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Biodiversity, Guild Structure and Vertical Stratification of Spiders in Soybean Ecosystem

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Biodiversity, Guild Structure and Vertical Stratification of Spiders in Soybean Ecosystem Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2019; 7(6): 1002-1004 E-ISSN: 2320-7078 P-ISSN: 2349-6800 Biodiversity, guild structure and vertical JEZS 2019; 7(6): 1002-1004 © 2019 JEZS stratification of spiders in soybean ecosystem Received: 01-09-2019 Accepted: 03-10-2019 Lokesh Kumar Meena Lokesh Kumar Meena and Amar Nath Sharma Department of Crop Protection, Entomology section, ICAR- Abstract Indian Institute of Soybean Research, Indore, A total of 238 individuals of 14 families viz., Amaurobiidae, Araneidae, Clubionidae, Gnaphosidae, Madhya Pradesh, India Linyphiidae, Lycosidae, Miturgidae, Oxyopidae, Philodromidae, Salticidae, Thomisidae, Pisauridae, Scytodidae and Hersiliidae of spiders were found in Kharif 2018. The highest number of individuals was Amar Nath Sharma found of family, salticidae (37) followed by Thompisidae (35). There were 6 guilds viz., Orb weavers, Department of Crop Protection, Stalkers, Sheet webs, Ambushers, Ground runner and Foliage runner were found of spiders based on Entomology section, ICAR- identified spider families. The highest number of individuals belong to the Ground runner guild (60) Indian Institute of Soybean followed by Ambushers (58). The spiders of soybean ecosystem were divided into 5 vertical strata viz., Research, Indore, <15 cm, 16-30 cm, 31-45 cm, 46-60 cm and > 60 cm based on their activity and foraging behaviours with Madhya Pradesh, India respect of relative height of soybean plant. Lycosidae, Gnaphosidae, Linyphiidae, Amaurobiidae Hersiliidae and Salticidae were abundantly present at <15 cm height from soil surface. Philodromidae, Clubionidae Miturgidae, Oxyopidae and Scytodidae > Hersiliidae > Pisauridae were abundantly presented at 16-30 cm height. Araneidae was abundantly presented at 46-60 cm and >60 cm height. This research will prove very fruitful for identification, conservation and enhancement of spiders of soybean ecosystem and explore the potential of spiders in biological control. Keywords: Biodiversity, guild, vertical stratification, spiders, soybean 1. Introduction The commercial cultivation of soybean in India has been done since last four decades. Its area has been increased from 30 thousand hectares to 125 lakhs hectares. It is a spectacular example of increase in cultivated area of soybean in a short period of time. Soybean seed contains 40% protein and 20% oil and it is one of the most economical source of good quality proteins. It also contains many minerals and useful nutraceuticals like isoflavins. Therefore, the crop has a good potential for nutritional security. But now soybean crop is infesting more kinds of insect- pests. They can reduce 25-30% yield of crop. The chemical control gives satisfactory results but indiscriminate and repetitive use and higher dose of same insecticides leads to appearance of insecticides resistance, pest resurgence due to killing of natural enemies, pesticide residues in soybean, soil and its products like oil and other food materials. To control them various control measures are available. Biological control/natural control is one of them. Spiders have great role in soybean insect-pests biological control/natural control. Soybean crop micro climate is very favourable for spider multiplication and associated many kinds of spider species. In the present study biodiversity of soybean spiders, their guild structure and vertical stratification have been done. For this an experiment was conducted at ICAR-Indian Institute of soybean research, Indore (Madhya Pradesh)-India in Kharif-2018 with Randomized Block Design (RBD). The plot size was 9 rows of 5 meter length. The diversity, density, population dynamics, guild structure and distribution in field of spiders are important in the implementation of integrated pest management system (IPM). The spider exhibit extremely high diversity, good resistant to insecticides, easily acclimatize to new climate, very less susceptibility to changing climate scenario and are the dominant insectivores in many terrestrial cropping ecosystems. They feed exclusively on insects and are of economic value to [7] Corresponding Author: man because of their ability to suppress pest abundance in agro-ecosystems . In spite of this, Lokesh Kumar Meena they have not usually been treated as an important biological control agent because very little Department of Crop Protection, is known of the ecological role of spiders in pest control [9]. A very few studies have been Entomology section, ICAR- conducted on the spider fauna of the soybean fields in India, only most of the researches made Indian Institute of Soybean only name of one or two species of spiders for seasonal incidence purpose of natural enemies Research, Indore, [1, 3, 12] Madhya Pradesh, India or management purpose of insect-pests of soybean . ~ 1002 ~ Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies http://www.entomoljournal.com Studies on the biodiversity, taxonomy, ecology and behaviour each 3 species; Oxyopidae, Pholcidae and Gnaphosidae each and conservation and enhancement of spiders are very scanty. 2 species and Sparassidae and Hersiliidae each 1 species [11]. So, to bridge this some gap, we have chosen the research The family Araneidae (27.65) harboured highest population investigation on the topic entitled “Biodiversity, guild followed by two famiies Pholcidae (24.42), Herisilindae structure and vertical stratification of spiders in soybean (17.51) and the least number of spiders recorded under the ecosystem”. family Oxypoidae (15.67) and Tetragnathidae (14.75) [6]. 2. Materials and methods Table 1: Spider fauna of soybean ecosystem This study was done at ICAR-Indian Institute of soybean Sr. no. Family No. of individuals belong to family research, Indore (Madhya Pradesh)-India in Kharif-2018. For 1 Amaurobiidae 10 (4.20%) observations the soybean crop was grown in the field with 2 Araneidae 12 (5.04%) Randomized Block Design (RBD). The plot size was 9 rows 3 Clubionidae 15 (6.30%) of 5 meter length. In each plot three places of 1x1 m2 area was 4 Gnaphosidae 25 (10.50%) marked for observations and collections of spiders. For 5 Linyphiidae 23 (9.66%) collection of spiders we followed beating and shaking, hand 6 Lycosidae 31 (13.03%) picking and net sweeping methods. To avoid edge effect 1 7 Miturgidae 11 (4.62%) meter distance was kept from border of each border plot. The 8 Oxyopidae 9 (3.78%) area around each plant was searched for possible webs and the 9 Philodromidae 21 (8.82%) plants were thoroughly examined from the bottom to the top 10 Salticidae 37 (15.55%) and on leaves and flowers for spiders. Specimens from each 11 Thomisidae 35 (14.71%) place were preserved in 75% ethyl alcohol in the field and 12 Pisauridae 2 (0.84%) counted and studied under a stereo-zoom microscope (Leica- 13 Scytodidae 4 (1.68%) MC170). Four-five sweeps were performed lengthways along 14 Hersiliidae 3 (1.27%) Total 238 a row in every fortnight for collection of spiders. Identification of spiders were done up to family level with the 3.2 Guild structure of spider fauna of soybean ecosystem help of available literature [2, 10]. There were 6 guilds viz., Orb weavers, Stalkers, Sheet webs, Ambushers, Ground runner and Foliage runner were found of 3. Results and Discussion spiders based on identified spider families. Orb weavers 3.1 Diversity of spider fauna of soybean ecosystem included Araneidae and Amaurobiidae families of spiders, A total of 238 individuals of 14 families of spiders were Stalkers Oxyopidae and Salticidae, Sheet webs Amaurobiidae, found in Kharif 2018. These 14 families were, Amaurobiidae, Linyphiidae and Clubionidae, Ambushers Philodromidae, Araneidae, Clubionidae, Gnaphosidae, Linyphiidae, Pisauridae and Thomisidae, Ground runner Lycosidae, Lycosidae, Miturgidae, Oxyopidae, Philodromidae, Gnaphosidae and Scytodidae and Foliage runner, Salticidae, Thomisidae, Pisauridae, Scytodidae and Clubionidae, Miturgidae and Hersiliidae. The highest Hersiliidae. The highest number of individuals was found of numbers of individuals belong to the Ground runner guild family, salticidae (37) which shares 15.55% followed by (60) which shares 22.81% followed by Ambushers (58) shares Thompisidae (35) shares 14.71% of total populations of 22.05%. Rest of the belong to different guilds were given in spiders. Rest of the individuals belong to different families descending order below- Sheet webs (48) > Stalkers (46) > were given in descending order below- Lycosidae (31) > Foliage runner (29) > Orb weavers (22) (Table 2). In a study Gnaphosidae (25) > Linyphiidae (23) > Philodromidae (21) > on ecological guilds of spiders, Orb weavers (44.34%) formed Clubionidae (15) > Araneidae (12) > Miturgidae (11) > the most dominant guild followed by ground runners (28.8%), Amaurobiidae (10) > Oxyopidae (9) > Scytodidae (4) > Stalkers (16.58%), foliage runners (4.86%), ambusers Hersiliidae (3) > Pisauridae (2) (Table 1). In a study at Uttar (4.76%) and space builders (0.67%) [8]. In another study 9 Pradesh of a total of 4 districts viz. Gorakhpur, Kushinagar, ecological guilds of spiders were classified based on their Maharajganj and Siddharthnagar 13,662 individuals were foraging mode i.e., Orb weavers, Stalkers, Sheet webs, collected. The most dominant family in terms of species was Ambushers, Ground runner, Other hunters, Space web Araneidae (31) followed by Tetragnathidae (10), Salticidae builders, Sensing web weavers and Foliage runner [5]. (9), Lycosidae (8), Thomisidae, Clubionidae and Theridiidae Table 2: Guild structure of spiders of soybean ecosystem Sr. no. Guild
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