Esc Key Indicators Key Indicators for Clean Air, Clean Land and Clean Water for Assessment of Cities for the 3Rd
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ANNEX C – ESC KEY INDICATORS KEY INDICATORS FOR CLEAN AIR, CLEAN LAND AND CLEAN WATER FOR ASSESSMENT OF CITIES FOR THE 3RD ASEAN CERTIFICATES OF RECOGNITION 2017 COUNTRY: Please fill information only in one of the thematic areas that the city is nominated for either Clean Air, Clean Water, or Clean Land. A. Clean Air City: Province: Category: Big cities (population of 750,000 – 1,500,000) Small cities (population of 20,000 to 750,000) No. Indicators Please fill here Measures 1. Number of days in a year that Pollutant nd < 15 Standards Index (PSI) exceeded 100 15 ≤ nd < 30 (‘unhealthy’) using USEPA standard 30 ≤ nd < 45 45 ≤ nd < 60 60 ≤ nd < 90 90 ≤ nd ≤ 120 120 ≤ nd ≤ 150 nd > 150 2. Number of days in a year ambient 4 key parameters (CO, SO2, NO2, PM10) levels exceeded the USEPA air quality standards Number of days in a year for CO levels nd < 15 15 ≤ nd < 30 30 ≤ nd < 45 45 ≤ nd < 60 60 ≤ nd < 90 90 ≤ nd ≤ 120 120 ≤ nd ≤ 150 nd > 150 Number of days in a year for SO2 levels nd < 15 15 ≤ nd < 30 30 ≤ nd < 45 45 ≤ nd < 60 60 ≤ nd < 90 90 ≤ nd ≤ 120 120 ≤ nd ≤ 150 nd > 150 Number of days in a year for NO2 levels nd < 15 15 ≤ nd < 30 30 ≤ nd < 45 ANNEX C – ESC KEY INDICATORS 45 ≤ nd < 60 60 ≤ nd < 90 90 ≤ nd ≤ 120 120 ≤ nd ≤ 150 nd > 150 Number of days in a year for PM10 levels nd < 15 15 ≤ nd < 30 30 ≤ nd < 45 45 ≤ nd < 60 60 ≤ nd < 90 90 ≤ nd ≤ 120 120 ≤ nd ≤ 150 nd > 150 3. % Gasoline and Diesel fueled-vehicles that meet city/national standards during roadside inspection % gasoline fueled-vehicles that meet city/national 1 < gas < 10 standards 10 ≤ gas < 25 25 ≤ gas < 50 50 ≤ gas < 75 75 ≤ gas ≤ 100 % diesel fueled-vehicles that meet city/national 1 < gas < 10 standards 10 ≤ gas < 25 25 ≤ gas < 50 50 ≤ gas < 75 75 ≤ gas ≤ 100 4. % industries that fulfill the requirement of 1 < fi < 10 national standards 10 ≤ fi < 25 25 ≤ fi < 50 50 ≤ fi < 75 75 ≤ fi ≤ 100 5. types of alternative fuels used < 1 1 ≤ af < 2 2 < af < 3 3 < af < 4 > 4 . nd = number of days . gas = gasoline/diesel . fi = industries . af = alternative fuels ANNEX C – ESC KEY INDICATORS B. Clean Water City: Province: Category: Big cities (population of 750,000 – 1,500,000) Small cities (population of 20,000 to 750,000) No. Indicators Please fill here Measures 1. % households with access to potable water 1 ≤ ha < 10 infrastructure 10 ≤ ha < 20 20 ≤ ha < 40 40 ≤ ha < 60 60 ≤ ha < 80 80 ≤ ha ≤ 100 2. % households with tap water that meets W HO 1 < ws < 10 drinking water standard 10 ≤ ws < 20 20 ≤ ws < 40 40 ≤ ws < 60 60 ≤ ws < 80 80 ≤ ws ≤ 100 3. % households and industries linked to sewerage 1 ≤ ws < 10 system or equivalent where discharge meets 10 ≤ ws < 20 national standards 20 ≤ ws < 40 40 ≤ ws < 60 60 ≤ ws < 80 80 ≤ ws ≤ 100 4. % capacity of city in supplying water ≤ 25 to meet average consumption 25 < cs ≤ 50 50 < cs ≤ 90 >90 5. % of available freshwater from ground and surface <1000 water extracted for use 1000 ≤ aw < 1400 1400 ≤ aw < 1600 1600 ≤ aw < 1700 1700 ≤ aw< 1800 1800 ≤ aw < 1900 1900 ≤ aw < 2000 ≥ 2000 6. % school at all levels with water conservation 1< sc < 10 education programs 10 ≤ sc < 20 20 ≤ sc < 40 40 ≤ sc < 60 60 ≤ sc < 80 80 ≤ sc ≤ 100 . ha = household access . ws = meets water standard . cs = capacity to supply . aw = available water/number of population . sc = school ANNEX C – ESC KEY INDICATORS C. Clean Land City: Province: Category: Big cities (population of 750,000 – 1,500,000) Small cities (population of 20,000 to 750,000) No. Indicators Please fill here Measures 1. % waste at source that is stored in dedicated 0< wa< 15 holding areas/receptacles before being disposed 15 ≤ wa < 30 promptly 30 ≤ wa < 45 45 ≤ wa ≤ 60 wa > 60 2. % waste collected from door to door/collection 0< wa< 15 point 15 ≤ wa < 30 30 ≤ wa < 45 45 ≤ wa ≤ 60 wa > 60 3. % waste transported in covered vehicles on a daily 0< wa< 15 basis 15 ≤ wa < 30 30 ≤ wa < 45 45 ≤ wa ≤ 60 wa > 60 4. overall recycling rate (% recycled waste from the 0< wa< 15 whole ones) 15 ≤ wa < 30 30 ≤ wa < 45 45 ≤ wa ≤ 60 wa > 60 5. % reduction in total waste generated a year 0< wa< 15 15 ≤ wa < 30 30 ≤ wa < 45 45 ≤ wa ≤ 60 wa > 60 6. % green area from total area of the city 1< ga< 7 7 ≤ ga < 15 15 ≤ ga < 23 23 ≤ ga < 30 ga ≥ 30 7. % area that comply the stipulated spatial plan of 1< co< 20 the city 20 ≤ co < 40 40 ≤ co < 60 60 ≤ co < 80 ≥ 80 8. Number of Singapore Index indicators applied.* 1 ≤ si < 4 (Bonus Indicator) 5 ≤ si≤ 8 9 ≤ si ≤ 12 *Applications that are mandatory: 13 ≤ si ≤ 17 Indicators 1 (Proportion of Natural Areas in the 18 ≤ si ≤ 23 City) and 11 (Regulation of Quantity of Water). wa = waste; ga = green area; co = compliance; si = Singapore Index indicators USER’S MANUAL ON THE SINGAPORE INDEX ON CITIES’ BIODIVERSITY (also known as the City Biodiversity Index) This publication may be cited as: Chan, L., Hillel, O., Elmqvist, T., Werner, P., Holman, N., Mader, A. and Calcaterra, E., 2014. User’s Manual on the Singapore Index on Cities’ Biodiversity (also known as the City Biodiversity Index). Singapore: National Parks Board, Singapore. © July 2014 National Parks Board, Singapore Published by National Parks Board National Biodiversity Centre 1 Cluny Road Singapore 259569 ISBN: 978-981-07-8816-2 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many have contributed to the development of the Singapore Index on Cities’ Biodiversity (Singapore Index). The National Parks Board, Singapore (NParks) would like to express its appreciation to the participants of the three expert workshops on the development of the city biodiversity index held in 2009, 2010 and 2011; and the cities which have test-bedded and/or applied the various versions of the Singapore Index. NParks would also like to thank the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Global Partnership on Local and Subnational Action for Biodiversity for their unwavering support to the development of the Singapore Index. NParks would also like to acknowledge the significant contribution of its staff, in particular Wendy Yap, Muslim Anshari Rahman, Jeremy Woon and Rachel Lim in coordinating and providing technical support to the development of the Singapore Index. ii CONTENTS Section Page INTRODUCTION 1 Cities and Biodiversity 1 Local Action, Global Reach 1 An Index to Measure Urban Biodiversity 3 Table 1: Framework of the Singapore Index on Cities’ Biodiversity 4 What the Singapore Index can do for Biodiversity Planning in your City 5 THE SINGAPORE INDEX ON CITIES’ BIODIVERSITY 7 PART I: PROFILE OF THE CITY 7 PART II: INDICATORS OF THE SINGAPORE INDEX ON CITIES’ BIODIVERSITY 9 Indicator 1: Proportion of Natural Areas in the City 9 Indicator 2: Connectivity Measures or Ecological Networks to Counter 10 Fragmentation Indicator 3: Native Biodiversity in Built Up Areas (Bird Species) 11 Indicators 4 - 8: Change in Number of Native Species 12 Indicator 9: Proportion of Protected Natural Areas 13 Indicator 10: Proportion of Invasive Alien Species 14 Indicator 11: Regulation of Quantity of Water 15 Indicator 12: Climate Regulation: Carbon Storage and Cooling Effect Of 16 Vegetation Indicators 13 –14: Recreational and Educational Services 17 Indicator 15: Budget Allocated to Biodiversity 18 Indicator 16: Number of Biodiversity Projects Implemented by the City Annually 19 Indicator 17: Policies, Rules and Regulations – Existence of Local Biodiversity 20 Strategy and Action Plan Indicators 18 – 19: Institutional Capacity 21 Indicators 20 – 21: Participation and Partnership 22 Indicators 22 - 23: Education and Awareness 23 Annex A: The Convention on Biological Diversity Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 24 2011-2020 and the Aichi Biodiversity Targets Annex B: Potential links between individual Aichi Biodiversity Targets and the 25 relevant Singapore Index indicators Annex C: Discussions and outcomes of the First, Second and Third Expert 31 Workshops on the Development of the City Biodiversity Index First Expert Workshop on the Development of the City Biodiversity Index, 10-12 31 February 2009 Second Expert Workshop on the Development of the City Biodiversity Index, 1-3 32 July 2010 Third Expert Workshop on the Development of the City Biodiversity Index, 11-13 37 October 2011 Third-Expert Workshop – After Note 38 Annex D: Illustration of the calculation of effective mesh size of natural areas for 40 indicator 2 Annex E: Proposed format for submission of application of the Singapore Index on 42 Cities’ Biodiversity iii INTRODUCTION Cities and Biodiversity 1. A new urbanisation threshold was crossed in 2008 when the World Urbanisation Prospects: The 2007 Revision reported that more than half of the world’s population lived in cities. By 2050, the global population is expected to increase to 9.2 billion, of which 6.4 billion will be living in urban areas. As urban populations burgeon, the role that cities play in biodiversity conservation becomes increasingly relevant. Effective land use and management of natural ecosystems in urban areas can be beneficial to both residents and biodiversity that exist within and around the city. Hence, cities must be part of the solution to stem global biodiversity loss. 2. It is commonly assumed that cities, being urban areas, are devoid of flora and fauna – the reality is that many cities have rich biodiversity, regardless of geographical location and climate. Some are even located within or near biodiversity hotspots, while others are important stopover sites for migratory species.