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Habitat Utilization and Seasonal Movements of Black Bears in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park

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Habitat Utilization and Seasonal Movements of Black Bears in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 12-1983 Habitat Utilization and Seasonal Movements of Black Bears in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park Patrick C. Carr University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the Animal Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Carr, Patrick C., "Habitat Utilization and Seasonal Movements of Black Bears in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 1983. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/2500 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Patrick C. Carr entitled "Habitat Utilization and Seasonal Movements of Black Bears in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Master of Science, with a major in Wildlife and Fisheries Science. Michael R. Pelton, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Ralph W. Dimmick, Boyd L. Dearden, Edward R. Buckner Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis wr itten by Patrick C. Carr entitled "Habitat Utilization and Seasonal Movements of Black Bears in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park ." I have ex amined the final copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for th e degree of Master of Science, with a major in Wildlife and Fisheries Science. - /'• ' \) , \1kv.\� K, 3� 'te=) Michael R. Pelton/ Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Accepted for th e Council: HAB ITAT UTILIZAT ION AND SEASONAL MOVEMENTS OF BLACK BEARS IN THE GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS NATIONAL PARK A Thesis Presented for the Ma ster of Science Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Patrick C. Carr December 1983 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my major professor and friend , Dr . Michael R. Pelton , who provided assistance throughout the project . I am grateful to my committee , Drs . Ralph Dimmick, Boyd Dearden , and Edward Buckner , who offered valuable insights and reviewed the manuscript . I would also like to thank Drs . William Sanders and Alan Lasater who assisted with statistics and Virginia Patterson and Melinda Pollard (UTCC) for their computer assistance. I am deeply indebted to many friends who assisted with field work , procedural complications , and data conversion , including A. Rabinowitz , H. Quigley , K. Johnson , G. Wathen , C. Villarrubia , C. Rae , G. Varlan , B. Hastings , T. Potts , M. Reeves, P. Springer , R. Strong , T. Waldrop , B. Nottingham , and P. Petko-Seus , and especially D. Dell , whose assistance was invaluable , and M. Gudlin , who contributed greatly in the final stages . I would like to thank Gary Alt , who gave me a beginning on bear research and I am especially grateful to Steve Garris , who of ed so much of his time and energies assisting me while carrying out his own project . A special thanks to Sue Handley and Connie Varlan , who provided a me al and words of encouragement when times were tough and not so tough . I also would like to thank Dr. Henry Coleman and the Emery Air Freight Educational Foundation for the assistance iii they provided in the form of a scholarship; Stu Coleman and Bill Cook, GSMNP; Dick Conley , TWRA; Chris Eager, Uplands Research Lab; and pilots Dick Stark (TWRAl, Bob Schoen, and Bill Kindy . Janet Ralston assisted with the figures and Kati Herrington ty ped the final draft. Finally , to my family , thank you from my heart. My mom and dad provided much needed encouragement and financial support. My brothers and sisters (Marty , Rita, and especially Mary and Tim) helped me throughout my project, from beginning to end, and to them I dedicate this thesis. This study was financed by Mcintire- Stennis Project No. 27 of the Agricultural Experim ent Station, Department of Forestry , Wildlife, and Fisheries, The University of Tennessee, Knox ville, and the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency . iv ABSTRACT A radiotelemetry study to determine seasonal movements and habitat utilization of black bears (Ursus americanusl in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park was undertaken from June 1980 to May 1982. Annual home range size in a year of poor hard mast production was 119 km2 and 13 km2 for males and females , respectively , and 36 km2 and 6 km2 in a year of good hard mast production . Bear movements were governed by seasona l food availability . Bears exhibited an affinity to s ummer home ranges but traveled to widely dispersed fall ranges. Seasonal range shifts were more evident in year s of poor hard mast than good hard mast . Eleven of 14 radioco llared bears traveled extensively in fall 1980, a poor mast year . Three of 6 females and every one of 8 males traveled to various parts of North Carolina; bears spent time in the Park , the Cherokee National Forest, the Nantahala National Forest , and pr ivate lands adjoining these federal lands . Three males were killed illegally , 1 was hunter-harvested , and the 7 other bears returned to the study area from fall 1980 ranges . Only 1 bear traveled widely in fall 1981, and no radiocollared bears were killed. Bears used different forest cover types non-randomly during different seasons . Oak forests are extreme ly important to bear survival in the Southern Appalachians. Abundant spring fruits, summ er berries , and fall hard ma st make the oak types critical habitat for v bears . Bears regularly crossed roads and trails and used areas around roads and trails according to their spatial arrangement in their home ranges . Limiting road access into bear range is important to bear survival . vi TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION ...................................• 1 II. STUDY AREA .•.......••......•........•..•........ 4 III . METHODS AND MATERIALS •. 11 Capture •...•. ..• 11 Radiotelemetry .. 11 Data analysis .• 14 Sex and age groups . 14 Seasons •• 15 Activity . 15 Movements . 15 Seasonal movements . 16 Home range ••....•.. lEi Habitat utilization .. 17 IV . RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . 18 Activity ..•• 20 Home range. 24 Dispersal ... 34 Daily movements . 36 Seasonal movements .• 40 Extensive movements . 45 Habitat utilization . 51 Use of roads ...•...••• 62 V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUS IONS. .......... • . • • . • . 66 LITERA.TURE CITED ....•.....•....•.... .................. 70 APPEND ICES ......•..............•...................... 73 APPEND IX A. • . 79 APPEND IX B •• 80 APPENDIX c. 85 APPEND IX D •• 87 APPEND IX E. 93 APPEND IX F. 94 VITA . 9 5 vii LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 1. Forest types and their important trees and shrubs in the GS�P . 8 2 2. Seasonal and annual home range sizes (km ) of black bear s in the GS�P , 1980-81 •....•.•.... 26 2 3. Annual home range sizes (km ) for black bears in North America. • • • . • . • . • • • • • • . • • . • . 27 4. Summer , fall, and annual home range sizes (km2 ) of 7 black bears in the GSMNP monitored in 1980 and 1981 ..•••.•.•....••••..••• 33 5. Daily movement (km) of black bears in the GSMNP , 1980-81 .•....•..•.................•...... 37 6. Distance (km) between sequential daily locations , one day apart , for black bears in the GSMNP , 1980-81 ••••.•...•..••.•.•.•.•..... 39 7. Distance (km) between seasonal activity centers for black bears in the GS�P , 1980-81 ... 42 8. Timing of fall movements by black bears in the GSMNP, 19 8 0 • . • • • • . • • • • . • • . • . • • • • . 4 4 9. Extensive movements by black bears in the GSMNP, 19 8 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • . • 4 7 10. Forest type utilization by black bear s in the GSMNP , 1980-82 ....... .......•....•....... 53 11. Forest type utilization by black bears in spring ranges in the GS�P , 1981-82 ...•......... 56 12. Forest type utilization by black bear s in summer ranges in the GSMNP , 1980-81 .••.......... 58 13. Forest type utilization by black bear s in fall ranges in the GS�P , 19 80 vs . 1981 .......•. 60 14 . Frequency at which black bears crossed different structures during 1980-82 .•...•.....•. 64 15. Utilization of the area within 200 m of trails , roads , and powerlines by black bears in the GSMNP , 1980-82 ............•••...•.. 65 viii TABLE PAGE 16 . Hourly movements (km/hr ) when simultaneous activity readings were taken by different recorders during 24-hour tracking sessions .•••....••..•••....•...•....•.. 79 17. Simultaneous activity readings taken by different recorders during 24-hour sessJ..ons ....................................... 79 18 . Capture information for black bears in the Bunker Hill area of the GSMNP, 1980-81 ......................................... 80 19 . Seasonal and annual home range sizes for individual black bears in the - GSMNP, 1980-82 ..•..•.... ....•...•...........•... 85 20 . Comparison of 1980 and 1981 trapping success in Bunker Hill area, GSMNP.•. .••.. .•••.. 93 21 . 95 % confidence
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