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Alluvial, Aeolian and Lacustrine Evidence for Climatic and Flow

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Alluvial, Aeolian and Lacustrine Evidence for Climatic and Flow University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2002 Alluvial, aeolian and lacustrine evidence for climatic and flow regime changes over the past 250 ka, Cooper Creek near Innamincka, South Australia Maria Coleman University of Wollongong Recommended Citation Coleman, Maria, Alluvial, aeolian and lacustrine evidence for climatic and flow regime changes over the past 250 ka, Cooper Creek near Innamincka, South Australia, Doctor of Philosophy thesis, School of Geosciences, University of Wollongong, 2002. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/1963 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] ALLUVIAL, AEOLIAN AND LACUSTRINE EVIDENCE FOR CLIMATIC AND FLOW REGIME CHANGES OVER THE PAST 250 KA, COOPER CREEK NEAR INNAMINCKA, SOUTH AUSTRALIA A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY from UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG by Maria Coleman BEnvSc(Hons), MSc(Hons) School of Geosciences 2002 i DEDICATION Moje roditeli su dosli u Australia bez nista i ostavili su meni puno. Bez nji nebi imala priliku da radim ovaj doctorat i da imam ovaj zivot ovdi. Moj otac je uvjek kazo kad sam dila mala da cu bit doktor. Moja mama opet je uvjek mi kazala da radim sta volim samo da budem zadovoljna sa zivot. Ovaj doctorat je za moj pokonji otac, Gabriel Halili, i pokonja mama, Manda Halili. Volim vas obadvojme jako puno sa sve moj srce. Hvala. DECLARATION I declare that this thesis is a report of research work carried out by me and has not been submitted in any form for a higher degree at any other university. Information obtained from the published or unpublished work of others has been acknowledged. Maria Coleman 2002 iii ABSTRACT Cooper Creek at Innamincka in South Australia is one of very few places where evidence of palaeoclimatic history from the Quaternary Period is preserved in at least three stratigraphic settings; fluvial, aeolian and lacustrine. The significance of this study location is enhanced firstly because here this semi-arid to arid partly tropical catchment has a drainage area of nearly 237 000 km2 and therefore constitutes a very significant portion of the 1.3 million km2 Lake Eyre basin, Australia's largest dryland drainage system. Secondly, and very unusually for such a large river system, the flow of the Cooper at Innamincka bifurcates; north to Coongie Lakes, west towards Lake Eyre, and south down Strzelecki Creek and into the Lake Frome basin. This study attempts to reconstruct the palaeoenvironmental Quaternary history of a complex system of dividing drainage. Sixty nine thermoluminescence dates and numerous stratigraphic and sedimentological analyses, including particle size, mineral content, and petrographic and scanning electron microscopy, reveal interacting depositional conditions in alluvial (channel and overbank), aeolian (source-bordering and longitudinal dune) and lacustrine (lunette) environments, information that provides an improved understanding of Australian Quaternary climatic and flow-regime changes in central Australia. These results point to a progressive but probably oscillating drying trend on Cooper Creek during the Mid to Late Quaternary. The oldest dated alluvium near Innamincka suggests extensive fluvial activity at about 250 ka to 230 ka (OI Stages 7/8), some of it well away from the existing channel. In agreement with work done by others further upstream on Cooper Creek, there appears after this to have been a period of reduced fluvial activity until extensive channels operated again along both Cooper and Strzelecki Creeks during the middle of OI Stage 6. This was followed by another probable hiatus until OI Stage 5 when significant fluvial activity was this time associated with the development of source-bordering dunes adjacent to palaeochannels on Cooper Creek, and with the formation lunettes in the Coongie Lakes region. Pronounced fluvial activity appears to have continued through to OI Stage 4, ceasing at locations other than near the existing channel of Cooper Creek by about 60 ka to 52 ka. While Cooper Creek had sufficient power to continue to iv slowly migrate in the vicinity of its present channel from about 55 ka until the LGM, the region was clearly significantly drier and less fluvially active from early OI Stage 3 to the present. Source-bordering dunes dating at 40 ka to 25 ka do not correspond to older adjacent palaeochannels on Cooper Creek (the youngest dating at -52 ka) and therefore suggest substantial aeolian reworking in OI Stages 3 and 2. Cooper Creek beyond the Innamincka Dome ceased to transport any significant sand at around the LGM. Only within the flow-confining and thereby stream-power amplifying effect of the Dome is there evidence on Cooper Creek of a final period of enhanced fluvial activity in the Early to Mid Holocene. However, it appears that Strzelecki Creek remained fluvially active even after the LGM, transporting clean channel sands at 15 ka to 10 ka. The accumulated dune ages from this study indicate a pronounced period of aeolian activity from the LGM to the present, initially with the reworking of existing source-bordering dunes but then, particularly during the Holocene, with the extension northwards of derivative longitudinal dunes. There appears to have been two stages of longitudinal dune formation in the Strzelecki dunefield: 16 ka to 9 ka and 5 ka to 1 ka, probably signifying two periods of local dryness and windiness. Lacustrine lunettes were reworked from older lunettes in the Coongie Lakes region during the Holocene providing further evidence for the region as a whole becoming drier. Cooper Creek and Strzelecki Creek near Innamincka became a low-energy largely mud-transporting system from the Mid Holocene, vastly different to their Mid to Late Pleistocene precursors. V ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many people have assisted in the preparation of this thesis with helpful discussion, criticism, assistance and support, without whom this thesis would not have been possible. These include: Professor Gerald Nanson (University of Wollongong) for his critical comments of drafts, encouragement, guidance, digging the Tilcha Waterhole section 'in his younger years' and providing me with a scholarship from his research grant. Associate Professor Brian Jones (University of Wollongong) for helping me out with fieldwork, laboratory work, editing and critical feedback on sedimentological work. David Price (University of Wollongong) for conducting all those TL dates and reminding me that I have beaten the postgraduate TL record at the University. Also, special thanks to Jose Abrantes for his assistance with the TL dating, encouragement and friendship through both good and difficult times. Santos (Moomba) Ltd for allowing me the use of their facilities while conducting fieldwork. Allan Mauger (Mines and Energy South Australia) for the remote sensing images used in this thesis. Greg Campbell (Landcare Manager, Kidman and Company) for his friendly advice and access to Kidman property. Graham and Marie Morton from Innamincka Homestead, Pam Reik from Merty Merty Homestead and Mick Brazel from Gidgealpa Homestead, thankyou for allowing access to your properties, advice and hospitality. Department of Environment and Natural Resources Port Augusta for allowing me to conduct work in National Parks areas. David Carrie (University of Wollongong) for preparing thin sections and conducting the X-ray diffraction. Many thanks goes to my field assistants and friends including: Roger Callen, David Kennedy, Terrence Coleman, Geoff Black, Jerry Maroulis, Jenny Atchinson, John Leake, Stephen Tooth, Lynne McCarthy, Sue and Paul Brown, Tim Cohen, Sue Murray, Sue Fyfe, Rachel Nanson, Tim Pietch and Ingrid Wotton. Finally, and by no means least, I wish to thank my mother Manda Halili and husband Terrence Coleman for their unconditional support, encouragement and love since I started university. I will always be in your debt. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION I DECLARATION D ABSTRACT m ACKNOWLEDGMENTS V TABLE OF CONTENTS VI LIST OF TABLES X LIST OF FIGURES XI CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 CONTEXT OF THESIS 1 1.1.1 Quaternary Palaeoenvironmental Reconstruction of the Australian Arid-Zone 1 1.1.2 Lake Eyre Basin 6 1.2 AIMS 7 1.3 THESIS OUTLINE 8 CHAPTER 2 GEOLOGICAL EVOLUTION AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE LAKE EYRE DRAINAGE BASIN 9 2.1 INTRODUCTION 9 2.2 GOELOGICAL EVOLUTION 9 2.2.1 Warburton Basin (Early Palaeozoic) 9 2.2.2 Cooper, Pedirka and Simpson Basins (Carboniferous-Triassic) 12 2.2.3 Eromanga Basin (Early Jurassic-Late Cretaceous) 15 2.2.4 Stratigraphy of the Lake Eyre Basin 17 2.2.4.1 Phase 1: Late Paleocene to Middle Eocene 20 2.2.4.2 Phase 2: Late Oligocene? to Early Miocene 21 2.2.4.3 Phase 3: Pliocene? to Quaternary 22 2.3 REGIONAL SETTING OF THE STUDY AREA 25 2.3.1 Cooper Creek and Strzelecki Creek 25 2.3.2 Innamincka Dome and Cooper Creek 'Fan' 26 2.3.3 The Gibber Plains 27 2.3.4 Simpson/Strzelecki Dunefield 28 2.3.4.1 Morphology, Sedimentology, Chronology and Provenance of the Dunefield 28 2.3.5 Coongie Lakes 35 2.4 CLIMATE 38 2.5 HYDROLOGY 44 2.6 VEGETATION 48 2.7 SOITS 49 vii CHAPTER 3 A REVIEW OF QUATERNARY CLIMATIC OSCILLATIONS WITH SPECIFIC REFERENCE TO AUSTRALIAN QUATERNARY TERRESTRIAL RECORDS 51 3.1 INTRODUCTION 51 3.2 GROWTH OF ANTARCTIC ICECAP AND DECLINING TEMPERATURE 54 3.3 CLIMATIC EVENTS FROM THE CHINESE LOESS DEPOSITS, NORTH ATLANTIC SEDIMENTS
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