roughness leads to an increase in losses. Some very high quality wave guide can be measured with a loss of as much as double the calculated value. NOTE2: Calculations are flawed from just below Fco about 0.5% below Fco. To help you avoid this anomaly, you'll see a frequency of 0.5% below Fco. Waveguide redirects here. For optical wave signals, see Waveguide (optics). For other types of wave guide, see Waveguide. A collection of standard wave guide components. 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This type of wave guide is used as a power line mainly on microwave frequencies, for purposes such as connecting microwave transmitters and receivers to their antennas, in equipment such as microwave ovens, radar kits, satellite communications and microwave radio communications. Electromagnetic waves in the (metal tube) of the wave wave can be imagined as traveling on a guide in a zigzag trajectory, being repeatedly reflected between the opposite walls of the guide. For a particular case, a rectangular wave guide can base an accurate analysis on this view. The distribution of the dielectric wave guide can be viewed in the same way, with waves limited to dielectric by full internal reflection on its surface. Some structures, such as non-radiation dielectric wave guides and the Gubau line, use both metal walls and dielectric surfaces to limit the wave. A prime example of wave guides and diplexer in air traffic control radar Depending on frequency, wave guides can be built from conductive or dielectric materials. As a rule, the lower the frequency that needs to be passed, the greater the wave guide. For example, the natural wave wave that the Earth forms, given the size between the ionosphere and the earth, as well as the circumference at the average height of the Earth, is resonant at 7.83 Hz. This is known as Schumann's resonance. On the other hand, wave guides used in extremely high-frequency (EHF) communications can be less than a millimeter wide. The story of George C. Southworth, who developed wave guides in the early 1930s, before a mile-long experimental wave machine run at Bell Labs, Holmdel, N.J., used in his research southworth (left) showing a wave guide at an IRE meeting in 1938, featuring 1.5 GHz microwave ovens passing through a 7.5 m metal flexible hose recorder. In the 1890s, theorists did the first analyses of electromagnetic waves in the ducts. Around 1893, J.J. Thomson deduced electromagnetic modes inside a cylindrical metal cavity. In 1897, Lord Reilly made a final analysis of wave guides; it solved the problem of the boundary value of electromagnetic waves, which spread both through conductive tubes and through random dielectric rods. He showed that waves can travel without being naked only in certain normal modes, either with an electric field (TE modes), or with a magnetic field (TM modes), or both, distribution. It also showed that each mode has a cut-off frequency below which the waves will not spread. Since the clipping wavelength for this particular tube was the same order as its width, it was clear that by conducting a tube cannot carry radio wavelengths much larger than its diameter. In 1902, R. H. Weber noticed that electromagnetic waves travel in pipes at a lower speed than in free space, and brought out the cause; that waves travel in a zigzag path as they are reflected off the walls. Until the 1920s, practical work on radio waves was focused on the low-frequency end of the radio frequency spectrum, as these frequencies were better for long-distance communication. They were much lower than the frequencies that could be spread even in large wave guides, so during this period there was little experimental work on wave-like guides, although several experiments were conducted. In a June 1, 1894 lecture, Hertz's Work, before the Royal Society, Oliver Lodge demonstrated the transmission of 3-inch radio waves from the spark gap through a short cylindrical copper duct. In his groundbreaking 1894-1900 microwave study, Jagadish Chandra Bose used short tube lengths to conduct waves, so some sources attribute it to the invention of the wave guide. However, after that, the concept of radio waves carrying a tube or a channel came out of engineering knowledge. In the 1920s, the first continuous sources of high-frequency radio waves were developed: the Barhausen-Kurz tube, the first oscillator to produce energy at UHF frequencies; and the split-anode magnetron, which by the 1930s had generated radio waves at a frequency of up to 10 GHz. It has been found that transmission lines used to carry low-frequency radio waves, parallel lines and coaxial cables have excessive loss of energy at microwave frequencies, necessitating a new method of transmission. The waves were developed independently between 1932 and 1936 by George K. Southworth at Bell Telephone Laboratories and Wilmer L. Barrow of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, who worked without knowing each other. Southworth's interest was sparked during his doctoral work in the 1920s, in which he measured a dielectric constant of water with Leher's radio frequency line in a long water tank. He found that if he removed Lecher's line, the water tank was still showing resonant peaks, indicating that it acts as a dielectric wave guide. At Bell Labs in 1931, he resumed work in dielectric wave waves. By March 1932, he was observing waves in water-filled copper pipes. Reilly's previous work was forgotten, and Sergey A. Silkunov, a mathematician at Bell Labs, did a theoretical analysis of wave guides and rediscovered wave guide modes. In December 1933 it became clear that with a metal shell the dielectric is superfluous and attention shifts to metal wave guides. Barrow became interested in high frequencies in 1930, studying under the guidance of Arnold Sommerfeld in Germany. In Massachusetts Institute, starting with he worked on high-frequency antennas to generate narrow radio waves to find the plane in the fog. He invented the antenna and hit on the idea of using a hollow pipe as a feeder line to feed the radio waves to the antenna. By March 1936, it had brought out the propagation modes and the frequency of clipping in the rectangular wave range. The source he used had a large wavelength of 40 cm, so for his first successful wave experiments he used a 16-foot stretch of duct with a diameter of 18 inches. Barrow and Southworth learned about each other's work a few weeks before the two were due to present documents on wave waves at a joint meeting of the American Physical Society and the Institute of Radio Engineers in May 1936. They amicably developed agreements on credit-sharing and patent separation. The development of centimetre radar during World War II and the first high power microwave tubes, klystron (1938) and magnetron cavity (1940), led to the first widespread use of waveguide. Standard undulating components were made for plumbing, with flanks at the end that could be combined together. After the war in the 1950s and 60s wave guides became common in commercial microwave systems such as airport radar and microwave relay networks that were built to transmit phone calls and television programs between cities. Description of the rectangular hollow Waveguide Flexible Wave Wave from J-Band Radar Typical application waveguide: antenna channel for military radar. In the microwave area of the electromagnetic spectrum, the wave guide usually consists of a hollow metal conductor. These wave guides can take the form of single conductors with or without a dielectric coating, such as the Gubau line and wave waves. Hollow wave guides must be half the wavelength or more in diameter to support one or more cross-wave modes. Wave guides can be filled with gas under pressure to inhibit arcs and prevent multipackorium, allowing higher energy transmission. Conversely, waves can be evacuated within evacuated systems (such as electronic beam systems). Waveguide slits are usually used for radars and other similar applications. The wave guide serves as a stern path, and each slot represents a separate radiator, thus forming an antenna. This structure has the ability to generate a radiation model to launch an electromagnetic wave in a certain relatively narrow and controlled direction. A closed wave guide is an electromagnetic wave guide (a) that is tubular, usually with a circular or rectangular section, (b), which has electrically conductive walls, (c), which can be hollow or filled with dielectric material, (d), can support a large number of discrete distribution modes, although few of them can be practical, (e) in which each mode defines , (f) in which which at any point is describable in terms of supported modes, (g) in which there is no radiation field, and (h) in which ruptures and bends can cause mode conversion, but not radiation. The size of the hollow metal wave layer determines what wavelengths it can maintain and in what mode. Usually the wave guide works so that there is only one mode. The lowest order mode is usually chosen. Frequencies below the cut-off frequency of the manual will not be distributed. You can run waves in higher order modes, or with multiple modes present, but this is usually impractical. Waveguides are almost exclusively made of metal and are basically rigid structures. There are certain types of corrugated wave guides that have the ability to bend and bend, but are only used where necessary, as they degrade the properties of the spread. Because of the spread of energy mainly by air or space in the wave range, it is one of the lowest types of loss transmission lines and highly preferred for high-frequency applications where most other types of transmission structures introduce large losses. Because of the skin effect at high frequencies, the electric current along the walls penetrates, usually only a few micrometers into the metal of the inner surface. Since this is where most of the resistive losses occur, it is important that the conductivity of the inner surface is as high as possible. For this reason, most undulating interior surfaces are covered with copper, silver or gold. Measurements of the Constant Voltage Wave Ratio (VSWR) can be taken to ensure that the wave guide is adjacent and has no leaks or sharp bends. If such bends or holes in the surface of the wave guide are present, this can reduce the performance of both the transmitter and the receiver of the equipment connected at both ends. Poor transmission through the wave guide can also occur as a result of the build-up of moisture, which corrodes and degrades the conductivity of the internal surfaces, which is crucial for the spread of low losses. For this reason, wave guides are nominally equipped with microwave windows on the outer end, which will not interfere with the spread, but keep the elements out. Moisture can also cause fungus to build up or arc in high energy systems such as radio or radar transmitters. Moisture in wave guides can usually be prevented with silica gel, desiccant, or a slight pressure of wave-like cavities with dry nitrogen or argon. Desiccant silica gel canisters can be attached with a screw on the feathers and higher power systems will have airtight tanks to maintain pressure, including leaking monitors. The arc can also occur if there is a hole, a tear or a blow in the conductive walls, when high power (usually 200 W or more). Waveguide plumbing is crucial to the correct performance of the wave guide. The tension of standing waves occur when the mismatch of tension in the wave cause is cause reflect back in the opposite direction of distribution. In addition to limiting the efficient transmission of energy, these reflections can cause higher voltage in the wavy and damage to the equipment. Short-length rectangular wave guide (WG17 with UBR120 connection-flanks)Section flexible waveguiDeWaveguide (ankle piece 900 MHz) Design In practice, wave guides act as the equivalent of cables for super high-frequency (SHF) systems. For such applications it is desirable to work wave guides with only one mode, spreading through a wave guide. With the help of rectangular wave mods, you can design a wave guide so that the frequency range over which only one mode extends is above 2:1 (i.e. the ratio of the upper edge of the band to the lower edge of the band is two). The connection between the wave guide size and the lowest frequency is simple: if W display (scriptstyle W) is the largest of its two dimensions, then the longest wavelength to be distributed is 2 watts (script-style display)lambda;; 2W), and the lowest frequency, thus, f - c / c / 2 W (display using the f';; c/lambda; c/2W) with a circular wave, the maximum possible bandwidth, allowing only one mode to multiply, is only 1.3601:1. Since rectangular wave mods have a much larger bandwidth, which can only be used for one mode, there are standards for rectangular wave mods, but not for circular wave mods. In general (but not always), standard wave guides are designed so that one band begins where the other band ends, with another band that overlaps two lanes, the lower edge of the band is about 30% higher than the frequency of the wave guide cut off, the upper edge of the band is about 5% lower than the cut-off rate of the next higher-order mode, the wave height is half the width of the wave. The second condition limits variance, a phenomenon in which the rate of spread is a function of frequency. It also limits losses by one length. The third condition is to avoid evanescent-wave communication through higher order modes. The fourth condition is that it allows for a 2:1 bandwidth operation. Although it is possible to have a 2:1 operating bandwidth when the height is less than half the width, having a height exactly half the width maximizes the power that can spread inside the wave guide before a dielectric decay occurs. Below is a table of standard wave guides. The name waveguide WR means rectangular wave guide, and the number is the internal width of measuring a wave guide in the hundredths of 10,000 days an inch (0.01 inches and .254 mm) rounded to the nearest hundredth of an inch. Standard sizes of rectangular wave Waveguide name Frequency band name Recommended frequency range work (GHz) Frequency of cut-off mode low order (GHz) clipping of next mode (GHz) Inner dimensions of waveguide opening EIA RCSC * IEC (inch) (mm) WR2300 WG0.0 R3 0.32 — 0.45 0.257 0.513 23.000 × 11.500 584.20 × 292.10 WR2100 WG0 R4 0.35 — 0.50 0.281 0.562 21.000 × 10.500 533.40 × 266.7 WR1800 WG1 R5 0.45 — 0.63 0.328 0.656 18.000 × 9.000 457.20 × 228.6 WR1500 WG2 R6 0.50 — 0.75 0.393 0.787 15.000 × 7.500 381.00 × 190.5 WR1150 WG3 R8 0.63 — 0.97 0.513 1.026 11.500 × 5.750 202.10 × 146.5 WR975 WG4 R9 0.75 — 1.15 0.605 1.211 9.750 × 4.875 247.7 × 123.8 WR770 WG5 R12 0.97 — 1.45 0.766 1.533 7.700 × 3.850 195,6 × 97.79 WR650 WG6 R14 L band (part) 1.15 — 1.72 0.908 1.816 6.500 × 3.250 165.1 × 82.55 WR510 WG7 R18 1.45 — 2.20 1.157 2.314 5.100 × 2.550 129.5 × 64.77 WR430 WG8 R22 1.72 — 2.60 1.372 2.745 4.300 × 2.150 109.2 × 54.61 WR340 WG9A R26 S band (part) 2.20 — 3.30 1.736 3.471 3.400 × 1.700 86.36 × 43.18 WR284 WG10 R32 S band (part) 2.60 — 3.95 2.078 4.156 2.840 × 1.340 † 72.14 × 34,94 WR229 WG11A R40 C band ( part) 3.30 — 4.90 2.577 5.154 2.290 × 1.145 58.17 × 29.08 WR187 WG12 R48 C band (part) 3.95 — 5.85 3.153 6.305 1.872 × 0.872 † 47.55 × 22.2 WR159 WG13 R58 C band (part) 4.90 — 7.05 3.712 7.423 1.590 × 0.795 40.38 × 20.2 WR137 WG14 R70 C band (part) 5.85 — 8.20 4.301 8.603 1.372 × 0.622 † 34.90 × 15.8 WR112 WG15 R84 — 7.05 — 10.00 5.260 10.520 1.122 × 0.497 † 28.50 × 12.6 WR90 WG16 R100 X band 8.20 — 12.40 6.557 13.114 0.900 × 0.400 † 22.9 × 10.2 WR75 WG17 R120 — 10.00 — 15.00 7.869 15.737 0.750 × 0.375 19.1 × 9.53 WR62 WG18 R140 Ku band 12.40 — 18.00 9.488 18.976 0.622 × 0.311 15.8 × 7.90 WR51 WG19 R180 — 15.00 — 22.00 11.572 23.143 0.510 × 0.255 13.0 × 6.48 WR42 WG20 R220 K band 18.00 — 26.50 14.051 28.102 0.420 × 0.170 † 10.7 × 4.32 WR34 WG21 R260 — 22.00 — 33.00 17.357 34.715 0.340 × 0.170 8.64 × 4.32 WR28 WG22 R320 Ka band 26.50 — 40.00 21.077 42.154 0.280 × 0.140 7.11 × 3.56 WR22 WG23 R400 Q band 33.00 — 50.00 26.346 52.692 0.224 × 0.112 5.68 × 2.84 WR19 WG24 R500 U группа 40.00 - 60.00 31.391 62.782 0.188 × 0.094 4.78 × 2.39 WR15 WG25 R620 V полоса 50.00 - 7 5.00 39.875 79.750 0.148 × 0.074 3.76 × 1.88 WR12 WG26 R740 E диапазон 60.00 - 90.00 48.373 96.74 6 0.122 × 0.061 3.10 × 1.55 WR10 WG27 R900 W диапазон 75.00 - 110.00 59.015 118.030 0.100 × 0.050 1 2.54 × 1.27 WR8 WG28 R1200 F диапазон 90.00 - 140.00 73.768 147.536 0.080 × 0.040 2.03 × 1.02 WR66 , WR7, WR6,5 WG29 R1400 D диапазон 110.00 - 170.00 90.791 181.583 0.0650 × 0.0325 1.65 × 0.826 WR5 WG30 R1800 140.00 - 220.00 115.714 231.429 0.0510 × 0.0255 1.30 × 0.648 WR 4 WG31 R2200 172.00 - 260.00 137.243 274.485 0.0430 × 0.0215 1.09 × 0.546 WR3 WG 32 R2600 220.00 - 330.00 173.571 347.143 0.0340 × 0.0170 0.864 × 0.432 - РадиоКомпоненты Committee † For historical reasons the external rather than internal dimensions of these wave guides are 2:1 (with the thickness of the wall WG6-WG10: 0.08 (2.0 mm), WG11A-WG15: 0.064 (1.6 mm), WG16-WG15: 0.064 (1.6 mm), WG16--WG15 WG17: 0.05 (1.3 mm), WG18-WG28: 0.04 (1.0 mm)) For frequencies in the table above, the main advantage of wave guides over coaxial cables is that that the wave guide supports the spread with less loss. For lower frequencies, wave measurement sizes become impractically large, and for higher frequencies, sizes become impractically small (tolerance to production becomes a significant part of the size of the wave node). Mathematical analysis of electromagnetic wave signals is analyzed by solving Maxwell's equations, or their reduced form, the equation of electromagnetic waves, with boundary conditions determined by the properties of materials and their interfaces. These equations have multiple solutions, or modes, that are the eigenfunctions of the system of equations. Each mode is characterized by a cut-off frequency below which the mode cannot exist in the manual. Wave distribution modes depend on operational wavelength and polarization, as well as the shape and size of the guide. The longitudinal mode of the wave guide is a special standing wave model formed by waves limited in the cavity. Cross modes are classified into different types: TE modes (transverse electric) do not have an electric field in the direction of distribution. TM modes (transverse magnetic) do not have a magnetic field in the direction of propagation. TEM modes (transverse electromagnetic) have neither an electric nor a magnetic field in the direction of propagation. Hybrid modes have both electrical and magnetic components of the field in the direction of distribution. Wave guides with certain symmetries can be solved by the method of separating variables. Rectangular wave guides can be solved in rectangular coordiantes. Round wave guides can be solved in cylindrical coordinates. In hollow, solitary conductor wave waves, TEM waves are impossible. The solution of Maxwell's equations for such a wave shows that the electric field should have both zero divergence and zero curl. Since the electric field, tangential to the conductive boundaries, should be zero, it should be zero everywhere. Similarly, ∇ 2 Φ and 0 displaystyle abla {2}Phi 0 with border conditions guarantees only a trivial solution without a field. This contrasts with the two-double transmission line used at lower frequencies; coaxial cable, parallel wire line and strip in which TEM mode is possible. In addition, the distribution modes (i.e. TE and TM) inside the wave guide can be mathematically expressed as a TEM wave superposition. The lowest cut-off mode dominant leadership mode. Usually choose the size of the manual in such a way that only this one may exist in the frequency band of the operation. In rectangular and circular (hollow pipes) wave waves, the dominant modes are TE1.0 and TE1.1, respectively. TE1.1 circular hollow metal wave guide mode. Dielectric waveguides A dielectric waveguide uses a solid dielectric rod rather than a hollow pipe. Optical fiber is a dielectric guide designed to work at optical frequencies. Power lines such as microstrip, coplanar wave guide, striped or coaxial cable can also be considered undulating. Dielectric rods and wave guides are used for radio waves, mainly at millimetre wave frequencies and above. They limit the radio waves to a full internal reflection of the step in the refractive index due to a change in the dielectric constant on the surface of the material. At millimetre wave frequencies and above, metal is not a good conductor, so metal wave guides can have a growing fading. At these wavelengths, dielectric waves may have lower losses than metal wave guides. Optical fiber is a form of dielectric wave guide used at optical wavelengths. One of the differences between dielectric and metallic wave signals is that electromagnetic waves are tightly limited on the metal surface; at high frequencies, electric and magnetic fields penetrate a very short distance into the metal. In contrast, the surface of the dielectric wave guide is the interface between the two dielectrics, so the wave fields penetrate beyond the dielectric in the form of evanescent (non-spread) wave. Cm. also Waveguide filter Angular unmanageability of cavity loss resonator Cutoff frequency Dielectric permanent electromagnetic radiation Feedhorn Filled Cable Horn (telecommunications) Leaked mode Substrate Integrated Waveguide Klystron Tube Magic T Optical Wave Radiation Mode Radio Wave Transmission Of Medium Wifi Cantenna Wavede Rotary Collaborative Links This article is partly based on material from the Federal Standard 1038 and ATIS - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers , IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronic Terms; 6th o.p. New York, New York, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, c1997. IEEE Std 100-1996. ISBN 1-55937-833-6 (Chairman) . . . Electric Wave Guides (PDF). ShortWave Craft. 7 (1): 198, 233. Received March 27, 2015. b c d e f h i j k l n o p Packard, Karle S. (September 1984). Origin waveguides: Multiple Re-Opening Case (PDF). CiteSeerX 10.1.1.532.8921. Received on March 24, 2015. - Stratt, William (Lord Reilly) (February 1897). On the aisle electric waves through tubes, or the vibrations of dielectric cylinders. Philosophical magazine. 43 (261): 125–132. doi:10.1080/14786449708620969. a b c Kizer, George (2013). Digital microwave communication: Microwave engineering systems from point to point. John Wylie and sons. page 7. ISBN 978-1118636800. a b Lee, Thomas H. (2004). Microwave Engineering Planar: A Practical Guide to Theory, Measurement and Chain, Volume 1. Cambridge University Press. 18, 118. ISBN 978-0521835268. Weber, R. H. (1902). Elektromagnetische Shwingungen in Metalurh. Annalen der Physics. 8 (4): 721–751. Bibkod:1902AnP... 313..721W. doi:10.1002/andp.19023130802. hdl:2027/uc1.$b 24304. Lodge, Oliver (June 1, 1984). Hertz's work. Proc. The Royal Institute. 14 (88): 331–332. Received on April 11, 2015. Emerson, Darrell T. (1998). Jagadish Chandra Bose: Millimeter Wave Research in the 19th Century (PDF). National Radio Astronomy Observatory of the United States. Received on April 11, 2015. To quote a journal requires magazine (help); External link to publisher (help) - b c d e f Brown, Louis (1999). Technical and military imperatives: Radar history of world war II. CRC Press. 146-148. ISBN 978-1420050660. Silkunov, Sergey A. (November 1937). Electromagnetic waves in conductive tubes. Physical review. 52 (10): 1078. Bibkod:1937PhRv... 52.1078S. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.52.1078. Module 12: Waveguide Plumbing. Introduction to Waveguides. Plasma and beam physics research center, Department of Physics and Materials Science, Chiang Mai University, Thailand. 2012. Received on 21 September 2015. For bandwidth below 2:1, they are more likely to express as a percentage of the central frequency, which in the case of 1.360:1 is 26.55%. For reference, the 2:1 bandwidth corresponds to a bandwidth of 66.67%. The reason for expressing bandwidth as the ratio of the upper and lower edges of the bandwidth to bandwidth more than 66.67% is that in the case of limitation that the lower edge goes to zero (or the top edge goes to infinity), bandwidth is approaching 200%, which means that the entire range from 3:1 to infinity:1 map in the range of 100% to 200%. Harvey, A. F. (July 1955). Standard wave guides and microwave connections. IEE Materials - Part B: Radio and Electronic Engineering. 102 (4): 493–499. doi:10.1049/pi-b- 1.1955.0095. Baden Fuller, A. J. (1969). Microwaves (1 perg press). ISBN 978-0-08-006616-5. a b Harrington, Roger F. (1961), Time-Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields, McGraw-Hill, page 7-8, ISBN 0-07-026745-6 - Chakravortry, Praganyan (2015). The analysis of rectangular wave waves is an intuitive approach. IETE Journal of Education. 55 (2): 76–80. doi:10.1080/09747338.2014.1002819. S2CID 122295911. A. I. Modi and K.A. Balanis, PEC-PMC Baffle Inside the Waveguide Circular Section for Cut-Off Cut-Off in letters IEEE microwave and Wireless Components, vol. 26, No. 3, page 171-173, March 2016 doi:10.1109/LMWC.2016.2524529 - Laubchenko, Dmitriy; Sergey Tretyakov; Sergey Dudorov (2003). Millimeter-wave wave guides. Springer. page 149. ISBN 978-1402075315. Shevgaonkar, R.K. (2005). Electromagnetic waves. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. page 327. ISBN 978-0070591165. a b Rana, Farhan (autumn 2005). Lecture 26: Dielectric Plate waveguides (PDF). Class notes ECE 303: Electromagnetic fields and waves. Department of Electrical Engineering Cornell Unive. June 21, 2013. 2-3, 10 J. J. Thomson, Latest Research (1893). O.J. Lodge, prok Roy. 14, page 321 (1894). Lord Reilly, Phil. Master 43, page 125 (1897). N.W. McLachlan, Mathieu Theory and Application, page 8 (1947) (reissued by Dover: New York, 1964). Read George Clark Southworth, Principles and Applications of Wave Transfer Guide. New York, Van Nostrand (1950), xi, 689 p. illus. 24 cm. Bell Telephone Laboratories series. LCCN 50009834 External Commons links has media related to Waveguides. Southworth Patents, U.S. Patent 2,407,690, Wave Manual of Hopper's Electrotherapeutic System, U.S. Patent 2,806,138, Wave Frequency Guide Converter, September 10, 1957 Websites Cross Electric and Magnetic Fields in Waveguide Waveguide Dimensions Withdrawal Fields in rectangular Waveguide antenna-theory.com Waveguides in particle accelerators including Klystrons extracted from (radio_frequency)80432658 (radio_frequency)

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