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Writing and Water in the Columbia River Basin, 1855-2009

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Writing and Water in the Columbia River Basin, 1855-2009 - Geographies of reclamation: writing and water in the Columbia River Basin, 1855-2009. Wriglesworth, Chad Duane https://iro.uiowa.edu/discovery/delivery/01IOWA_INST:ResearchRepository/12730688410002771?l#13730714430002771 Wriglesworth, C. D. (2010). Geographies of reclamation: writing and water in the Columbia River Basin, 1855-2009 [University of Iowa]. https://doi.org/10.17077/etd.tqoeor7y https://iro.uiowa.edu Copyright © 2010 Chad Duane Wriglesworth Downloaded on 2021/09/30 14:33:38 -0500 - GEOGRAPHIES OF RECLAMATION: WRITING AND WATER IN THE COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN, 1855-2009 by Chad Duane Wriglesworth An Abstract Of a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in English in the Graduate College of The University of Iowa July 2010 Thesis Supervisors: Associate Professor Laura Rigal Professor Christopher Merrill 1 ABSTRACT Generations of literary critics have claimed that geography plays a prominent role in the production of Pacific Northwest literature; however, no one has meaningfully interpreted the literary and cultural history of the region in relation to United States water policy and the Bureau of Reclamation’s transformation of the Columbia River Basin. This dissertation argues that the literary and cultural history of the Pacific Northwest becomes coherent only when the environmental, cultural, socio-economic and generational histories of this watershed are placed at the center of scholarly inquiry. The project maps and traces ways that local and national narratives from the late- nineteenth and early-twentieth century worked alongside the federal government to transform the Columbia River Basin into an awaiting “Promised Land” of socio- economic progress, while writers and activists since the 1960s have used bioregional prose and poetry to spark a revival of localized counter-reclamation that stresses the importance of social activism and the attempt to find more sustainable methods of inhabiting the Pacific Northwest. The role that literature has played in the federal claiming and local reclaiming of the Columbia River Basin is argued and illustrated through an interdisciplinary and site based approach to literary studies that draws from conversations in environmental history, religious studies, cultural geography, visual arts, and Native American studies. The chapters investigate canonical and virtually unknown sources of regional literature, while offering historically and geographically informed investigations of key sites within the Columbia River Basin that were transformed by the federal government over a one hundred and fifty year span of time: the Yakima Valley (1855-1920s), Grand Coulee Dam and Hanford Engineer Works (1930s-1940s), and The Dalles Dam and Celilo Falls (1950s-1960s). The project concludes by revisiting these sites through recent prose and poetry (1970s-2009), tracing how the poetic line, in particular, has been used by regional writers to document the socio-economic, environmental, local and 2 international consequences of the federal reclamation process. After mapping historical and geographical links between selected poems and places throughout the watershed, I explore how site specific installations of poetry as public art on the Methow and Spokane rivers have been used by local community groups to transform and re-create stretches of water in large tributaries of the Columbia River Basin. By putting the environmental, cultural, socio-economic and generational histories of the Columbia River Basin at the center of my investigation of Pacific Northwest literature, this dissertation ultimately invites readers to actively reclaim and transform the Columbia River Basin on intellectual, local, and practical levels, not only for a more complex understanding of the Pacific Northwest’s literary and cultural history, but in order to find more localized and sustainable methods of inhabiting western watersheds. Abstract Approved: _______________________________________ Thesis Supervisor _______________________________________ Title and Department _______________________________________ Date _______________________________________ Thesis Supervisor _______________________________________ Title and Department _______________________________________ Date GEOGRAPHIES OF RECLAMATION: WRITING AND WATER IN THE COLUMBIA RIVER BASIN, 1855-2009 by Chad Duane Wriglesworth A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in English in the Graduate College of The University of Iowa July 2010 Thesis Supervisors: Associate Professor Laura Rigal Professor Christopher Merrill Copyrighted by CHAD DUANE WRIGLESWORTH 2010 All Rights Reserved Graduate College The University of Iowa Iowa City, Iowa CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL __________________________ PH.D. THESIS ____________ This is to certify that the Ph.D. thesis of Chad Duane Wriglesworth has been approved by the Examining Committee for the thesis requirement for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in English at the July 2010 graduation. Thesis Committee: ______________________________________ Laura Rigal, Thesis Supervisor ______________________________________ Christopher Merrill, Thesis Supervisor ______________________________________ Linda Bolton ______________________________________ Adalaide Morris ______________________________________ Malcolm Rohrbough To William D. Wriglesworth (1945-1997) ii Languages meander like great rivers leaving only oxbow traces over forgotten beds, to be seen only from the air or by scholars. Gary Snyder, The Practice of the Wild iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS At the University of Iowa, I have met many wonderful friends, mentors, and professors who have shaped my life as a graduate student. Laura Rigal, Christopher Merrill, Dee Morris, Linda Bolton and Malcolm Rohrbough have each contributed to and transformed my scholarly development and I am thankful for their generosity and willingness to support my vision and work. I am particularly grateful to Laura Rigal, whose ongoing encouragement and critical insight has proven to be invaluable. The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation and American Council of Learned Societies supported my project with a Dissertation Completion Fellowship, which allowed me to focus on research and writing for an entire year. Earlier stages of the project were supported by a variety of short-term fellowships that allowed me to conduct archival research that undergirds this dissertation. A Formby Research Fellowship from Texas Tech University provided funds to investigate manuscripts and correspondence in The Sowell Family Collection in Literature, Community and the Natural World, while a Summer Research Fellowship from the University of Iowa supported an investigation of primary sources at the Oregon Historical Society Research Library. Finally, a James C. Castles Fellowship from the Center for Columbia River History allowed me to conduct research at special collections libraries at University of Oregon, Reed College, and the Yakima Valley Museum, all of which have enhanced my work. I appreciate the support and generosity of each of these organizations. Over the years, many members of my family have offered financial support and places to stay in the Pacific Northwest during visits to archives and sites in the Columbia River Basin. I appreciate their support, generosity, and hospitality. My deepest gratitude is extended to my wife Crissa, and our two children, Luke and Hannah. Their support, sacrifices and ongoing encouragement for my work have proven to be immeasurable and go beyond words. I am truly grateful to be a part of their lives. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES vii INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER I STEPPING INTO THE PROMISED LAND: THE FEDERAL RECLAMATIONOF THE YAKIMA VALLEY, 1855-1920s 23 From New York to the Promised Land: Theodore Winthrop and the Search for Eden 27 From Paradise to Purgatory: Theodore Winthrop and the Problem of Semi-Arid Landscapes 39 Clearing the Promised Land of Natives: Trampling on Kamiakin’s “Unconstitutional” Garden 42 From Wasteland to Paradise: Irrigating the Yakima Valley in the Early Twentieth Century 51 Memorializing the Dead: Returning to Kamiakin’s Irrigated Garden 61 The New Deal in the Promised Land: Franklin Delano Roosevelt and the Yakima Valley 66 CHAPTER II THE CONSEQUENCES OF OUR LABORS: FATHERS AND SONS, NEW DEAL DAMS, AND HANFORD ENGINEER WORKS, 1930s-1940s 70 Heading West with Clevie Carver: Working on a Dream at Grand Coulee Dam 84 Working with Mervyn Clyde Witherup: Building the Bomb at Hanford Engineer Works 111 William Stafford’s Labor of Words: From Civilian Public Service Camp to Bonneville Dam 138 CHAPTER III LABOR AND THE WATERFALL: WHITE MASCULINITY, NATIVE RIGHS, AND THE MAKING OF NORHTWEST BIOREGIONALISM, 1950s-1960s 146 Playing Indian, Playing Wobbly: Gary Snyder and Warm Springs Reservation 156 Breaking Out of the Combine: The Dalles Dam and Hydroelectric Oppression in Ken Kesey’s One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest 180 Stepping onto the Yakama Reservation: Land and Water Rights in Raymond Carver’s “Sixty Acres” 206 CHAPTER IV BIOREGIONAL POETICS: LOCAL HISTORIES AND THE LIVING LINES OF WATERSHED RECLAMATION, 1970s-2009 234 Elizabeth Woody and Celilo Falls: Measuring Absence and Presence through the Poetic Line 248 v William Witherup and the Green Run: Atomic Aftershocks at Hanford Nuclear Reservation 262 Rewriting the Past, Transforming the Present: Gloria Bird and the Reclamation of Kettle Falls 275 CHAPTER V WRITING THE PLACE OF THE WATERWAY: REVISING HISTORY AND
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