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A Fan Dam for Tulare Lake, California, and Implications for the Wisconsin Glacial History of the Sierra Nevada

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A Fan Dam for Tulare Lake, California, and Implications for the Wisconsin Glacial History of the Sierra Nevada A fan dam for Tulare Lake, California, and implications for the Wisconsin glacial history of the Sierra Nevada BRIAN F. ATWATER U.S. Geological Survey at Department of Geological Sciences, University of Washington A J-20, Seattle, Washington 98195 DAVID P. ADAM U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefleld Road, Menlo Park, California 94025 J. PLATT BRADBURY I U.S. Geological Survey, Federal Center, Denver, Colorado 80225 RICHARD M. FORESTER ROBERT K. MARK \ WILLIAM R. LETTIS* | U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefleld Road, Menlo Park, California 94025 G. REID FISHER* J KENNETH W. GOBALET Biological Sciences, Loyola University, 6363 St. Charles Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118 STEPHEN W. ROBINSON U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefleld Road Menlo Park, California 94025 ABSTRACT creek facilitated the building of Tulare Lake's and Wahrhaftig, 1966, p. 162; Gibbons and Historic fluctuations and late Quaternary fan dam during the late Wisconsin but were others, 1984). Radiometric dates pertaining to deposits of Tulare Lake, in the southern San less important than deposition of Sierra Ne- these moraines indicate nothing more specific Joaquin Valley, indicate that maximum lake vada outwash. Four stratigraphically con- than a Wisconsin age (about 10,000-75,000 yr size has depended chiefly on the height of a sistent 14C dates on peat and wood give an B.P.) for the last major glaciation and an early frequently overtopped spillway. This depend- age of 26,000 yr B.P. for the start of Tulare Wisconsin or pre-Wisconsin age for the penul- ence gives Tulare Lake a double record of Lake's late Wisconsin transgression. The last timate major glaciation (Burke and Birkeland, paleoclimate. Climate in the Tulare Lake re- major Sierra Nevada glaciation (Tioga glacia- 1979; Gillespie, 1982). Lakes near the Sierra gion has influenced the degree to which the tion) thus may have begun about 26,000 yr Nevada offer climatic records with better lake fills its basin during dry seasons and dry B.P., provided that vigorous glacial-outwash continuity and age control than in the mountains years: during the past 100,000-130,000 yr, deposition began early in the glaciation. themselves, but few of these records have direct incidence of desiccation of Tulare Lake (in- Onset of the Tioga glaciation about 26,000 yr ties to Sierran glacial events. ferred from stiffness, mud cracks, and other B.P. is consistent with new stratigraphie and Tulare Lake, west of the Sierra Nevada in the hand-specimen properties) has been broadly radiocarbon data from the northeastern San southern San Joaquin Valley (Fig. 1), offers a consistent with the lake's salinity and depth Joaquin Valley. These data suggest that the moderately continuous and datable climatic (inferred from diatoms and ostracodes) and principal episode of glacial-outwash deposi- record that appears to have a relatively direct with regional vegetation (inferred from pol- tion of Wisconsin age began in the San Joa- linkage to Sierra Nevada glaciation. This linkage len). Climate, however, also appears to con- quin Valley after 32,000 yr B.P., rather than follows from 4 aspects of the history that we trol basin capacity itself: Tulare Lake becomes at least 40,000 yr B.P., as previously believed. infer for Tulare Lake of the past 100,000- large as a consequence of glacial-outwash ag- An earlier enlargement of Tulare Lake 130,000 yr. (1) Tulare Lake has routinely gradation of its alluvial-fan dam. probably resulted from a fan dam produced overflowed a valley-floor divide that forms the Late Wisconsin enlargement of Tulare by the penultimate major (Tahoe) glaciation lake's spillway. (2) Owning to this ease of over- Lake probably resulted from the last major of the Sierra Nevada. Average sedimentation flow, spillway height has routinely limited the glaciation of the Sierra Nevada. The lake's rates inferred from depths to a 600,000-yr-old maximum size of Tulare Lake, so that major spillway coincides with the axis of the glacial- clay and from radiocarbon dates indicate that change in maximum lake size typically reflects outwash fan of a major Sierra Nevada this earlier lake originated no later than major change in spillway height. (3) The main stream; moreover, sediment deposited in the 100,000 yr B.P. The Tahoe glaciation there- cause of spillway heightening has been glacial- transgressive lake resembles glacial rock flour fore is probably pre-Wisconsin. outwash deposition on the alluvial fan of a from the Sierra Nevada. Differential tectonic Sierra Nevada stream. (4) This outwash-fan subsidence and deposition by a Coast Range INTRODUCTION deposition was heavy during glacial advance, as well as during glacial retreat. Thus our central Little is known about the number and timing hypothesis, that a spillway-controlled increase in •Present addresses: (Lettis) Bechtel Corporation, of Wisconsin glaciations of the Sierra Nevada. Tulare Lake's maximum size accompanied each P.O. Box 3965, San Francisco, California 94119; major Wisconsin glaciation of the Sierra (Fisher) Department of Geological Sciences, Univer- Exposed moraines probably record a small frac- sity of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89507 tion of late Pleistocene glacial events (Bateman Nevada. A folded insert accompanies this article. Figures 3,4,6, and 8 and Tables 3, 4, and 5 appear on it. Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 97, p. 97-109, 9 figs., 5 tables, January 1986. 97 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/97/1/97/3445187/i0016-7606-97-1-97.pdf by guest on 01 October 2021 122° 120° 118° EXPLANATION Maximum extent of glaciers during the Tahoe glaciation — Boundary of area tributary to San Joaquin and Sacramento Valleys Edge of San Joaquin and Sacramento Valleys Outer margin of continental shelf ( ) Lake Figure :i. San Joaquin Valley, Sierra Nevada, and vicinity. Ice limits for the Tahoe glaciation (the Tahoe stage of Blackwelder, 1931) generalized slightly from Wahrhaftig and Birman (1965, p. 305). Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/97/1/97/3445187/i0016-7606-97-1-97.pdf by guest on 01 October 2021 FAN DAM, TULARE LAKE, CALIFORNIA 99 W- NW- -SE COAST RANGES SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY San Emigdio Creek Kern River Yvy 120 — V Kings River and Los Gatos Creek San Joaquin River Pacific 80- San Francisco Bay estuary Ocean Tuolumne Hiver 40— Golden Carquinez Sacramento- Gate Strait San Joaquin 1 I Delta c/5 n- DC u ? -40— LU Q H Ü -80- < EXPLANATION -120— Axial-stream profile Modern -160— • 27,000 yr B.P. Lake-bed profile (top of Corcoran Clay Member) -200— Along modern topographic axis Along post-Corcoran structural axis .42 4C-dated floodplain of trunk stream Axis of alluvial fan A Major fluvial disconformity Constraint on 27,000-yr -B.P. profile • Bedrock sill Figure 2. Present configuration of the profile of the axial stream of the San Joaquin Valley of historic times and of 27,000 yr B.P. and of the bed of a valley-floor lake of about 600,000 yr B.P. Historic profile (solid line) follows present topographic axis of valley; where this axis coincides with a trunk stream, profile represents the low-water surface of the stream as shown on U.S. Geological Survey topographic maps surveyed with 5-fit contour intervals 1910-1935. 27,000-yr-B.P. profile (dotted line) is fitted to bedrock sills, former thalwegs, and dated flood plains along present topographic axis; we presume that the trunk stream of 27,000 yr ago was graded to a sea level no higher than the present altitude of the sills at Carquinez Strait (Fig. 1). 600,000-yr-B.P. profiles (dashed lines) are defined by the top of the Corcoran Gay Member of the Turlock Lake and Tulare Formations (configuration from Davis and others, 1959, and Croft, 1972; age from Janda and Croft, 1967, p. 164; and Dalrymple, 1980); short dashes show profile beneath present topographic axis; long dashes show profile along synclinal axis projected to present topographic axis. Sources of data for 27,000-yr-B.P. profile: bedrock sills from Carlson and McCulloch (1970) and highway-bridge borings; thalwegs positioned at major fluvial disconformities at base of late Wisconsin(?) alluvial fill as inferred from highway-bridge and aqueduct borings; dated flood plains positioned mainly at tops of fining-upward fluvial sequences and dated with woody-plant fragments (Tables 3,4; Atwater, 1982) from lower in the sequences. THE HISTORIC LAKE 3; Fig. 3 on folded insert). The basin coincides and Kern Rivers) that together account for with a tectonic depression in which depths to a -95% of the runoff at the edge of the southern Historic Tulare Lake (now farmland) occu- 600,000-yr-old clay suggest average subsidence San Joaquin Valley (Table 1). At the historic pied a broad, shallow basin behind a valley-floor rates as great as 0.4 m/1,000 yr (Figs. 2, 4; Fig. overflow altitude of 64 m, the basin has an area divide that coincides with the toes of the Kings 4 on folded insert). Principal tributaries are of 1,600 km2, a maximum depth of 10 m, and a River and Los Gatos Creek alluvial fans (Figs. 2, Sierra Nevada streams (Kings, Kaweah, Tule, capacity of 7 km3. The climate is warm and dry Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/97/1/97/3445187/i0016-7606-97-1-97.pdf by guest on 01 October 2021 100 ATWATER AND OTHERS TABLE 1. ELEMENTS OF THE WATER BUDGET OF HISTORIC TULARE LAKE Period Typical of record seasonality (water years)* Runoff as measured at edge of San Joaquin Valley (km3/yr) Kings River (drainage 1896-1981 75% Apr.-July, U.S.
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