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Asset freezing at the International Criminal Court and the United Nations Security Council A legal protection perspective Birkett, D.J.

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Download date:02 Oct 2021 Daley J. Birkett J. Daley ASSET FREEZING AT AT FREEZING ASSET THE INTERNATIONAL AND COURT CRIMINAL NATIONS THE UNITED COUNCIL SECURITY A Legal Protection Perspective A Legal Protection

ASSET FREEZING AT THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL Birkett Asset Freezing at the International Criminal Court and the United Nations Security Council Published, sold and distributed by Eleven International Publishing P.O. Box 85576 2508 CG The Hague The Netherlands Tel.: +31 70 33 070 33 Fax: +31 70 33 070 30 e-mail: [email protected] www.elevenpub.com

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Printed in the Netherlands Asset Freezing at the International Criminal Court and the United Nations Security Council: A Legal Protection Perspective

ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT

ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof. dr. ir. K.I.J. Maex ten overstaan van een door het College voor Promoties ingestelde commissie, in het openbaar te verdedigen in de Agnietenkapel op vrijdag 19 februari 2021, te 16:00 uur

door

Daley Jon Birkett

geboren te Whitehaven Promotor: prof. dr. mr. G.K. Sluiter Universiteit van Amsterdam

Overige leden: prof. dr. A. Ciampi University of Verona prof. dr. Y.M. Donders Universiteit van Amsterdam prof. dr. L.J. van den Herik Universiteit Leiden prof. mr. dr. H.G. van der Wilt Universiteit van Amsterdam dr. S.V. Vasiliev Universiteit van Amsterdam

Faculteit der Rechtsgeleerdheid Acknowledgments

This thesis is the product of four years’ research conducted across two continents. I began my Ph.D. project in September 2016 at the Faculty of Law of The Chinese University of Hong Kong under the supervision of Professor Nina Jørgensen (now at the University of Southampton) and Professor Gregory Gordon. Their support and thoughtful feedback on my writing during the early phase of the project was invaluable and I wish to thank them for the significant part they played in my Ph.D. journey. I would also like to acknowledge the financial support I received from CUHK Law until December 2017 in the form of a generous scholarship and grants to present my research at a number of conferences.

It was in 2018 that I relocated to Europe and joined the doctoral programme at the Faculty of Law of the University of Amsterdam, where I continued my Ph.D. research under the supervision of Professor Göran Sluiter and (until July 2020) Professor Denis Abels. I can hardly express the depth of my gratitude to Göran and Denis for giving so readily of their time (not least during a global pandemic) to read and offer meticulous and constructively critical feedback on my work. Coupled with the gracious hospitality they extended to me whenever I visited Amsterdam and their kind encouragement and guidance from our first meeting, I could not have asked for a more supportive environment in which to complete my Ph.D. project. I doubt that I would have completed this marathon without them.

As an external Ph.D. candidate at the University of Amsterdam, I drafted the majority of this thesis at the University of Kiel and at Northumbria University. I would therefore like to gratefully acknowledge the support of the Walther Schücking Institute for International Law and Northumbria Law School. Thank you for allowing me the time to complete my Ph.D. project alongside my research, teaching, and administrative responsibilities. I also wish to thank the judges to whom I reported and the colleagues and interns with whom I worked at the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia and at the International Criminal Court. Judge Anita Ušacka, Judge Agnieszka Klonowiecka-Milart, Judge Nihal Jayasinghe, and Judge Florence Mumba – thank you for affording me the opportunity to serve you. And to my colleagues, especially Volker Nerlich, Franziska Eckelmans, Paolo Lobba, Sheila Paylan, Anthony Jackson, Amy Barber, and Gabrielle Wellemans – thank you for your wise counsel and warm friendship during my time in practice, a period that doubtlessly influenced this thesis and, indeed, my career. While it was in The Hague and in Phnom Penh that international criminal justice became my vocation, it was during my time in Durham that I was first exposed to research. Thank you to Michael Bohlander for inspiring me to enter this world and for your mentorship as I continue to navigate it.

v Acknowledgments

I am also grateful to the colleagues with whom I shared an office, a corridor, or a beverage during the past four years in Hong Kong, Kiel, Newcastle, and Amsterdam. Luke Marsh, Stuart Hargreaves, Samuli Seppänen, Dini Sejko, Becky Leung, Michael Cheng, Xu Qian, Angela Kim, Kehinde Olaoye, Richard Zhang, Jenny Chan, Ivy Chen, Chao Wang, Sarah Imani, Wiebke Staff, Jens Theilen, Felix Bieker, Felix Telschow, Bleuenn Guilloux, Erik van Doorn, Liv Christiansen, Nikolaus Koch, Theresa Kändler, Cathi Uekermann, David Schenk, Mareike Nürnberg, and Lilo Rösch – thank you for the downtime.

Several chapters of this thesis have been, or will soon be, published in revised form, one as a chapter in an edited collection and four chapters as articles in peer-reviewed journals. I would accordingly like to thank the reviewers engaged by Cambridge University Press, the Leiden Journal of International Law, the Journal of International Criminal Justice, the Human Rights Law Review, and the International Criminal Law Review for their critical comments that helped to shape this thesis. Thanks are also due to colleagues who offered their time to discuss, read, and provide feedback on the ideas contained in these chapters. I wish to thank Michael Ramsden, Russell Hopkins, Mohamed Badar, Upendra Acharya, Buhm-Suk Baek, Ethan Hee-Seok Shin, and Birju Kotecha, whose support in this regard greatly augmented the quality of the published components of my Ph.D. research. Thanks also to Elinor Fry for reviewing the Dutch summary of this thesis. Ontzettend bedankt!

Finally, I would like to thank my friends and family, especially my wife, Abigail, and my two daughters, for their patience and support throughout the Ph.D. process. This journey was as much yours as it was mine.

Daley J. Birkett Newbrough, 5 November 2020

vi Table of Contents

Table of Instruments xi

Table of Cases xvii

1 Introduction 1 1.1 Framing the issue 1 1.2 Developing the research question 1 1.3 Methodology 3 1.4 Roadmap 5

2 Asset Freezing: Theory, Objects and Purposes 9 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Asset Freezing and Confiscation 9 2.2.1 Defining the Parameters 10 2.2.1.1 Conviction-based confiscation 12 2.2.1.2 Non-conviction-based confiscation 15 2.2.2 Justifying the Confiscation and Freezing of Assets 16 2.2.2.1 Punitive 17 2.2.2.2 Preventive 18 2.2.2.3 Restorative 19 2.2.2.4 Other 19 2.3 Situating ICC- and UNSC-Requested Asset Freezing Measures 20 2.4 Conclusion 24

3 Coexistent but Uncoordinated – Asset Freezing Measures at the ICC and the UNSC 25 3.1 Introduction 25 3.2 Modalities 26 3.3 Shared Goals? 28 3.4 Strengthening Cooperation 32 3.5 In Search of Coordination 36 3.5.1 Libya: Coexistent and Coordinated? 37 3.5.2 Coexistent but Uncoordinated 40 3.5.2.1 Democratic Republic of the Congo 40 3.5.2.2 Côte d’Ivoire 51

vii Table of Contents

3.5.2.3 Sudan 55 3.5.2.4 Central African Republic 57 3.5.2.5 Mali 61 3.5.3 Neither Coexistent nor Coordinated 63 3.5.3.1 Uganda 63 3.5.3.2 Kenya 64 3.6 Conclusion 65

4 Recovering Assets at ICTs – Fines, Forfeiture and Orders for Reparations 67 4.1 Introduction 67 4.2 The Post-World War II Military Tribunals 67 4.3 The Ad Hoc International Criminal Tribunals 71 4.4 The Rome Statute System 73 4.4.1 Fine and Forfeiture Measures 73 4.4.2 Orders for Reparations 77 4.5 ICTs Established after the Adoption of the Rome Statute 79 4.5.1 The Special Court for Sierra Leone 79 4.5.2 The Special Panels for Serious Crimes 81 4.5.3 The Iraqi High Tribunal 82 4.5.4 The Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia 82 4.5.5 The Special Tribunal for Lebanon 83 4.5.6 The Extraordinary African Chambers 84 4.5.7 The Kosovo Specialist Chambers 85 4.6 Some Suggested Reasons behind ICTs’ Failure to Order Asset Recovery Measures 87 4.6.1 Theoretical Basis 87 4.6.2 Dearth of Assets 88 4.6.3 Other Reparations Paradigms 88 4.7 Conclusion 89

5 Pre-Trial ‘Protective Measures for the Purpose of Forfeiture’ at the ICC – Protecting and Balancing Competing Rights and Interests 91 5.1 Introduction 91 5.2 Protective measures at the ICC 92 5.2.1 The evidentiary threshold 93 5.2.2 Prior notification and modification 94 5.2.3 The right to appeal 95

viii Table of Contents

5.2.4 The ‘rights of the parties concerned’ and ‘the ultimate benefit of victims’ 96 5.2.4.1 Accused persons 96 5.2.4.1 The Prosecutor 98 5.2.4.3 Victims 99 5.2.4.4 Bona fide third parties 99 5.3 The ICC practice 100 5.3.1 The purpose of protective measures and the range of assets susceptible thereto 101 5.3.2 Balancing competing rights and interests in the protective measures process 106 5.4 Concluding remarks 112

6 UNSC-Requested Asset Freezes and the Legal Protection of Individuals 115 6.1 Introduction 115 6.2 The Evolution of UNSC Sanctions: From General to Targeted Measures 115 6.3 Identifying (Quasi-)Legal Protections 118 6.3.1 Exemptions 118 6.3.2 The Focal Point for de-Listing 120 6.3.3 Other (Quasi-)Legal Protections 122 6.4 Conclusion 128

7 Asset Freezing at the European and Inter-American Courts of Human Rights – Lessons for the ICC, the UNSC and States 129 7.1 Introduction 129 7.2 Asset Freezing in the Law and Practice of the Strasbourg and San José Courts 131 7.2.1 Protection of property 135 7.2.1.1 Džinić v Croatia 136 7.2.1.2 Chaparro Álvarez and Lapo Íñiguez v. Ecuador 144 7.2.2 Right to respect for private and family life 147 7.2.2.1 Nada v Switzerland 148 7.2.2.2 The need for clear reasoning at the ICC 150 7.3 Conclusion 153

ix Table of Contents

8 Managing the Frozen Assets of Accused Persons at the ICC – The Fallout of the Bemba Acquittal 155 8.1 Introduction 155 8.2 The Bemba Case 158 8.2.1 (Un)freezing Bemba’s Assets 158 8.2.2 Bemba’s Claim for Compensation and Damages 164 8.3 Domestic Approaches 169 8.3.1 Third party management of seized or frozen assets 170 8.3.2 Use or Sale of Frozen Assets 172 8.4 International Responses 175 8.4.1 Utilising Article 96(3) of the ICC Statute 175 8.4.2 Lessons from Article 106 of the ICC Statute 176 8.4.3 Amending Article 85(3) of the ICC Statute? 177 8.5 Conclusion 179

9 Conclusion 181

Summary 189

Samenvatting 193

Bibliography 197

x Table of Instruments

Treaties

African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (adopted 27 June 1981, entered into force 21 October 1986) 1520 UNTS 217 (Banjul Charter)

Agreement Between the United Nations and the Royal Government of Cambodia Concerning the Prosecution under Cambodian Law of Crimes Committed During the Period of Democratic Kampuchea (adopted 6 June 2003, entered into force 29 April 2005) 2329 UNTS 117 (ECCC Agreement)

American Convention on Human Rights: “Pact of San José, Costa Rica” (adopted 22 November 1969, entered into force 18 July 1978) 1144 UNTS 123 (ACHR)

Arab Charter on Human Rights (adopted 15 September 1994) reprinted in (2005) 12 International Human Rights Reports 893 (Arab Charter)

Charter of the International Military Tribunal (adopted 8 August 1945, entered into force 8 August 1945) 82 UNTS 279 (IMT Charter)

Charter of the United Nations (adopted 26 June 1945, entered into force 24 October 1945) 1 UNTS XVI (UN Charter)

Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (adopted 4 November 1950, entered into force 3 September 1953) 213 UNTS 262 (ECHR)

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (adopted 16 December 1966, entered into force 23 March 1976) 999 UNTS 171 (ICCPR)

Relationship Agreement between the International Criminal Court and the United Nations, (adopted 4 October 2004, entered into force 4 October 2004) 2283 UNTS 195 (ICC-UN Relationship Agreement)

Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (adopted 17 July 1998, entered into force 1 July 2002) 2187 UNTS 90 (Rome Statute, ICC Statute)

xi Table of Instruments

United Nations Convention Against Corruption (adopted 31 October 2003, entered into force 14 December 2005) 2349 UNTS 41 (UNCAC)

United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (adopted 20 December 1988, entered into force 11 November 1990) 1582 UNTS 95 (UN Drug Trafficking Convention)

United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (adopted 15 November 2000, entered into force 29 September 2003) 2225 UNTS 209 (UNTOC)

Other International Instruments

Charter of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East (adopted 19 January 1946, entered into force 19 January 1946) TIAS No 1589 (IMTFE Charter)

Control Council Law No. 10 (adopted 20 December 1945, entered into force 20 December 1945) 3 Official Gazette Control Council for Germany 50-55 (Control Council Law No 10)

Law of the Supreme Iraqi Criminal Tribunal (adopted 18 October 2005, entered into force 18 October 2005) Official Gazette of the Republic of Iraq, No 4006, 18 October 2005 (IHT Statute)

Law on Specialist Chambers and Specialist Prosecutor’s Office (adopted 3 August 2015, entered into force 15 September 2015) Official Gazette of the Republic of Kosova, No 27, 31 August 2015 (KSC Law)

Law on the Establishment of Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia for the Prosecution of Crimes Committed during the Period of Democratic Kampuchea, with inclusion of amendments as promulgated on 27 October 2004, NS/RKM/1004/006 (ECCC Law)

Protocol to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (adopted 20 March 1952, entered into force 18 May 1954) 213 UNTS 262 (Protocol 1)

Regulation No. 2000/15 on the Establishment of Panels with Exclusive Jurisdiction over Serious Criminal Offences (6 June 2008) UN Doc UNTAET/REG/2000/15 (Regulation 2000/15)

xii Table of Instruments

Regulations of the Trust Fund for Victims (3 December 2005) ICC-ASP/4/Res.3 (TFV Regulations)

Statut des Chambres africaines extraordinaires au sein des juridictions sénégalaises pour la poursuite des crimes internationaux commis au Tchad durant la période du 7 juin 1982 au 1er décembre 1990 (Statute of the Extraordinary African Chambers within the courts of Senegal created to prosecute international crimes committed in Chad between 7 June 1982 and 1 December 1990) (adopted 30 January 2013, entered into force 8 February 2013) (2013) 52 ILM 1028 (EAC Statute)

Statute of the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals, UNSC Res 1966 (22 December 2010) UN Doc S/RES/1966, Annex 1 (MICT Statute)

Statute of the International Tribunal for Rwanda, UNSC Res 955 (8 November 1994) UN Doc S/RES/1995, Annex (ICTR Statute)

Statute of the International Tribunal, UN Doc S/25704, Annex (ICTY Statute)

Statute of the Special Court for Sierra Leone (adopted 16 January 2002, entered into force on 12 April 2002) 2178 UNTS 138 (SCSL Statute)

Statute of the Special Tribunal for Lebanon, UNSC Res 1757 (30 May 2007) UN Doc S/RES/1757, Annex (STL Statute)

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (adopted 10 December 1948) UNGA Res 217 A(III) (UDHR)

Rules of Procedure and Evidence

ICC, Rules of Procedure and Evidence (adopted 9 September 2002, entered into force 9 September 2002) ICC-ASP/1/3 (ICC RPE)

ICTR, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, as amended on 13 May 2015 (adopted 29 June 1995, entered into force 29 June 1995) UN Doc ITR/3/Rev.23 (ICTR RPE)

ICTY, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, as amended on 8 July 2015 (adopted 11 February 1994, entered into force 14 March 1994) UN Doc IT/32/Rev. 50 (ICTY RPE)

xiii Table of Instruments

MICT, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, as amended on 26 September 2016 (adopted 8 June 2012, entered into force 8 June 2012) UN Doc MICT/1/Rev/2 (MICT RPE)

SCSL, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, as amended on 31 May 2012 (adopted 16 January 2002, entered into force 12 April 2002) (SCSL RPE)

STL, Rules of Procedure and Evidence as amended on 3 April 2017 (adopted 20 March 2009, entered into force 20 March 2009) STL-BD-2009-01-Rev.8 (STL RPE)

Domestic Legislation

Australia

International Criminal Court Act 2002

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002

Canada

Seized Property Management Act 1993

Germany

Bundesergänzungsgesetz zur Entschädigung für Opfer der nationalsozialistischen Verfolgung (BEG) vom 18. September 1953 (Federal Supplementary Law for the Compensation of Victims of National Socialist Persecution of 18 September 1953)

Kenya

International Crimes Act 2008

New Zealand

Criminal Proceeds (Recovery) Act 2009

International Crimes and International Criminal Court Act 2000

xiv Table of Instruments

Netherlands

Wetboek van Strafvordering (Code of Criminal Procedure)

Republic of Ireland

International Criminal Court Act 2006

Senegal

Code de Procédure Pénale Sénégalais (Senegalese Code of Criminal Procedure)

Switzerland

Ordonnance instituant des mesures à l'encontre de personnes et entités liées à Oussama ben Laden, au groupe «Al-Qaïda» ou aux Taliban (Ordinance on Measures against Persons and Organisations with Ties to Osama Bin Laden, the “Al-Qaida” Group or the Taliban)

United Kingdom

International Criminal Court Act 2001

Proceeds of Crime Act 2002

xv

Table of Cases

Extraordinary African Chambers (EAC)

Ministère Public c Hissein Habré (Jugement) (30 May 2016)

Le Procureur Général c Hissein Habré (Arrêt) (27 April 2017)

European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)

Džinić v Croatia App no 38359/13 (ECtHR, 17 May 2016).

Huvig v France App no 11105/84 (ECtHR, 24 April 1990)

Nada v Switzerland App no 10593/0856 (ECtHR, 12 September 2012)

Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC)

Co-Prosecutors v KAING Guek Eav alias Duch (Inquiry into income and assets of the Accused) 001/18-07-2007/ECCC/TC (15 October 2009)

Co-Prosecutors v KAING Guek Eav alias Duch (Judgement) 001/18-07-2007/ECCC/TC (26 July 2010)

Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR)

Case of Chaparro Álvarez and Lapo Íñiguez v. Ecuador (Judgment of November 21, 2007) IACtHR Series C No 170 (21 November 2007)

International Criminal Court (ICC)

Situation in Darfur, Sudan

Prosecutor v Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus

Prosecutor v Banda and Jerbo (Summons to Appear for Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus) ICC-02/05-03/09-2-RSC (27 August 2009)

xvii Table of Cases

Prosecutor v Banda and Jerbo (Summons to Appear for Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain) ICC-02/05-03/09-3 (27 August 2009)

Prosecutor v Abdel Raheem Muhammad Hussein

Prosecutor v Hussein (Warrant of Arrest for Abdel Raheem Muhammad Hussein) ICC-02/05-01/12-2 (1 March 2012)

Prosecutor v Ahmad Muhammad Harun (“Ahmad Harun”) and Ali Muhammad Ali Abd-Al-Rahman (“Ali Kushayb”)

Prosecutor v Harun and Kushayb (Warrant of Arrest for Ahmad Harun) ICC-02/05-01/07-2 (27 April 2007)

Prosecutor v Harun and Kushayb (Warrant of Arrest for Ali Kushayb) ICC-02/05-01/07-3, (27 April 2007)

Prosecutor v Bahr Idriss Abu Garda

Prosecutor v Abu Garda (Summons to Appear for Bahr Idriss Abu Garda) ICC-02/05-02/09-2 (7 May 2009)

Prosecutor v Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir (“Omar Al Bashir”)

Prosecutor v Al Bashir (Warrant of Arrest for Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir) ICC-02/05-01/09-1 (4 March 2009)

Prosecutor v Al Bashir (Second Warrant of Arrest for Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir) ICC-02/05-01/09-95 (12 July 2010)

Situation in the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire

Situation in the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire (Request for authorisation of an investigation pursuant to article 15) ICC-02/11-3 (23 June 2011)

Situation in the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire (Corrigendum to “Decision Pursuant to Article 15 of the Rome Statute on the Authorisation of an Investigation into the Situation in the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire”) ICC-02/11-14-Corr (15 November 2011)

xviii Table of Cases

Prosecutor v Charles Blé Goudé

Prosecutor v Blé Goudé (Warrant Of Arrest For Charles Blé Goudé) ICC-02/11-02/11-1 (21 December 2011)

Prosecutor v Charles Blé Goudé and Laurent Gbagbo

Prosecutor v Gbagbo and Blé Goudé (Transcript) ICC-02/11-01/15-T-232-FRA (15 January 2019)

Prosecutor v Gbagbo and Blé Goudé (Reasons for oral decision of 15 January 2019 on the Requête de la Défense de Laurent Gbagbo afin qu'un jugement d'acquittement portant sur toutes les charges soit prononcé en faveur de Laurent Gbagbo et que sa mise en liberté immédiate soit ordonnée, and on the Blé Goudé Defence no case to answer motion) ICC-02/11-01/15-1263 (16 July 2019)

Prosecutor v Laurent Gbagbo

Prosecutor v Gbagbo (Warrant Of Arrest For Laurent Koudou Gbagbo) ICC-02/11-01/11-1 (23 November 2011)

Prosecutor v Gbagbo (Declaration Accepting the Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court dated 18 April 2003) ICC-02/11-01/11-129-Anx16-tENG (6 September 2012)

Prosecutor v Gbagbo (Letter from Alassane Ouattara to the President of the ICC dated 14 December 2010) ICC-02/11-01/11-129-Anx14-tENG (9 October 2012)

Prosecutor v Gbagbo (Letter from Alassane Ouattara to the Prosecutor of the ICC dated 3 May 2011) ICC-02/11-01/11-129-Anx15-tENG (10 October 2012)

Prosecutor v Simone Gbagbo

Prosecutor v Simone Gbagbo (Warrant of Arrest for Simone Gbagbo) ICC-02/11-01/12-1 (29 February 2012)

Situation in the Central African Republic

Situation in the Central African Republic (Decision Assigning Situation in the Central African Republic to PTC III) ICC-01/05-1 (19 January 2005)

xix Table of Cases

Situation in the Central African Republic (Prosecutor’s Application for Warrant of Arrest under Article 58) ICC-01/05-01/08-26-Red (9 May 2008)

Situation in the Central African Republic (Final decision on the reparations proceedings) ICC-01/05-01/08-3653 (3 August 2018)

Situation in the Central African Republic (Public Redacted Version of “Preliminary application for reclassification of filings, disclosure, accounts and partial unfreezing of Mr. Bemba’s assets”) ICC-01/05-01/08-3654-Red (30 October 2018)

Situation in the Central African Republic (Public Redacted version of “Response to Redacted version of the Registry’s Observations on Mr. Bemba’s Request for Reclassification of Information relating to Mr Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo’s Assets”) ICC-01/05-01/08-3657-Red (30 October 2018)

Situation in the Central African Republic (Public Redacted version of “Mr. Bemba’s response to the “Redacted version of Registry’s Submissions in relation to Protective Measures imposed on Mr Bemba’s Assets””) ICC-01/05-01/08-3659-Red (30 October 2018)

Situation in the Central African Republic (Public redacted version of “Decision on the Defence’s preliminary application for reclassification of filings, disclosure, accounts and partial unfreezing of Mr Bemba’s assets”, 24 August 2018) ICC-01/05-01/08-3655-Red (16 November 2018)

Situation in the Central African Republic (Public redacted version of “Decision on Mr Bemba’s preliminary application for reclassification of filings, disclosure, accounts, and partial unfreezing of Mr Bemba’s assets and the Registry’s Request for guidance”, 18 October 2018) ICC-01/05-01/08-3660-Red2 (20 November 2018)

Situation in the Central African Republic (Public Redacted Version of “Registry’s Observations on the Defence Request for Reclassification of Information relating to Mr Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo’s Assets”, 3 September 2018) ICC-01/05-01/08-3656-Red2 (7 December 2018)

Situation in the Central African Republic (Public Redacted Version of “Registry’s Submissions in relation to Protective Measures imposed on Mr Bemba’s Assets”, 21 September 2018) ICC-01/05-01/08-3658-Red2 (7 December 2018)

xx Table of Cases

Situation in the Central African Republic (Public Redacted Version of “Urgent request for partial reconsideration and associated orders”) ICC-01/05-01/08-3663-Red (10 December 2018)

Situation in the Central African Republic (Public Redacted Version of “Mr. Bemba’s claim for compensation and damages”) ICC-01/05-01/08-3673-Red (11 March 2019)

Situation in the Central African Republic (Order on the conduct of the proceedings related to “Mr Bemba’s claim for compensation and damages”) ICC-01/05-01/08-3675 (14 March 2019)

Situation in the Central African Republic (Public redacted version of “Prosecution’s response to Mr Bemba’s claim for compensation and damages”, 6 May 2019) ICC-01/05-01/08-3680-Red (6 May 2019)

Situation in the Central African Republic (Public Redacted Version of the “Registry’s Observations on the Defence Compensation Claim) ICC-01/05-01/08-3681-Red3 (6 May 2019)

Situation in the Central African Republic (Hearing on Mr Bemba’s claim for compensation) ICC-01/05-01/08-T-376-ENG (9 May 2019)

Situation in the Central African Republic (Public Redacted Version of “Mr. Bemba’s reply to the Prosecution Response to and Registry Submissions on “Mr. Bemba’s claim for compensation and damages””) ICC-01/05-01/08-3687-Red (20 June 2019)

Situation in the Central African Republic (Public redacted version of “Prosecution’s response to Mr Bemba’s reply on compensation and damages”, 26 June 2019) ICC-01/05-01/08-3690-Red (28 June 2019)

Situation in the Central African Republic (Public Redacted Version of the “Registry’s Observations on Mr Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo’s Lawyers’ Reply ICC-01/05-01/08-3687-Conf”) ICC-01/05-01/08- 3689-Red3 (25 July 2019)

Situation in the Central African Republic (Decision on Mr Bemba’s claim for compensation and damages) ICC-01/05-01/08-3694 (18 May 2020)

Situation in the Central African Republic (Request for leave to appeal the ‘Decision on Mr Bemba’s claim for compensation and damages’) ICC-01/05-01/08-3695 (25 May 2020)

xxi Table of Cases

Situation in the Central African Republic (Prosecution response to Mr Bemba’s request for leave to appeal the ‘Decision on Mr Bemba’s claim for compensation and damages’) ICC-01/05-01/08-3696 (1 June 2020)

Prosecutor v Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo

Prosecutor v Bemba Gombo (Warrant of Arrest for Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo) ICC-01/05-01/08-1-tENG (23 May 2008)

Prosecutor v Bemba Gombo (Decision to Unseal the Warrant of Arrest for Mr Jean‐Pierre Bemba Gombo) ICC-01/05-01/08-5-tENG (24 May 2008)

Prosecutor v Bemba Gombo (Decision et demande en vue d’obtenir l’identification, la localisation, le gel et la saisie des biens et avoirs adressées a la Republique portugaise) ICC-01/05-01/08-8 (27 May 2008)

Prosecutor v Bemba Gombo (Warrant of arrest for Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo replacing the warrant of arrest issued on 23 May 2008) ICC-01/05-01/08-15-tENG (10 June 2008)

Prosecutor v Bemba Gombo (Registrar’s Decision on the Application for Legal Assistance paid by the Court Filed by Mr Jean- Pierre Bemba Gombo) ICC-01/05-01/08-76-tENG (25 August 2008)

Prosecutor v Bemba Gombo (Requête en mainlevée de saisie (Application for Lifting the Seizure) ICC-01/05-01/08-81-Conf-tENG (26 August 2008)

Prosecutor v Bemba Gombo (Decision on the Defence’s Application for Lifting the Seizure of Assets and Request for Cooperation to the Competent Authorities of Portugal) ICC-01/05-01/08-251-Anx (10 October 2008)

Prosecutor v Bemba Gombo (Decision on the Second Defence’s Application for Lifting the Seizure of Assets and Request for Cooperation to the Competent Authorities of the Republic of Portugal) ICC-01/05-01/08-249 (14 November 2008)

Prosecutor v Bemba Gombo (Reasons for the decision on the Applications for judicial review of Mr Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo of 10 and 11 November 2008) ICC-01/05-01/08-310 (5 December 2008)

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Prosecutor v Bemba Gombo (Redacted version of “Decision on legal assistance for the accused”) ICC-01/05-01/08-567-Red (26 November 2009)

Prosecutor v Bemba Gombo (Redacted Version of Decision on the Defence Application for Review of the Registrar’s Decision of 15 October 2010 on the Application for Adjustment of the Expenses and Fees of the Defence (ICC-01/05-01/08-1007-Conf)) ICC-01/05-01/08-1007-Red (7 December 2010)

Prosecutor v Bemba Gombo (Judgment pursuant to Article 74 of the Statute) ICC-01/05-01/08-3343 (21 March 2016)

Prosecutor v Bemba Gombo (Decision on Sentence pursuant to Article 76 of the Statute) ICC-01/05-01/08-3399 (21 June 2016)

Prosecutor v Bemba Gombo (Judgment on the appeal of Mr Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo against Trial Chamber III’s “Judgment pursuant to Article 74 of the Statute”) ICC-01/05-01/08-3636-Red (8 June 2018)

Prosecutor v Bemba Gombo (Decision on the appeals of the Prosecutor and Mr Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo against the decision of Trial Chamber III of 21 June 2016 entitled “Decision on Sentence pursuant to Article 76 of the Statute”) ICC-01/05-01/08-3637 (8 June 2018)

Prosecutor v Bemba Gombo (Order in relation to advanced legal assistance fees) ICC-01/05-01/08-3651-Red (17 July 2018)

Prosecutor v Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo and others

Prosecutor v Bemba Gombo and others (Warrant of arrest for Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Aimé Kilolo Musamba, Jean-Jacques Mangenda Kabongo, Fidèle Babala Wandu and Narcisse Arido) ICC-01/05-01/13-1-tENG (20 November 2013)

Prosecutor v Bemba Gombo and others (Decision on “Narcisse Arido’s regulation 35 motion to extend time for initial appearance to March 24, 2014 to allow attorney, Abbe Jolles, to travel from Washington DC, USA” dated 18 March 2014) ICC-01/05-01/13-274 (19 March 2014)

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Prosecutor v Bemba Gombo and others (Decision on Mr Kilolo’s “Notice of appeal against the decision of the Single Judge ICC-01/05-01/13-743-Conf-Exp” dated 10 November 2014 and on the urgent request for the partial lifting of the seizure on Mr Kilolo’s assets dated 24 November 2014) ICC-01/05-01/13-773 (1 December 2014)

Prosecutor v Bemba Gombo and others (Addendum à la “Requête de la défense aux fins de levée du gel des avoirs de Monsieur Aimé Kilolo Musamba”) ICC-01/05-01/13-1014-Conf-Exp (28 July 2015)

Prosecutor v Bemba Gombo and others (Decision on Kilolo Defence Motion for Inadmissibility of Material) ICC-01/05-01/13-1257 (16 September 2015)

Prosecutor v Bemba Gombo and others (Decision on the ‘Requête de la défense aux fins de levée du gel des avoirs de Monsieur Aimé Kilolo Musamba’) ICC-01/05-01/13-1485-Red (17 November 2015)

Prosecutor v Bemba Gombo and others (Decision on Sentence pursuant to Article 76 of the Statute) ICC-01/05-01/13-2123-Corr (22 March 2017)

Prosecutor v Bemba Gombo and others (Judgment on the appeals of the Prosecutor, Mr Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Mr Fidèle Babala Wandu and Mr Narcisse Arido against the decision of Trial Chamber VII entitled “Decision on Sentence pursuant to Article 76 of the Statute”) ICC-01/05-01/13-2276-Red (8 March 2018)

Prosecutor v Bemba Gombo and others (Decision Re-sentencing Mr Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Mr Aimé Kilolo Musamba and Mr Jean-Jacques Mangenda Kabongo) ICC-01/05-01/13-2312 (17 September 2018)

Situation in the Central African Republic II

Situation in the Central African Republic II (Decision Assigning the Situation in the Central African Republic II to PTC II) ICC-01/14-1 (18 June 2014)

Prosecutor v Alfred Yekatom

Prosecutor v Yekatom (Public Redacted Version of “Warrant of Arrest for Alfred Yekatom”, ICC-01/14-01/18-1-US-Exp, 11 November 2018) ICC-01/14-01/18-1-Red (17 November 2018)

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Prosecutor v Patrice-Edouard Ngaïssona

Prosecutor v Ngaïssona (Public Redacted Version of “Warrant of Arrest for Patrice-Edouard Ngaïssona”) ICC-01/14-01/18-89-Red (13 December 2018)

Situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Decision assigning the situation in the Democratic Republic of Congo to Pre-Trial Chamber I) ICC-01/04-1 (5 July 2005)

Prosecutor v Bosco Ntaganda

Prosecutor v Ntaganda (Warrant of Arrest) ICC-01/04-02/06-2-Anx-tEN (22 August 2006)

Prosecutor v Ntaganda (Decision on the Prosecution Application for a Warrant of Arrest) ICC-01/04-02/06-1-Red-tENG (6 March 2007)

Prosecutor v Callixte Mbarushimana

Prosecutor v Mbarushimana (Warrant of Arrest for Callixte Mbarushimana) ICC-01/04-01/10-2-tENG (28 September 2010)

Prosecutor v Mbarushimana (Decision on the Prosecutor’s Application for a Warrant of Arrest for Callixte Mbarushimana) ICC‐01/04‐01/10-7 (28 September 2010)

Prosecutor v Mbarushimana (Decision on the confirmation of charges) ICC-01/04-01/10-465-Red (16 December 2011)

Prosecutor v Mbarushimana (Judgment on the appeal of the Prosecutor against the decision of Pre-Trial Chamber I of 16 December 2011 entitled “Decision on the confirmation of charges”) ICC-01/04-01/10-514 (30 May 2012)

Prosecutor v Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui

Prosecutor v Ngudjolo Chui (Warrant of Arrest for Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui) ICC-01/04-01/07-260-tENG (6 July 2007)

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Prosecutor v Ngudjolo Chui (Demande adressée à la république démocratique du Congo en vue d’obtenir l’identification, la localisation, le gel et la saisie des biens et avoirs de Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui) ICC-01/04-01/07-266 (14 November 2007)

Prosecutor v Ngudjolo Chui (Version Publique Expurgée de l’ « Ordonnance relative à l’exécution du mandat d’arrêt à l’encontre de Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui » rendue le 6 juillet 2007) ICC-01/04-01/07-294 (21 February 2008)

Prosecutor v Ngudjolo Chui (Judgment Pursuant to Article 74 of the Statute) ICC-01/04-02/12-3-tENG (18 December 2012)

Prosecutor v Ngudjolo Chui (Decision on the “Requête en indemnisation en application des dispositions de l’article 85(1) et (3) du Statut de Rome”) ICC-01/04-02/12-301-tENG (16 December 2015)

Prosecutor v Sylvestre Mudacumura

Prosecutor v Mudacumura (Decision on the Prosecutor’s Application under Article 58) ICC-01/04-01/12-1-Red (13 July 2012)

Prosecutor v Thomas Lubanga Dyilo

Prosecutor v Lubanga Dyilo (Decision on the Prosecutor’s Application for a warrant of arrest, Article 58) ICC-01/04-01/06-1-Corr-Red (10 February 2006)

Prosecutor v Lubanga Dyilo (Warrant of Arrest) ICC-01/04-01/06-2-tEN (10 February 2006)

Prosecutor v Lubanga Dyilo (Request to the Democratic Republic of the Congo for the purpose of obtaining the identification, tracing, freezing and seizure of property and assets belonging to Mr. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo) ICC-01/04-01/06-22-tEN (9 March 2006)

Prosecutor v Lubanga Dyilo (Request to States Parties to the Rome Statute for the Identification, Tracing and Freezing or Seizure of the Property and Assets of Mr Thomas Lubanga Dyilo) ICC-01/04-01/06-62-tEN (31 March 2006)

Prosecutor v Lubanga Dyilo (Decision on the procedures to be adopted for ex parte proceedings) ICC-01/04-01/06-1058 (6 December 2007)

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Prosecutor v Lubanga Dyilo (Decision Establishing the Principles and Procedures to be Applied to Reparations) ICC-01/04-01/06-2904 (7 August 2012)

Prosecutor v Lubanga Dyilo (Judgment on the appeals against the “Decision establishing the principles and procedures to be applied to reparations” of 7 August 2012 with AMENDED order for reparations (Annex A) and public annexes 1 and 2) ICC-01/04-01/06-3129 (3 March 2015)

Prosecutor v Lubanga Dyilo (Order for Reparations) ICC-01/04-01/06-3129-AnxA (3 March 2015)

Prosecutor v Lubanga Dyilo (Corrected version of the “Decision Setting the Size of the Reparations Award for which Thomas Lubanga Dyilo is Liable”) ICC-01/04-01/06-3379-Red-Corr-tENG (21 December 2017)

Prosecutor v Lubanga Dyilo (Judgment on the appeals against Trial Chamber II’s ‘Decision Setting the Size of the Reparations Award for which Thomas Lubanga Dyilo is Liable’) ICC-01/04-01/06-3466-Red (18 July 2019)

Prosecutor v Germain Katanga

Prosecutor v Katanga (Warrant of Arrest for Germain Katanga) ICC-01/04-01/07-1-tENG (2 July 2007)

Prosecutor v Katanga (Request to the Democratic Republic of the Congo for the purpose of obtaining the identification, tracing, freezing and seizure of the property and assets of Germain Katanga) ICC-01/04-01/07-7-tENG (6 July 2007)

Prosecutor v Katanga (Order on the execution of the warrant of arrest against Germain Katanga) ICC-01/04-01/07-54-tENG (5 November 2007)

Prosecutor v Katanga (Order for Reparations pursuant to Article 75 of the Statute) ICC-01/04-01/07-3728-tENG (24 March 2017)

Prosecutor v Katanga (Public redacted Judgment on the appeals against the order of Trial Chamber II of 24 March 2017 entitled “Order for Reparations pursuant to Article 75 of the Statute”) ICC-01/04-01/07-3778-Red (9 March 2018)

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Situation in the Republic of Kenya

Situation in the Republic of Kenya (Decision Assigning the Situation in the Republic of Kenya to Pre-Trial Chamber II) ICC-01/09-1 (6 November 2009)

Situation in the Republic of Kenya (Request for authorisation of an investigation pursuant to Article 15) ICC-01/09-3 (26 November 2009)

Situation in the Republic of Kenya (Corrigendum of the Decision Pursuant to Article 15 of the Rome Statute on the Authorization of an Investigation into the Situation in the Republic of Kenya) ICC-01/09-19-Corr (30 March 2011)

Prosecutor v Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammed Hussein Ali

Prosecutor v Muthaura, Kenyatta and Ali (Decision on the Prosecutor’s Application for Summonses to Appear for Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammed Hussein Ali) ICC-01/09-02/11-01 (8 March 2011)

Prosecutor v Muthaura, Kenyatta and Ali (Decision Ordering the Registrar to Prepare and Transmit a Request for Cooperation to the Republic of Kenya for the Purpose of Securing the Identification, Tracing and Freezing or Seizure of Property and Assets of Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammed Hussein Ali) ICC-01/09-02/11-42 (5 April 2011)

Prosecutor v Paul Gicheru and Philip Kipkoech Bett

Prosecutor v Gicheru and Bett (Decision on the “Prosecution’s Application under Article 58(1) of the Rome Statute”) ICC-01/09-01/15-1-Red (10 March 2015)

Prosecutor v Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta

Prosecutor v Kenyatta (Submissions of the Government of the Republic of Kenya pursuant to the ‘Order for Submissions on the Implementation of the Request regarding the Freezing of Assets’) ICC-01/09-02/11-923-Conf-Corr (28 May 2014)

Prosecutor v Kenyatta (Decision on the implementation of the request to freeze assets) ICC-01/09-02/11-931 (8 July 2014)

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Prosecutor v Kenyatta (Dissenting Opinion of Judge Henderson) ICC-0l/09-02/11-931-Anx (8 July 2014)

Prosecutor v Kenyatta (Order concerning the public disclosure of confidential information) ICC-01/09-02/11-967 (21 October 2014)

Prosecutor v Walter Osapiri Barasa

Prosecutor v Barasa (Warrant of arrest for Walter Osapiri Barasa) ICC-01/09-01/13-1-Red2 (2 August 2013)

Prosecutor v William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang

Prosecutor v Ruto, Kosgey and Sang (Decision on the Prosecutor’s Application for Summons to Appear for William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang) ICC-01/09-01/11-1 (8 March 2011)

Situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

Situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (Warrant of Arrest for Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar Gaddafi) ICC-01/11-01/11-2 (27 June 2011)

Situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (Warrant of Arrest for Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi) ICC-01/11-01/11-3 (27 June 2011)

Situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (Warrant of Arrest for Abdullah Al-Senussi) ICC-01/11-01/11-4 (27 June 2011)

Prosecutor v Mahmoud Mustafa Busayf Al-Werfalli

Prosecutor v Al-Werfalli (Warrant of Arrest) ICC-01/11-01/17-2 (15 August 2017)

Prosecutor v Al-Werfalli (Second Warrant of Arrest) ICC-01/11-01/17-13 (4 July 2018)

Prosecutor v Al-Tuhamy Mohamed Khaled

Prosecutor v Khaled (Warrant of Arrest for Al-Tuhamy Mohamed Khaled with under seal and ex parte Annex) ICC-01/11-01/13-1 (18 April 2013)

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Situation in the Republic of Mali

Situation in the Republic of Mali (Decision assigning the situation in the Republic of Mali to Pre-Trial Chamber II) ICC-01/12-1 (19 July 2012)

Prosecutor v Al Hassan Ag Abdoul Aziz Ag Mohamed Ag Mahmoud

Prosecutor v Al Hassan (Warrant of Arrest for Al Hassan Ag Abdoul Aziz Ag Mohamed Ag Mahmoud) ICC-01/12-01/18-2-tENG (27 March 2018)

Prosecutor v Ahmad Al Faqi Al Mahdi

Prosecutor v Al Mahdi (Mandat d’arrêt à l’encontre d’Ahmad Al Faqi Al Mahdi) ICC-01/12-01/15-1-Red (18 September 2015)

Prosecutor v Al Mahdi (Reparations Order) ICC-01/12-01/15-236 (17 August 2017)

Prosecutor v Al Mahdi (Public redacted Judgment on the appeal of the victims against the “Reparations Order”) ICC-01/12-01/15-259-Red2 (8 March 2018)

Situation in Uganda

Situation in Uganda (Decision Assigning Situation in Uganda to PTC II) ICC-02/04-1 (5 July 2004)

Situation in Uganda (Warrant of Arrest for Vincent Otti) ICC-02/04-01/05-54 (8 July 2005)

Situation in Uganda (Warrant of Arrest for Raska Lukwiya) ICC-02/04-01/05-55 (8 July 2005)

Situation in Uganda (Warrant of Arrest for Okot Odhiambo) ICC-02/04-01/05-56 (8 July 2005)

Situation in Uganda (Warrant of Arrest for Dominic Ongwen) ICC-02/04-01/05-57 (8 July 2005)

Situation in Uganda (Warrant of Arrest for Joseph Kony Issued on 8 July 2005 as Amended on 27 September 2005) ICC-02/04-01/05-53 (27 September 2005)

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Redacted

Prosecutor v [Redacted] (Judgment on the appeal of the Prosecutor against the decision of [REDACTED]) ICC-ACRed-01/16 (15 February 2016)

International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)

Prosecutor v Milošević and others (Decision on Review of Indictment and Application for Consequential Orders) ICTY-02-54 (24 May 1999)

Prosecutor v Tadić (Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction) ICTY-94-1 (2 October 1995)

International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)

Miscellaneous–Kabuga Family (Appeal of the Family of Felicien Kabuga against Decisions of the Prosecutor and President of the Tribunal) ICTR-01-A (22 November 2002)

Prosecutor v Musema (Decision on an Application by African Concern for Leave to Appear as Amicus Curiae) ICTR-96-13-T (17 March 1999)

Prosecutor v Bagosora and others (Decision on Amicus Curiae Request by African Concern) ICTR-98-41-T (23 March 2004)

International Military Tribunal (IMT)

Judgment of the Nuremberg International Military Tribunal 1946 (1947) 41 American Journal of International Law 172

U.S. Military Tribunals

Judgment of 31 July 1948, in Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10, vol IX (United States Government Printing Office 1950)

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Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL)

Prosecutor v Norman and others (Norman – Decision on Inter Partes Motion by Prosecution to Freeze the Account of the Accused Sam Hinga Norman at Union Trust Bank (Sl) Limited or at Any Other Bank in Sierra Leone) SCSL-04-14-PT (19 April 2004)

Prosecutor v Sesay and others (Judgement) SCSL-04-15-T (2 March 2009)

Prosecutor v Taylor (Principal Defender’s Determination of Mr. Charles Ghankay Taylor’s Indigence) SCSL-03-01-I-85 (3 April 2006)

Domestic Courts

England and Wales

R v Waterfield (17 February 1975)

Italy

Corte di Appello di Roma (19 July 2012) Ordinanza N 4/12 RGIE

United States of America

Kaley v United States 134 S Ct 1090 (2014)

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