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Adaptation As Governmentality: the Case of the Ada Sea Defense System in the Volta River Delta of Ghana

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Adaptation As Governmentality: the Case of the Ada Sea Defense System in the Volta River Delta of Ghana University of South Carolina Scholar Commons Theses and Dissertations 2017 Climate Change (Mal)Adaptation as Governmentality: The aC se of the Ada Sea Defense System in the Volta River Delta of Ghana Kwame Ntiri Owusu-Daaku University of South Carolina Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd Part of the Geography Commons Recommended Citation Owusu-Daaku, K. N.(2017). Climate Change (Mal)Adaptation as Governmentality: The Case of the Ada Sea Defense System in the Volta River Delta of Ghana. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/4280 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you by Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CLIMATE CHANGE (M AL )ADAPTATION AS GOVERNMENTALITY : THE CASE OF THE ADA SEA DEFENSE SYSTEM IN THE VOLTA RIVER DELTA OF GHANA by Kwame Ntiri Owusu-Daaku Bachelor of Science Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, 2009 Master of Science University of Iowa, 2013 Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geography College of Arts and Sciences University of South Carolina 2017 Accepted by: Edward R. Carr, Major Professor Kirstin Dow, Committee Member Jessica E. Barnes, Committee Member Payal P. Shah, Committee Member Cheryl L. Addy, Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School © Copyright by Kwame Ntiri Owusu-Daaku, 2017 All Rights Reserved. ii DEDICATION For my wife, Ama Kesewaa Owusu-Daaku “Many women do noble things, but you surpass them all” Proverbs 31:29 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thank you GOD – Father, Son, and Holy Spirit for bringing me thus far. I know completing this document and all it brings is only the beginning of bringing glory to you and proclaiming your Name in all the earth. I am excited for what you have in store. To my wife, “Nyameama” Ama Kesewaa – thank you. Only you and GOD fully know what great personal cost and sacrifice my doing this PhD has caused you. I will always be grateful for you encouraging me to pursue my goal of getting a PhD and then quitting your job as a civil engineer, and moving to the US while I finished. I am grateful for every prodding question, all the helpful insight, the countless prayers and encouragement (especially when I had to do revisions), and all the formatting, transcribing and re-formatting (I know how much you hate doing double-work). It is my prayer that this PhD and all its benefits are as much yours, as they are mine. To my advisor, Dr. Edward R. Carr – when I say you are the world’s best advisor, you know I am not simply being facetious. That statement rings true in every sense – from teaching me both what and not what to do as a professor. I am thankful for your mentorship and now friendship. I couldn’t have asked for a better advisor and example. I am grateful GOD brought me your way and I look forward to collaborating further. To my dissertation and comprehensive exam committee members, Drs. Kirstin Dow, Jessica Barnes, Payal Shah, and Amy Mills – thank you so much for your input into my scholarship. To Drs Dow, Barnes, and Shah – thank you for the revisions. In as much as I hated having to do them I am grateful for them because they speak to the potential iv you see in me and my scholarship and I appreciate all the time you invested into my work. To Dr. Mills – thank you for your kindness, availability, and insight. To all my friends and colleagues throughout my PhD – if I fail to mention your name, please forgive me. It is not for lack of appreciation – only a lack of space. First off, to all the original members of HURDL at USC: Tshitshi Kalala, Daniel Abrahams and Dr. Sheila Navalia Onzere. Thank you for making my time at USC bearable and sometimes outright fun – and being brave enough to try gari “soakings” at least once. To the successor of my basement desk and household item bequeather, Holly Smith - I am so grateful for your friendship and I cannot wait to read all the wonderful research stemming from your time in Jordan. To all my colleagues who either finished before me or whom I left behind: Andrea Warren, Dr. Benjamin Haywood, Dr. Ronnie Schumann, Aashka Patel, Chris Kaase, Chris Witt, Leslie Parker, Kim Rodgers, Adam Ereth, Dr. Alexandria McCombs, Erika Chin, Rachel Reeves, Alysha Baratta, Sumi Selvaraj, Beth Nelson, Khai Ngyuyen, Mayra Roman-Rivera, and Angela Seidler – I am grateful for every conversation, every cry, and every laugh. My life is so much richer for having met you all. A special shout-out to my older “siblings”, Dr. Mary Thompson-Hall, Dr. Bob Greeley, and Manali Baruah - I appreciated sharing an advisor and being able to glean insights from your own work and experience. To all the other faculty and staff of Geography at South Carolina, especially Drs. Greg Carbone, Connor Harrison, Jean Ellis Taylor, Catoline Nagel; Capers Stokes, Elizabeth Belcher, Pamela Osman, Lauren Parker, Edith Pietrykowski - thank you for every guidance and support. To my “posse”, Janae Davis and Alex Moulton at Clark University - thank y’all so much for every “nerd- out” session and the ability to talk about theory-informed-practice-relevant-research with v such abandon. Thank you Stephen Kofi Diko, “my partner in crime” all throughout my graduate school experience – both in my Masters and my PhD, for creating all those wonderful maps and working (and attempting to work) on so many projects together. You are such a great collaborator. To all my family and friends – my parents: Dr Kofi and Prof. Frances Owusu- Daaku, my siblings: Ofosu and Ofosua, my in-laws: “Ma” Mercy Agyemang, Dr. Kwaku, Priscilla, and Kofi Amoah-Duah (Kofi, you have brought so much joy into our lives), Akua Boatemaa Duah, Akosua “Bɔmmɔden” Gyamfuah Duah, my One Ancient Hope Presbyterian Church family, my RUF-Iowa friends, my Intervarsity friends at Iowa and South Carolina, my Columbia Evangelical Church family (most especially Dr. Charles Davies – I can’t even begin to imagine what our time in Columbia would have been like if GOD had not brought us into your life), my Riverside Community Church family (particularly the Waldens, the Rosewood/Shandon Small Group, and the Gregorys), the Akotos, and our Bible study at Abberly Village Apartments (we are so glad we met y’all) - thank you for every prayer, every request for a progress update (especially when you barely understood what I was saying), and every form of support. I am finally grateful to the Presidential Fellowship which brought me to USC and the research funding provided by Ceny Walker Graduate Fellowship, SPARC, Borlaug LEAP and DECCMA. To my research assistant and translator- Samuel Kugblenu- this research is truly an example of “co-production”. Thank you for your assistance and fieldwork company. Lastly, to the people living along the Ada Sea Defense System – thank you for allowing me to share your stories. I pray your stories leave the pages of this dissertation to effect a change in your world you so willingly shared with me. vi ABSTRACT River deltas are complex natural environments that represent a confluence of many physical, biological and human processes vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. The likely biophysical impacts of climate change on deltas have received substantial attention. However, relatively little attention has been paid to the ways in which the different stakeholders of deltaic environments frame the vulnerability of residents of deltas to climate change. The Volta River Delta (VRD) of Ghana is a compelling site in which to conduct such an examination because of the clear climate- related changes taking place in the Delta, and the fact that like many major delta areas in the world, the VRD is at the end of a managed river system heavily influenced by an upstream dam. This study aims to further our understanding of how the identification of climate- related vulnerabilities, and the selection of interventions to address those vulnerabilities, can result in unintended outcomes that enhance, instead of ameliorate, vulnerabilities related to climate change, but also proceeding from other sources. It does so by applying the theoretical framework of governmentality in examining the different positions of various actors relative to the Ada Sea Defense System (AdSDS) in order to understand how the perceptions of these actors construct the vulnerability of a particular place and its population to the impacts of climate change, identify sea defense systems (SDS) as an adaptation to climate change, and understand, experience, and respond to the outcomes of that sea defense system – particularly outcomes one could consider as maladaptive. vii This exploration of vulnerability and adaptation to coastal erosion in the VRD demonstrates that the complex environments of river deltas require multidimensional approaches through which to attempt to trace observed processes of (mal)adaptation and give reason for the outcomes, good and bad, that result. This dissertation contributes to this process – in particular the politics of adaptation; and how an analysis of such politics can assist in our understanding of maladaptation. Such understanding can enable future adaptation decisions that promote the sustainability and well-being of coastal populations in Ghana and beyond. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication .........................................................................................................................
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